1
|
Song M, Zhao N. Predicting life satisfaction based on the emotion words in self-statement texts. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1121915. [PMID: 36970294 PMCID: PMC10034159 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring people's life satisfaction in real time on a large scale is quite valuable for monitoring and promoting public mental health; however, the traditional questionnaire method cannot fully meet this need. This study utilized the emotion words in self-statement texts to train machine learning predictive models to identify an individual's life satisfaction. The SVR model was found to have the best performance, with the correlation between predicted scores and self-reported questionnaire scores achieving 0.42 and the split-half reliability achieving 0.939. This result demonstrates the possibility of identifying life satisfaction through emotional expressions and provides a method to measure the public's life satisfaction online. The word categories selected through the modeling process were happy (PA), sorrow (NB), boredom (NE), reproach (NN), glad (MH), aversion (ME), and N (negation + positive), which reveal the specific emotions in self-expression relevant to life satisfaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Zhao
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dudschig C, Kaup B. Pictorial vs. linguistic negation: Investigating negation in imperatives across different symbol domains. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 214:103266. [PMID: 33609971 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The processing of negation is typically regarded as one of the most demanding cognitive processes as it often involves the reversal of input information. As negation is also regarded as a core linguistic process, to date, investigations of negation have typically been linguistic in nature. However, negation is a standard operator also within non-linguistic domains. For example, traffic signs often use negation to indicate a prohibition of specific actions (e.g., no left turn). In the current study, we investigate whether processing difficulties that are typically reported within the linguistic domain generalize to pictorial negation. Across two experiments, linguistic negation and pictorial negation were directly compared to their affirmative counterparts. In line with the literature, the results show that there is a general processing benefit for pictorial input. Most interestingly, the core process of negation also benefits from the pictorial input. Specifically, the processing difficulty in pictorial negation compared to affirmation is less pronounced than within the linguistic domain, especially concerning error rates. In the current experiments, pictorial negation did not result in increased error rates compared to the affirmative condition. Overall, the current results suggest that negation in pictorial conditions also results in a slowing of information processing. However, the use of pictorial negation can ease processing difficulty over linguistic negation.
Collapse
|
3
|
Dudschig C, Kaup B. Negation as conflict: Conflict adaptation following negating vertical spatial words. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2020; 210:104842. [PMID: 32961513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the processing of negated directional terms such as "not up" or "not down" poses a conflict for participants and results in similar processing adjustments as non-linguistic conflicts do (Dudschig & Kaup, 2019). In each trial, participants read one of the following four phrases "now up", "not up", "now down" or "not down" and responded with a button press on a response key mounted in the upper versus lower vertical space. Behavioral data indicated that processing negated phrases leads to considerable processing difficulties for participants even after extensive practice. Interestingly, in line with standard conflict adaptation effects reported in the Simon, the Flanker and the Stroop task, negation processing was facilitated when preceded by another high conflict trial (i.e. a negated trial) as compared to a low conflict trial (i.e. an affirmative phrase). In addition, electrophysiological data showed that in negated trials first the to-be-negated information was activated (i.e., up in the case of "not up") and only in a second step, the outcome of the negation process was represented (i.e. down). In line with behavioral data, electrophysiological data was modified by trial sequence, suggesting negation triggering standard conflict adaptation patterns. Taken together, conflict-related processing adjustments can be also observed if the conflict is triggered by linguistic negation of vertical directional words. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoffmann JM, Finke JB, Schächinger H, Schulz A, Vögele C, Spaderna H. Modulation of startle and heart rate responses by fear of physical activity in patients with heart failure and in healthy adults. Physiol Behav 2020; 225:113044. [PMID: 32619525 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fear of physical activity (FoPA) has been suggested as a barrier to physical activity in patients with heart failure and might be associated with low adherence to exercise regimen despite medical guideline recommendations. The present study examined physiological indicators of FoPA by assessing startle modulation (via EMG at the orbicularis oculi muscle) and heart rate responses (derived from ECG) after affective priming with lexical stimuli of positive, neutral, and negative valence, as well as words related to physical activity as potentially phobic cues. After screening for FoPA in patients with heart failure and healthy adults, twenty participants each were assigned to one of three subsamples: a healthy control group and two cardiac patient groups scoring either low or high on FoPA. The high-FoPA group showed startle potentiation and more pronounced heart rate acceleration (than did controls) in the phobic prime condition, indicating defensive response mobilization. Among the patients, higher FoPA accounted for 30% of the startle potentiation by phobic priming, whereas general anxiety, depression, and disease severity were no significant predictors of startle modulation. These findings suggest that FoPA in patients with heart failure is associated with defensive responses on a physiological level that might be indicative of avoidance behavior, thereby contributing to low adherence to exercise regimen. Thus, FoPA presents a significant target for psychological interventions to foster physical activity in cardiac patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremia Mark Hoffmann
