1
|
Vauclin P, Wheat J, Wagman JB, Seifert L. A systematic review of perception of affordances for the person-plus-object system. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:2011-2029. [PMID: 37407795 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02319-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Human behavior often involves the use of an object held by or attached to the body, which modifies the individual's action capabilities. Moreover, most everyday behaviors consist of sets of behaviors that are nested over multiple spatial and temporal scales, which require perceiving and acting on nested affordances for the person-plus-object system. This systematic review investigates how individuals attune to information about affordances involving the person-plus-object system and how they (re)calibrate their actions to relevant information. We analyzed 71 articles-34 on attunement and 37 on (re)calibration with healthy participants-that experimentally investigated the processes involved in the perception of affordances for the person-plus-object system (including attunement, calibration, and recalibration). With respect to attunement, objects attached to the body create a multiplicity of affordances for the person-plus-object system, and individuals learned (1) to detect information about affordances of (and for) the person-plus-object system in a task and (2) to choose whether, when, and how to exploit those affordances to perform that task. Concerning (re)calibration, individuals were able (1) to quickly scale their actions in relation to the (changed) action capabilities of the person-plus-object system and (2) to perceive multiple functionally equivalent ways to exploit the affordances of that system, and these abilities improved with practice. Perceiving affordances for the person-plus-object system involves learning to detect the information about such affordances (attunement) and the scaling of behaviors to such information (calibration). These processes imply a general ability to incorporate an object attached to the body into an integrated person-plus-object system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vauclin
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Jon Wheat
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Univ Rouen Normandie, CETAPS UR 3832, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Palatinus Z, Volosin M, Csábi E, Hallgató E, Hajnal E, Lukovics M, Prónay S, Ujházi T, Osztobányi L, Szabó B, Králik T, Majó-Petri Z. Physiological measurements in social acceptance of self driving technologies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13312. [PMID: 35922644 PMCID: PMC9349214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17049-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study is to examine the cognitive/affective physiological correlates of passenger travel experience in autonomously driven transportation systems. We investigated the social acceptance and cognitive aspects of self-driving technology by measuring physiological responses in real-world experimental settings using eye-tracking and EEG measures simultaneously on 38 volunteers. A typical test run included human-driven (Human) and Autonomous conditions in the same vehicle, in a safe environment. In the spectrum analysis of the eye-tracking data we found significant differences in the complex patterns of eye movements: the structure of movements of different magnitudes were less variable in the Autonomous drive condition. EEG data revealed less positive affectivity in the Autonomous condition compared to the human-driven condition while arousal did not differ between the two conditions. These preliminary findings reinforced our initial hypothesis that passenger experience in human and machine navigated conditions entail different physiological and psychological correlates, and those differences are accessible using state of the art in-world measurements. These useful dimensions of passenger experience may serve as a source of information both for the improvement and design of self-navigating technology and for market-related concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Palatinus
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Márta Volosin
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Csábi
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Emese Hallgató
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Edina Hajnal
- Department of Cognitive and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Lukovics
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics and Economic Development, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Szabolcs Prónay
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Institute of Business Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Ujházi
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Institute of Business Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lilla Osztobányi
- Mindtech Ltd., Vác, Hungary.,Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Szabó
- Mindtech Ltd., Vác, Hungary.,Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Králik
- Mindtech Ltd., Vác, Hungary.,Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Majó-Petri
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Institute of Business Studies, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kelty-Stephen DG, Mangalam M. Turing's cascade instability supports the coordination of the mind, brain, and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104810. [PMID: 35932950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Turing inspired a computer metaphor of the mind and brain that has been handy and has spawned decades of empirical investigation, but he did much more and offered behavioral and cognitive sciences another metaphor-that of the cascade. The time has come to confront Turing's cascading instability, which suggests a geometrical framework driven by power laws and can be studied using multifractal formalism and multiscale probability density function analysis. Here, we review a rapidly growing body of scientific investigations revealing signatures of cascade instability and their consequences for a perceiving, acting, and thinking organism. We review work related to executive functioning (planning to act), postural control (bodily poise for turning plans into action), and effortful perception (action to gather information in a single modality and action to blend multimodal information). We also review findings on neuronal avalanches in the brain, specifically about neural participation in body-wide cascades. Turing's cascade instability blends the mind, brain, and behavior across space and time scales and provides an alternative to the dominant computer metaphor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Kelty-Stephen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA.