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of Nursing Science, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, D-54286 Trier, Germany
| | - Johannes B Finke
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2a, D-57076 Siegen, Germany; Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Trier University, Johanniterufer 15, D-54290 Trier, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schächinger
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, Trier University, Johanniterufer 15, D-54290 Trier, Germany
| | - André Schulz
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 11, Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claus Vögele
- Institute for Health and Behaviour, Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Luxembourg, 11, Porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Heike Spaderna
- Division of Health Psychology, Department of Nursing Science, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, D-54286 Trier, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Negation is a critical cognitive operator that is investigated across a wide range of psychological phenomena (e.g., language, eating control, emotion control, stereotype processing). A core function of negation is reversing input information. In the current study, we investigated whether this reversing process benefits from temporal preparation. In Experiment 1, participants were first presented with either the negator "not" or the affirmative counterpart "now", and in a variable delay with the response indicating stimulus "left" or "right". Participants had to respond according to phrase meaning (e.g., "now right" ➔ right response; "not right" ➔ left response). The results showed a persisting negation effect of 150 ms that did not reduce with preparatory time. In Experiment 2, we replicated this study using non-linguistic input information (i.e. crosses, tick-marks and arrows). Again, despite standard temporal preparation effects being present, the reversal process itself did not benefit from preparatory time. In summary, these experiments suggest that capacity demanding reversal processes are not eased if we know that a reversal process is coming up soon. This is particularly interesting, as in the current experiments a very basic binary negation paradigm was implemented. The implications of these results for models of negation processing are discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Boecker L, Pauli P. Affective startle modulation and psychopathology: Implications for appetitive and defensive brain systems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 103:230-266. [PMID: 31129237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Startle reflex potentiation versus startle attenuation to unpleasant versus pleasant stimuli likely reflect priming of the defensive versus appetitive motivational systems, respectively. This review summarizes and systemizes the literature on affective startle modulation related to psychopathologies with the aim to reveal underlying mechanisms across psychopathologies. We found evidence for psychopathologies characterized by increased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (anxiety disorders), decreased startle potentiation to unpleasant stimuli (psychopathy), decreased startle attenuation to pleasant stimuli (ADHD), as well as a general hyporeactivity to affective stimuli (depression). Increased versus decreased startle responses to disorder-specific stimuli characterize specific phobia and drug dependence. No psychopathology is characterized by increased startle attenuation to standard pleasant stimuli or a general hyperreactivity to affective stimuli. This review indicates that the defensive and the appetitive systems operate independently mostly in accordance with the motivational priming hypothesis and that affective startle modulation is a highly valuable paradigm to unraveling dysfunctions of the defensive and appetitive systems in psychopathologies as requested by the Research Domain Criteria initiative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Boecker
- Department of Economic Psychology, Social Psychology & Experimental Methods, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology (Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy), University of Würzburg, Marcusstraße 9-11, 97070 Germany; Center of Mental Health, Medical Faculty, University of Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Finke JB, Zhang X, Best DR, Lass-Hennemann J, Schächinger H. Self-Resemblance Modulates Processing of Socio-Emotional Pictures in a Context-Sensitive Manner. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Relevance of emotional information varies with self-involvement. The current study was undertaken to test whether subtle facial self-resemblance is sufficient to affect attentional and affective processing of complex socio-emotional pictures. Faces digitally manipulated to resemble the participants’ (final sample: N = 21) own versus unfamiliar control faces (form and color morphs) were presented in pictures of emotionally evocative social interactions, that is, threat versus sex scenes. At stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) of either 300 ms or 3,000 ms after picture onset, startle responses were elicited by acoustic white noise bursts (50 ms, 105 dB), and recorded at the orbicularis oculi via electromyography (EMG). The majority of participants remained unaware of the morphing manipulation, and awareness did not affect the principal results. As indexed by inhibition of startle at short lead intervals and by picture-evoked heart rate deceleration, facial self-resemblance modulates effects of motivational salience in a context-sensitive way, increasing prepulse inhibition with threat-related, but not erotic cues. Overall, the present study suggests that visual cues of general motivational significance and of self-relevance are integrated in a fast, presumably automatic manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes B. Finke
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Best
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Germany
| | - Johanna Lass-Hennemann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schächinger
- Institute of Psychobiology, Department of Clinical Psychophysiology, University of Trier, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
“没有”为什么隐含着“消极情绪”?——否定加工中的情绪表征. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2019. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Tang Y, Huang Y. Contextual factors influence the selection of specific and broad types of emotion regulation strategies. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 58:1008-1033. [PMID: 30697756 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An emerging focus in the emotion regulation (ER) literature is to consider the importance of context for people's ER strategy choice, given that ER responses that adapt to situational demands have been found to be highly beneficial. However, it remains unclear what (and in what way) contextual factors impact people's ER strategy selections. Also, only a limited number of ER strategies have been extensively studied and little is known about people's selection of broad ER strategy categories (we focus on covert vs. overt ER strategies based on Aldao & Dixon-Gordon's [2014] conceptualization). In the current study, 203 participants were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk to imagine experiencing either positive or negative emotion in various contextual settings (location: home, social, vs. professional setting × social context: alone vs. with others) and to identify from 16 ER strategies the ones that they would in general deem applicable for each context. Results showed that the aforementioned factors, in various ways, uniquely or interactively predicted the selection of specific and broad ER strategies. Furthermore, personality (neuroticism and extraversion) also influenced participants' ER strategy selection. Overall, this study underscores the importance of including diverse strategies and considering context in the study of ER strategy choices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Department of Psychology, Youngstown State University, Ohio, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Information Studies, Syracuse University, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weis PP, Herbert C. Bodily Reactions to Emotional Words Referring to Own versus Other People's Emotions. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1277. [PMID: 28878699 PMCID: PMC5572286 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
According to embodiment theories, language and emotion affect each other. In line with this, several previous studies investigated changes in bodily responses including facial expressions, heart rate or skin conductance during affective evaluation of emotional words and sentences. This study investigates the embodiment of emotional word processing from a social perspective by experimentally manipulating the emotional valence of a word and its personal reference. Stimuli consisted of pronoun-noun pairs, i.e., positive, negative, and neutral nouns paired with possessive pronouns of the first or the third person (“my,” “his”) or the non-referential negation term (“no”) as controls. Participants had to quickly evaluate the word pairs by key presses as either positive, negative, or neutral, depending on the subjective feelings they elicit. Hereafter, they elaborated the intensity of the feeling on a non-verbal scale from 1 (very unpleasant) to 9 (very pleasant). Facial expressions (M. Zygomaticus, M. Corrugator), heart rate, and, for exploratory purposes, skin conductance were recorded continuously during the spontaneous and elaborate evaluation tasks. Positive pronoun-noun phrases were responded to the quickest and judged more often as positive when they were self-related, i.e., related to the reader’s self (e.g., “my happiness,” “my joy”) than when related to the self of a virtual other (e.g., “his happiness,” “his joy”), suggesting a self-positivity bias in the emotional evaluation of word stimuli. Physiologically, evaluation of emotional, unlike neutral pronoun-noun pairs initially elicited an increase in mean heart rate irrespective of stimulus reference. Changes in facial muscle activity, M. Zygomaticus in particular, were most pronounced during spontaneous evaluation of positive other-related pronoun-noun phrases in line with theoretical assumptions that facial expressions are socially embedded even in situation where no real communication partner is present. Taken together, the present results confirm and extend the embodiment hypothesis of language by showing that bodily signals can be differently pronounced during emotional evaluation of self- and other-related emotional words.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Weis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herbert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,Institute of Psychology and Education, Applied Emotion and Motivation Research, University of UlmUlm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Citron FMM, Abugaber D, Herbert C. Approach and Withdrawal Tendencies during Written Word Processing: Effects of Task, Emotional Valence, and Emotional Arousal. Front Psychol 2016; 6:1935. [PMID: 26779067 PMCID: PMC4701914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The affective dimensions of emotional valence and emotional arousal affect processing of verbal and pictorial stimuli. Traditional emotional theories assume a linear relationship between these dimensions, with valence determining the direction of a behavior (approach vs. withdrawal) and arousal its intensity or strength. In contrast, according to the valence-arousal conflict theory, both dimensions are interactively related: positive valence and low arousal (PL) are associated with an implicit tendency to approach a stimulus, whereas negative valence and high arousal (NH) are associated with withdrawal. Hence, positive, high-arousal (PH) and negative, low-arousal (NL) stimuli elicit conflicting