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mangalam M, Fragaszy DM, Wagman JB, Day BM, Kelty-Stephen DG, Bongers RM, Stout DW, Osiurak F. On the psychological origins of tool use. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104521. [PMID: 34998834 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of tool use in human life has generated multiple lines of scientific and philosophical investigation to understand the development and expression of humans' engagement with tools and its relation to other dimensions of human experience. However, existing literature on tool use faces several epistemological challenges in which the same set of questions generate many different answers. At least four critical questions can be identified, which are intimately intertwined-(1) What constitutes tool use? (2) What psychological processes underlie tool use in humans and nonhuman animals? (3) Which of these psychological processes are exclusive to tool use? (4) Which psychological processes involved in tool use are exclusive to Homo sapiens? To help advance a multidisciplinary scientific understanding of tool use, six author groups representing different academic disciplines (e.g., anthropology, psychology, neuroscience) and different theoretical perspectives respond to each of these questions, and then point to the direction of future work on tool use. We find that while there are marked differences among the responses of the respective author groups to each question, there is a surprising degree of agreement about many essential concepts and questions. We believe that this interdisciplinary and intertheoretical discussion will foster a more comprehensive understanding of tool use than any one of these perspectives (or any one of these author groups) would (or could) on their own.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61761, USA
| | - Brian M Day
- Department of Psychology, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | | | - Raoul M Bongers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dietrich W Stout
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - François Osiurak
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs, Université de Lyon, Lyon 69361, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris 75231, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mangalam M, Cuadra C, Singh T. Sensory redundancy and perceptual invariance in force production and object manipulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
6
|
Dowell C, Hajnal A, Pouw W, Wagman JB. Visual and Haptic Perception of Affordances of Feelies. Perception 2020; 49:905-925. [PMID: 33002391 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620946532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Most objects have well-defined affordances. Investigating perception of affordances of objects that were not created for a specific purpose would provide insight into how affordances are perceived. In addition, comparison of perception of affordances for such objects across different exploratory modalities (visual vs. haptic) would offer a strong test of the lawfulness of information about affordances (i.e., the invariance of such information over transformation). Along these lines, "feelies"- objects created by Gibson with no obvious function and unlike any common object-could shed light on the processes underlying affordance perception. This study showed that when observers reported potential uses for feelies, modality significantly influenced what kind of affordances were perceived. Specifically, visual exploration resulted in more noun labels (e.g., "toy") than haptic exploration which resulted in more verb labels (i.e., "throw"). These results suggested that overlapping, but distinct classes of action possibilities are perceivable using vision and haptics. Semantic network analyses revealed that visual exploration resulted in object-oriented responses focused on object identification, whereas haptic exploration resulted in action-oriented responses. Cluster analyses confirmed these results. Affordance labels produced in the visual condition were more consistent, used fewer descriptors, were less diverse, but more novel than in the haptic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alen Hajnal
- School of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, United States
| | - Wim Pouw
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands; Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey B Wagman
- Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mangalam M, Carver NS, Kelty-Stephen DG. Multifractal signatures of perceptual processing on anatomical sleeves of the human body. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200328. [PMID: 32674706 PMCID: PMC7423428 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research into haptic perception typically concentrates on mechanoreceptors and their supporting neuronal processes. This focus risks ignoring crucial aspects of active perception. For instance, bodily movements influence the information available to mechanoreceptors, entailing that movement facilitates haptic perception. Effortful manual wielding of an object prompts feedback loops at multiple spatio-temporal scales, rippling outwards from the wielding hand to the feet, maintaining an upright posture and interweaving to produce a nonlinear web of fluctuations throughout the body. Here, we investigated whether and how this bodywide nonlinearity engenders a flow of multifractal fluctuations that could support perception of object properties via dynamic touch. Blindfolded participants manually wielded weighted dowels and reported judgements of heaviness and length. Mechanical fluctuations on the anatomical sleeves (i.e. peripheries of the body), from hand to the upper body, as well as to the postural centre of pressure, showed evidence of multifractality arising from nonlinear temporal correlations across scales. The modelling of impulse-response functions obtained from vector autoregressive analysis revealed that distinct sets of pairwise exchanges of multifractal fluctuations entailed accuracy in heaviness and length judgements. These results suggest that the accuracy of perception via dynamic touch hinges on specific flowing patterns of multifractal fluctuations that people wear on their anatomical sleeves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicole S. Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Multiplicative-cascade dynamics supports whole-body coordination for perception via effortful touch. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 70:102595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
9
|
Mangalam M, Chen R, McHugh TR, Singh T, Kelty-Stephen DG. Bodywide fluctuations support manual exploration: Fractal fluctuations in posture predict perception of heaviness and length via effortful touch by the hand. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 69:102543. [PMID: 31715380 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The human haptic perceptual system respects a bodywide organization that responds to local stimulation through full-bodied coordination of nested tensions and compressions across multiple nonoverlapping scales. Under such an organization, the suprapostural task of manually hefting objects to perceive their heaviness and length should depend on roots extending into the postural control for maintaining upright balance on the ground surface. Postural sway of the whole body should thus carry signatures predicting what the hand can extract by hefting an object. We found that fractal fluctuations in Euclidean displacement in the participants' center of pressure (CoP) contributed to perceptual judgments by moderating how the participants' hand picked up the informational variable of the moment of inertia. The role of fractality in CoP displacement in supporting heaviness and length judgments increased across trials, indicating that the participants progressively implicate their fractal scaling in their perception of heaviness and length. Traditionally, we had to measure fractality in hand movements to predict perceptual judgments by manual hefting. However, our findings suggest that we can observe what is happening at hand in the relatively distant-from-hand measure of CoP. Our findings reveal the complex relationship through which posture supports manual exploration, entailing perception of the intended properties of hefted objects (heaviness or length) putatively through the redistribution of forces throughout the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States of America.
| | - Ryan Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Terrence R McHugh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Tarkeshwar Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bell CA, Carver NS, Zbaracki JA, Kelty-Stephen DG. Non-linear Amplification of Variability Through Interaction Across Scales Supports Greater Accuracy in Manual Aiming: Evidence From a Multifractal Analysis With Comparisons to Linear Surrogates in the Fitts Task. Front Physiol 2019; 10:998. [PMID: 31447691 PMCID: PMC6692465 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement coordination depends on directing our limbs to the right place and in the right time. Movement science can study this central requirement in the Fitts task that asks participants to touch each of two targets in alternation, as accurately and as fast as they can. The Fitts task is an experimental attempt to focus on how the movement system balances its attention to speed and to accuracy. This balance in the Fitts task exhibits a hierarchical organization according to which finer details (e.g., kinematics of single sweeps from one target to the other) change with relatively broader constraints of task parameters (e.g., distance between targets and width of targets). The present work seeks to test the hypothesis that this hierarchical organization of movement coordination reflects a multifractal tensegrity in which non-linear interactions across scale support stability. We collected movement series data during a easy variant of the Fitts task to apply just such a multifractal analysis with surrogate comparison to allow clearer test of non-linear interactions across scale. Furthermore, we test the role of visual feedback both in potential and in fact, i.e., by manipulating both whether experimenters instructed participants that they might potentially have to close their eyes during the task and whether participants actually closed their eyes halfway through the task. We predict that (1) non-linear interactions across scales in hand movement series will produce variability that will actually stabilize aiming in the Fitts task, reducing standard deviation of target contacts; (2) non-linear interactions across scales in head sway will stabilize aiming following the actual closing eyes; and (3) non-linear interactions across scales in head sway and in hand movements will interact to support stabilizing effects of expectation about closing eyes. In sum, this work attempts to make the case that the multifractal-tensegrity hypothesis supports more accurate aiming behavior in the Fitts task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole S. Carver
- Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - John A. Zbaracki