action tendencies. By extending previous research that used several tasks and methods, the present study investigated whether and how emotional valence and arousal affect subjective approach vs. withdrawal tendencies toward emotional words during two novel tasks. In Study 1, participants had to decide whether they would approach or withdraw from concepts expressed by written words. In Studies 2 and 3 participants had to respond to each word by pressing one of two keys labeled with an arrow pointing upward or downward. Across experiments, positive and negative words, high or low in arousal, were presented. In Study 1 (explicit task), in line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, PH and NL words were responded to more slowly than PL and NH words. In addition, participants decided to approach positive words more often than negative words. In Studies 2 and 3, participants responded faster to positive than negative words, irrespective of their level of arousal. Furthermore, positive words were significantly more often associated with "up" responses than negative words, thus supporting the existence of implicit associations between stimulus valence and response coding (positive is up and negative is down). Hence, in contexts in which participants' spontaneous responses are based on implicit associations between stimulus valence and response, there is no influence of arousal. In line with the valence-arousal conflict theory, arousal seems to affect participants' approach-withdrawal tendencies only when such tendencies are made explicit by the task, and a minimal degree of processing depth is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M. M. Citron
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster UniversityLancaster, UK
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion”, Free University of BerlinBerlin, Germany
- Psychology Department, Humanities Council, Princeton UniversityPrinceton, NJ, USA
| | - David Abugaber
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Cornelia Herbert
- Applied Emotion and Motivation Research, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gantiva C, Delgado R, Romo-González T. Emotional reactions to alcohol-related words: Differences between low- and high-risk drinkers. Addict Behav 2015; 50:60-3. [PMID: 26101079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research that has examined responses to alcohol-related words in drinkers has mostly linked such responses to memory, attentional, and perceptual bias. However, studies of emotional processing in alcoholics have not received much attention. The main goal of the present study was to identify the features and differences of emotional responses to alcohol-related words in low- and high-risk drinkers. METHOD A total of 149 low-risk drinkers and 125 high-risk drinkers evaluated five alcohol-related words and 15 words from the Affective Norms for English Words in the dimensions of valence, arousal, and dominance using the Self-Assessment Manikin. RESULTS The results indicated that high-risk drinkers evaluated alcohol-related words as more appetitive and arousing. CONCLUSION These results, together with findings in the attention and memory research literature, suggest that alcohol-related words can serve as conditioned cues in alcohol consumption.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ferré P, Ventura D, Comesaña M, Fraga I. The role of emotionality in the acquisition of new concrete and abstract words. Front Psychol 2015; 6:976. [PMID: 26217289 PMCID: PMC4497307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A processing advantage for emotional words relative to neutral words has been widely demonstrated in the monolingual domain (e.g., Kuperman et al., 2014). It is also well-known that, in bilingual speakers who have a certain degree of proficiency in their second language, the effects of the affective content of words on cognition are not restricted to the native language (e.g., Ferré et al., 2010). The aim of the present study was to test whether this facilitatory effect can also be obtained during the very early stages of word acquisition. In the context of a novel word learning paradigm, participants were trained on a set of Basque words by associating them to their Spanish translations. Words' concreteness and affective valence were orthogonally manipulated. Immediately after the learning phase and 1 week later, participants were tested in a Basque go-no go lexical decision task as well as in a translation task in which they had to provide the Spanish translation of the Basque words. A similar pattern of results was found across tasks and sessions, revealing main effects of concreteness and emotional content as well as an interaction between both factors. Thus, the emotional content facilitated the acquisition of abstract, but not concrete words, in the new language, with a more reliable effect for negative words than for positive ones. The results are discussed in light of the embodied theoretical view of semantic representation proposed by Kousta et al. (2011).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Ferré
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment and Department of Psychology, Rovira i Virgili University, TarragonaSpain
| | - David Ventura
- Research Center for Behavior Assessment and Department of Psychology, Rovira i Virgili University, TarragonaSpain
| | - Montserrat Comesaña
- Human Cognition Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, BragaPortugal
| | - Isabel Fraga
- Cognitive Processes & Behavior Research Group, Department of Social Psychology, Basic Psychology and Methodology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de CompostelaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Human emotion in the brain and the body: Why language matters: Comment on "The quartet theory of human emotions: An integrative and neurofunctional model" by S. Koelsch et al. Phys Life Rev 2015; 13:55-7. [PMID: 25933479 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
15
|