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Avelar BS, Mancini MC, Fonseca ST, Kelty-Stephen DG, de Miranda DM, Romano-Silva MA, de Araújo PA, Silva PL. Fractal fluctuations in exploratory movements predict differences in dynamic touch capabilities between children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and typical development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217200. [PMID: 31112590 PMCID: PMC6529007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) struggle to perform a host of daily activities. Many of these involve forceful interaction with objects and thus implicate dynamic touch. Therefore, deficits in dynamic touch could underlie functional difficulties presented by ADHD children. We investigated whether performance on a dynamic touch task (length perception by wielding) differ between children with ADHD and age-matched controls. We further examined whether this difference could be explained by fractal temporal correlations (wielding dynamics). Forty-two children (ADHD: 21; typically developing: 21) wielded unseen wooden rods and reported their perceived length in the form of magnitude productions. The rods varied in the magnitude of the first principal moment of inertia (I1). Three-dimensional displacements of hand and rod positions were submitted to Detrended Fluctuation Analysis to estimate trial-by-trial temporal correlations. Children with ADHD reported shorter length for rods with higher I1 than their typically developing peers, indicative of reduced sensitivity to mechanical information supporting dynamic touch. Importantly, temporal correlations in wielding dynamics moderated children’s usage of I1. This finding points to a role of exploratory movements in perceptual deficits presented by children with ADHD and, thus, should be considered a new potential target for interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S. Avelar
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisa C. Mancini
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sergio T. Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Débora M. de Miranda
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Priscila A. de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula L. Silva
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy, and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Center for Cognition, Action & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mangalam M, Conners JD, Kelty-Stephen DG, Singh T. Fractal fluctuations in muscular activity contribute to judgments of length but not heaviness via dynamic touch. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:1213-1226. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05505-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
13
|
Doyon JK, Hajnal A, Surber T, Clark JD, Kelty-Stephen DG. Multifractality of posture modulates multisensory perception of stand-on-ability. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212220. [PMID: 30753237 PMCID: PMC6372214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
By definition, perception is a multisensory process that unfolds in time as a complex sequence of exploratory activities of the organism. In such a system perception and action are integrated, and multiple energy arrays are available simultaneously. Perception of affordances interweaves sensory and motor activities into meaningful behavior given task constraints. The present contribution offers insight into the manner in which perception and action usher the organism through competent functional apprehension of its surroundings. We propose that the tensegrity structure of the body, manifested via multifractality of exploratory bodily movements informs perception of affordances. The affordance of stand-on-ability of ground surfaces served as the experimental paradigm. Observers viewed a surface set to a discrete angle and attempted to match it haptically with a continuously adjustable surface occluded by a curtain, or felt an occluded surface set to a discrete angle then matched it visually with a continuously adjustable visible surface. The complex intertwining of perception and action was demonstrated by the interactions of multifractality of postural sway with multiple energy arrays, responses, and changing geometric task demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Doyon
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Alen Hajnal
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Tyler Surber
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wallot S, Lee JT, Kelty-Stephen DG. Switching between reading tasks leads to phase-transitions in reading times in L1 and L2 readers. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211502. [PMID: 30721245 PMCID: PMC6363172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading research uses different tasks to investigate different levels of the reading process, such as word recognition, syntactic parsing, or semantic integration. It seems to be tacitly assumed that the underlying cognitive process that constitute reading are stable across those tasks. However, nothing is known about what happens when readers switch from one reading task to another. The stability assumptions of the reading process suggest that the cognitive system resolves this switching between two tasks quickly. Here, we present an alternative language-game hypothesis (LGH) of reading that begins by treating reading as a softly-assembled process and that assumes, instead of stability, context-sensitive flexibility of the reading process. LGH predicts that switching between two reading tasks leads to