Matejka M, Kazzer P, Seehausen M, Bajbouj M, Klann-Delius G, Menninghaus W, Jacobs AM, Heekeren HR, Prehn K. Talking about Emotion: Prosody and Skin Conductance Indicate Emotion Regulation. Front Psychol 2013; 4:260. [PMID: 23675363 PMCID: PMC3650449 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Talking about emotion and putting feelings into words has been hypothesized to regulate emotion in psychotherapy as well as in everyday conversation. However, the exact dynamics of how different strategies of verbalization regulate emotion and how these strategies are reflected in characteristics of the voice has received little scientific attention. In the present study, we showed emotional pictures to 30 participants and asked them to verbally admit or deny an emotional experience or a neutral fact concerning the picture in a simulated conversation. We used a 2 × 2 factorial design manipulating the focus (on emotion or facts) as well as the congruency (admitting or denying) of the verbal expression. Analyses of skin conductance response (SCR) and voice during the verbalization conditions revealed a main effect of the factor focus. SCR and pitch of the voice were lower during emotion compared to fact verbalization, indicating lower autonomic arousal. In contradiction to these physiological parameters, participants reported that fact verbalization was more effective in down-regulating their emotion than emotion verbalization. These subjective ratings, however, were in line with voice parameters associated with emotional valence. That is, voice intensity showed that fact verbalization reduced negative valence more than emotion verbalization. In sum, the results of our study provide evidence that emotion verbalization as compared to fact verbalization is an effective emotion regulation strategy. Moreover, based on the results of our study we propose that different verbalization strategies influence valence and arousal aspects of emotion selectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Matejka
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Kazzer
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CharitéBerlin, Germany
| | - Maria Seehausen
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CharitéBerlin, Germany
| | - Malek Bajbouj
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, CharitéBerlin, Germany
| | - Gisela Klann-Delius
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Linguistics, Institut für Deutsche und Niederländische Philologie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlin, Germany
| | - Winfried Menninghaus
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical AestheticsFrankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arthur M. Jacobs
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
| | - Hauke R. Heekeren
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Prehn
- Cluster of Excellence “Languages of Emotion,” Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
- Dahlem Institute for Neuroimaging of Emotion, Freie UniversitätBerlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herbert C, Kübler A, Vögele C. Risk for eating disorders modulates startle-responses to body words. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53667. [PMID: 23341969 PMCID: PMC3547051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Body image disturbances are core symptoms of eating disorders (EDs). Recent evidence suggests that changes in body image may occur prior to ED onset and are not restricted to in-vivo exposure (e.g. mirror image), but also evident during presentation of abstract cues such as body shape and weight-related words. In the present study startle modulation, heart rate and subjective evaluations were examined during reading of body words and neutral words in 41 student female volunteers screened for risk of EDs. The aim was to determine if responses to body words are attributable to a general negativity bias regardless of ED risk or if activated, ED relevant negative body schemas facilitate priming of defensive responses. Heart rate and word ratings differed between body words and neutral words in the whole female sample, supporting a general processing bias for body weight and shape-related concepts in young women regardless of ED risk. Startle modulation was specifically related to eating disorder symptoms, as was indicated by significant positive correlations with self-reported body dissatisfaction. These results emphasize the relevance of examining body schema representations as a function of ED risk across different levels of responding. Peripheral-physiological measures such as the startle reflex could possibly be used as predictors of females' risk for developing EDs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herbert
- Department of Psychology I, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Herbert C, Deutsch R, Platte P, Pauli P. No fear, no panic: probing negation as a means for emotion regulation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2012; 8:654-61. [PMID: 22490924 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nss043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This electroencephalographic study investigated if negating one's emotion results in paradoxical effects or leads to effective emotional downregulation. Healthy participants were asked to downregulate their emotions to happy and fearful faces by using negated emotional cue words (e.g., no fun, no fear). Cue words were congruent with the emotion depicted in the face and presented prior to each face. Stimuli were presented in blocks of happy and fearful faces. Blocks of passive stimulus viewing served as control condition. Active regulation reduced amplitudes of early event-related brain potentials (early posterior negativity, but not N170) and the late positive potential for fearful faces. A fronto-central negativity peaking at about 250 ms after target face onset showed larger amplitude modulations during downregulation of fearful and happy faces. Behaviorally, negating was more associated with reappraisal than with suppression. Our results suggest that in an emotional context, negation processing could be quite effective for emotional downregulation but that its effects depend on the type of the negated emotion (pleasant vs unpleasant). Results are discussed in the context of dual process models of cognition and emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Herbert
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Marcusstr. 9-11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|