longer lasting phase-transition like patterns in the reading process. Using the nonlinear-dynamical tool of recurrence quantification analysis, we test these predictions by examining series of individual word reading times in self-paced reading tasks where native (L1) and second language readers (L2) transition between random word and ordered text reading tasks. We find consistent evidence for phase-transitions in the reading times when readers switch from ordered text to random-word reading, but we find mixed evidence when readers transition from random-word to ordered-text reading. In the latter case, L2 readers show moderately stronger signs for phase-transitions compared to L1 readers, suggesting that familiarity with a language influences whether and how such transitions occur. The results provide evidence for LGH and suggest that the cognitive processes underlying reading are not fully stable across tasks but exhibit soft-assembly in the interaction between task and reader characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wallot
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt, Germany
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jun Taek Lee
- Department of Psychology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hajnal A, Doyon JK, Clark JD, Wagman JB. Is Perception of Stand-on-able-ness Equivalent Across Degrees of Dynamic Touch? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.2.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
From the ecological perspective on perception and action, objects and events structure patterned energy distributions such that this structure is specific to its source. Moreover, such structure is invariant over transformations and over particular instances of perceiving. Therefore, the ability to perceive a given functional property is potentially equivalent across both different perceptual modalities and different configurations of the same perceptual modality. We investigated whether this is the case for perception of affordances of a surface that is explored with a part of the body in different contexts. Specifically, we investigated perception of whether an inclined surface could be stood on when the participant explored that surface by stepping onto it with and without bearing weight on the foot. Analyses of the proportion of “yes” responses, the steepest slope angles that were perceived to afford upright stance, and the steepest slope angles that afforded upright stance revealed no differences between perception across the 2 conditions. In particular, there was no difference in perceptual boundaries across the 2 conditions, and neither of these was different from the behavioral boundary. Our findings support the hypothesis that the stimulation patterns supporting perception are invariant across degrees of exploration and are consistent with the hypothesis that the haptic perceptual system is organized as part of a complex biotensegrity system.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bohara G, Lambert D, West BJ, Grigolini P. Crucial events, randomness, and multifractality in heartbeats. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:062216. [PMID: 29347370 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We study the connection between multifractality and crucial events. Multifractality is frequently used as a measure of physiological variability, where crucial events are known to play a fundamental role in the transport of information between complex networks. To establish the connection of interest we focus on the special case of heartbeat time series and on the search for a diagnostic prescription to distinguish healthy from pathologic subjects. Over the past 20 years two apparently different diagnostic techniques have been established: the first is based on the observation that the multifractal spectrum of healthy patients is broader than the multifractal spectrum of pathologic subjects; the second is based on the observation that heartbeat dynamics are a superposition of crucial and uncorrelated Poisson-like events, with pathologic patients hosting uncorrelated Poisson-like events with larger probability than the healthy patients. In this paper, we prove that increasing the percentage of uncorrelated Poisson-like events hosted by heartbeats has the effect of making their multifractal spectrum narrower, thereby establishing that the two different diagnostic techniques are compatible with one another and, at the same time, establishing a dynamic interpretation of multifractal processes that had been previously overlooked.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gyanendra Bohara
- Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, Texas 76203-1427, USA
| | - David Lambert
- Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, Texas 76203-1427, USA
| | - Bruce J West
- Information Science Directorate, Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Paolo Grigolini
- Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, Texas 76203-1427, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carver NS, Bojovic D, Kelty-Stephen DG. Multifractal foundations of visually-guided aiming and adaptation to prismatic perturbation. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:61-72. [PMID: 28763703 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Visually-guided action of tossing to a target allows examining coordination between mechanical information for maintaining posture while throwing and visual information for aiming. Previous research indicates that relationships between visual and mechanical information persist in tossing behavior long enough for mechanical cues to prompt recall of past visual impressions. Multifractal analysis might model the long-term coordinations among movement components as visual information changes. We asked 32 adult participants (6 female, 25 male, one not conforming to gender binary; aged M=19.77, SD=0.88) to complete an aimed-tossing task in three blocks of ten trials each. Block 1 oriented participants to the task. Participants wore right-shifting goggles in Block 2 and removed them for Block 3. Motion-capture suits collected movement data of the head, hips, and hands. According to regression modeling of tossing performance, multifractality at hand and at hips together supported use of visual information, and adaptation to wearing/removing of goggles depended on multifractality across the hips, head, and hands. Vector-autoregression modeling shows that hip multifractality promoted head multifractality but that hand fluctuations drew on head and hip multifractality. We propose that multifractality could be an information substrate whose spread across the movements systems supports the perceptual coordination for the development of dexterity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica Bojovic
- Grinnell College, 1116 8th Ave., Grinnell, IA 50112, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Possibilities for behavior (i.e., affordances) can be perceived with units spanning anatomical components and external objects. For example, affordances for standing on an inclined surface can be perceived with an object held in the hand or attached to the head. We investigated whether these two person-plus-object perceptual systems exhibit the same pattern of nonlinear phase transitions in perception of this affordance. Blindfolded participants explored an inclined surface with a rod held in the hand or attached to the head and reported whether they could stand on that surface. Inclinations were presented in ascending or descending sequences. In both conditions, responses exhibited negative hysteresis - perceptual boundaries occurred at steeper angles for descending than for ascending sequences. The generalization of this pattern across components that differ in physiology, sensitivity, and experience is consistent with both the soft assembly of perceptual devices and with a dynamical systems perspective on perception of affordances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Wagman
- 1 Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL USA
| | - Alex Dayer
- 1 Department of Psychology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL USA
| | - Alen Hajnal
- 2 Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Thomas BJ, Wagman JB, Hawkins M, Havens M, Riley MA. The Independent Perceptual Calibration of Action-Neutral and -Referential Environmental Properties. Perception 2016; 46:586-604. [PMID: 27864556 DOI: 10.1177/0301006616679172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to explore how the calibration of perception of environmental properties taken with reference to an animal and their action capabilities (e.g., affordances) and those that are independent of action capabilities (e.g., metric properties) relate. In both experiments, participants provided reports of the maximum height they could reach above their head with a number of different stick(s) (reach-with-stick height) and the length of those stick(s), a property that is a constituent of reach-with-stick height. In Experiment 1 reach-with-stick height reports improved over trials whereas stick length reports remained constant. In Experiment 2, feedback about maximum reach-with-stick height improved perception of this affordance, but such improvements did not transfer to perception of stick length in a pretest/practice task/posttest design. The results suggest that the perceptual calibration with practice perceiving or feedback about actual dimensions of action-referential and action-neutral properties do not necessarily depend on one another.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew Hawkins
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mark Havens
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Riley
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pulling out all the stops to make the distance: Effects of effort and optical information in distance perception responses made by rope pulling. Atten Percept Psychophys 2015; 78:685-99. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-015-1035-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
21
|
Abstract
Earlier studies have revealed that the calibration of an action sometimes transfers in a functionally specific way—the calibration of one action transfers to other actions that serve the same goal, even when they are performed with different anatomical structures. In the present study, we tested whether attunement (the process by which perceivers learn to detect a more useful, specifying, informational pattern) follows such a functional organization. Participants were trained to perceive the length of rods by dynamic touch with one of their effectors. It was found that training the right hand resulted in an attunement to a specifying variable with both hands, but not with the feet. Training the other limbs did not result in attunement. However, substantial individual differences were found. The implications of the results are explored for theories on the organization of perceptual learning and discussions on individual differences in perception.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abney DH, Kello CT, Warlaumont AS. Production and Convergence of Multiscale Clustering in Speech. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2015.1068653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
23
|
Vaz DV. Direct Perception Requires an Animal-Dependent Concept of Specificity and of Information. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2015.1027128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
24
|
Soberano EK, Kelty-Stephen DG. Demystifying cognitive science: explaining cognition through network-based modeling. Front Physiol 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25852574 PMCID: PMC4365715 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
25
|
Hajnal A, Rumble D, Shelley-Tremblay JF, Liu W. Optical Push by Geographical Slant Affects Postural Sway. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2014.957999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
26
|
Anastas JR, Kelty-Stephen DG, Dixon JA. Executive Function as an Interaction-Dominant Process. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2014.957985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
27
|
Recognizing familiar objects by hand and foot: Haptic shape perception generalizes to inputs from unusual locations and untrained body parts. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:541-58. [PMID: 24197503 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The limits of generalization of our 3-D shape recognition system to identifying objects by touch was investigated by testing exploration at unusual locations and using untrained effectors. In Experiments 1 and 2, people found identification by hand of real objects, plastic 3-D models of objects, and raised line drawings placed in front of themselves no easier than when exploration was behind their back. Experiment 3 compared one-handed, two-handed, one-footed, and two-footed haptic object recognition of familiar objects. Recognition by foot was slower (7 vs. 13 s) and much less accurate (9 % vs. 47 % errors) than recognition by either one or both hands. Nevertheless, item difficulty was similar across hand and foot exploration, and there was a strong correlation between an individual's hand and foot performance. Furthermore, foot recognition was better with the largest 20 of the 80 items (32 % errors), suggesting that physical limitations hampered exploration by foot. Thus, object recognition by hand generalized efficiently across the spatial location of stimuli, while object recognition by foot seemed surprisingly good given that no prior training was provided. Active touch (haptics) thus efficiently extracts 3-D shape information and accesses stored representations of familiar objects from novel modes of input.
Collapse
|
28
|
Getting off on the right (or left) foot: perceiving by means of a rod attached to the preferred or non-preferred foot. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3591-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
29
|
Going for distance and going for speed: Effort and optical variables shape information for distance perception from observation to response. Atten Percept Psychophys 2014; 76:1015-35. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-014-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
30
|
Changing grasp position on a wielded object provides self-training for the perception of length. Atten Percept Psychophys 2013; 76:247-54. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Kelty-Stephen DG, Dixon JA. Notes on a Journey From Symbols to Multifractals: A Tribute to Guy Van Orden. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2013.810469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Abstract
Perception becomes increasingly scaled to environmental properties when feedback is provided about the perception of a given property. Understanding the process of calibration requires a description of the stimulation patterns to which perceivers become calibrated as a result of such feedback. Recent investigations using a transfer-of-calibration paradigm have shown that recalibration of the perception of length transfers from audition to touch. Such results have provided preliminary evidence that calibration of this property is modality-independent (i.e., that feedback about length calibrates perceivers to a modality-independent stimulation pattern). The experiment reported here provides a stronger test of this claim by demonstrating that perception transfers in both directions (i.e., from audition to touch, and vice versa). The results provide further evidence that calibration is modality-independent, and they are consistent with the more general proposal that the stimulation patterns that support perception are also modality-independent.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kelty-Stephen DG, Dixon JA. Temporal correlations in postural sway moderate effects of stochastic resonance on postural stability. Hum Mov Sci 2013; 32:91-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
34
|
Kelty-Stephen DG, Palatinus K, Saltzman E, Dixon JA. A Tutorial on Multifractality, Cascades, and Interactivity for Empirical Time Series in Ecological Science. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2013.753804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
35
|
Palatinus Z, Dixon JA, Kelty-Stephen DG. Fractal fluctuations in quiet standing predict the use of mechanical information for haptic perception. Ann Biomed Eng 2012. [PMID: 23188561 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Movement science has traditionally understood high-dimensional fluctuations as either antithetical or irrelevant to low-dimensional control. However, fluctuations incident to changeful, sometimes unpredictable stimulation must somehow reshape low-dimensional aspects of control through perception. The movement system's fluctuations may reflect cascade dynamics in which many-sized events interact nonlinearly across many scales. Cascades yield fractal fluctuations, and fractality of fluctuations may provide a window on the interactions across scale supporting perceptual processes. To test these ideas, we asked adult human participants to judge whole or partial length for unseen rods (with and without added masses). The participants' only experience with the objects came from supporting them across their shoulders during quiet standing. First, the degree of fractal temporal correlations in trial-by-trial series of planar Euclidean displacements in center of pressure (COP) significantly improved prediction of subsequent trial-by-trial judgments, above and beyond prediction by traditional predictors of haptic perception and conventional measures of COP variability. Second, comparison with linear surrogate data indicated the presence of nonlinear interactions across scale in these time series. These results demonstrate that high-dimensional fluctuations may serve a crucial role in the cascade dynamics supporting apparently low-dimensional control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Palatinus
- Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, Storrs, CT 06269-1020, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Goldfield EC, Park YL, Chen BR, Hsu WH, Young D, Wehner M, Kelty-Stephen DG, Stirling L, Weinberg M, Newman D, Nagpal R, Saltzman E, Holt KG, Walsh C, Wood RJ. Bio-Inspired Design of Soft Robotic Assistive Devices: The Interface of Physics, Biology, and Behavior. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2012.726179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
37
|
Stephen DG, Wilcox BJ, Niemi JB, Franz JR, Franz J, Kerrigan D, Kerrigan DC, D'Andrea SE. Baseline-dependent effect of noise-enhanced insoles on gait variability in healthy elderly walkers. Gait Posture 2012; 36:537-40. [PMID: 22739049 PMCID: PMC3978195 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether providing subsensory stochastic-resonance mechanical vibration to the foot soles of elderly walkers could decrease gait variability. In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, 29 subjects engaged in treadmill walking while wearing sandals customized with three actuators capable of producing stochastic-resonance mechanical vibration embedded in each sole. For each subject, we determined a subsensory level of vibration stimulation. After a 5-min acclimation period of walking with the footwear, subjects were asked to walk on the treadmill for six trials, each 30s long. Trials were pair-wise random: in three trials, actuators provided subsensory vibration; in the other trials, they did not. Subjects wore reflective markers to track body motion. Stochastic-resonance mechanical stimulation exhibited baseline-dependent effects on spatial stride-to-stride variability in gait, slightly increasing variability in subjects with least baseline variability and providing greater reductions in variability for subjects with greater baseline variability (p<.001). Thus, applying stochastic-resonance mechanical vibrations on the plantar surface of the foot reduces gait variability for subjects with more variable gait. Stochastic-resonance mechanical vibrations may provide an effective intervention for preventing falls in healthy elderly walkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Stephen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mirman D, Irwin JR, Stephen DG. Eye movement dynamics and cognitive self-organization in typical and atypical development. Cogn Neurodyn 2012; 6:61-73. [PMID: 23372620 PMCID: PMC3253164 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-011-9180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed distributions of Euclidean displacements in gaze (i.e. "gaze steps") to evaluate the degree of componential cognitive constraints on audio-visual speech perception tasks. Children performing these tasks exhibited distributions of gaze steps that were closest to power-law or lognormal distributions, suggesting a multiplicatively interactive, flexible, self-organizing cognitive system rather than a component-dominant stipulated cognitive structure. Younger children and children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibited distributions that were closer to power-law than lognormal, indicating a reduced degree of self-organized structure. The relative goodness of lognormal fit was also a significant predictor of ASD, suggesting that this type of analysis may point towards a promising diagnostic tool. These results lend further support to an interaction-dominant framework that casts cognitive processing and development in terms of self-organization instead of fixed components and show that these analytical methods are sensitive to important developmental and neuropsychological differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mirman
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, 50 Township Line Rd., Elkins Park, PA 19027 USA
| | - Julia R. Irwin
- Haskins Laboratories, 300 George St., Suite 900, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent St., New Haven, CT 06515 USA
| | - Damian G. Stephen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, 3 Blackfan Circle, Floor 5, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Stephen DG, Van Orden G. Searching for General Principles in Cognitive Performance: Reply to Commentators. Top Cogn Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-8765.2011.01171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|