1
|
Ranjbar K, Komaki A, Fayazi B, Zarrinkalam E. Coenzyme Q10 and exercise training reinstate middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced behavioral deficits and hippocampal long-term potentiation suppression in aging rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024:10.1007/s00213-024-06583-z. [PMID: 38627309 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
RATIONAL Patients experience post-stroke cognitive impairment during aging. To date, no specific treatment solution has been reported for this disorder. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise training and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced behavioral impairment, long-term potentiation inhibition and cerebral infarction size in aging rats. METHODS Fifty aging male rats underwent MCAO surgery and were randomly distributed in to the following groups: 1-Sham, 2- control, 3- Coenzyme Q10, 4- Exercise training and 5- Exercise training with Q10 supplementation (Ex + Q10). Aerobic training groups were allowed to run on a treadmill for 12 weeks. Q10 (50 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically by gavage. Morris water maze, shuttle box and elevated plus maze tests were used to evaluate cognitive function. The population spike (PS) amplitude and slope of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) in the dentate gyrus area were recorded as a result of perforant pathway electrical stimulation. RESULTS Our study showed that Q10 and aerobic training alone ameliorate spatial memory in the acquisition phase, but have no effect on spatial memory in the retention phase. Q10 and exercise training synergistically promoted spatial memory in the retention phase. Q10 and exercise training separately and simultaneously mitigated cerebral ischemia-induced passive avoidance memory impairment in acquisition and retention phases. The EPSP did not differ between the groups, but exercise training and Q10 ameliorate the PS amplitude in hippocampal responses to perforant path stimulation. Exercising and Q10 simultaneously reduced the cerebral infarction volume. CONCLUSION Collectively, the findings of the present study imply that 12 weeks of aerobic training and Q10 supplementation alone can simultaneously reverse cerebral ischemia induced neurobehavioral deficits via amelioration of synaptic plasticity and a reduction in cerebral infarction volume in senescent rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Ranjbar
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bandar Abbas Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Bayan Fayazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zarrinkalam
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mosneag IE, Flaherty SM, Wykes RC, Allan SM. Stroke and Translational Research - Review of Experimental Models with a Focus on Awake Ischaemic Induction and Anaesthesia. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00535-3. [PMID: 38065289 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are an indispensable tool in the study of ischaemic stroke with hundreds of drugs emerging from the preclinical pipeline. However, all of these drugs have failed to translate into successful treatments in the clinic. This has brought into focus the need to enhance preclinical studies to improve translation. The confounding effects of anaesthesia on preclinical stroke modelling has been raised as an important consideration. Various volatile and injectable anaesthetics are used in preclinical models during stroke induction and for outcome measurements such as imaging or electrophysiology. However, anaesthetics modulate several pathways essential in the pathophysiology of stroke in a dose and drug dependent manner. Most notably, anaesthesia has significant modulatory effects on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, spreading depolarizations, and neurovascular coupling. To minimise anaesthetic complications and improve translational relevance, awake stroke induction has been attempted in limited models. This review outlines anaesthetic strategies employed in preclinical ischaemic rodent models and their reported cerebral effects. Stroke related complications are also addressed with a focus on infarct volume, neurological deficits, and thrombolysis efficacy. We also summarise routinely used focal ischaemic stroke rodent models and discuss the attempts to induce some of these models in awake rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana-Emilia Mosneag
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Samuel M Flaherty
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C Wykes
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ikeda N, Kawasaki M, Baba K, Nishimura H, Fujitani T, Suzuki H, Matsuura T, Ohnishi H, Shimizu M, Sanada K, Nishimura K, Yoshimura M, Maruyama T, Conway-Campbell BL, Onaka T, Teranishi H, Hanada R, Ueta Y, Sakai A. Chemogenetic Activation of Oxytocin Neurons Improves Pain in a Reserpine-induced Fibromyalgia Rat Model. Neuroscience 2023; 528:37-53. [PMID: 37532013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain with depression as a frequent comorbidity. However, efficient management of the pain and depressive symptoms of FM is lacking. Given that endogenous oxytocin (OXT) contributes to the regulation of pain and depressive disorders, herein, we investigated the role of OXT in an experimental reserpine-induced FM model. In FM model, OXT-monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (OXT-mRFP1) transgenic rats exhibited increased depressive behavior and sensitivity in a mechanical nociceptive test, suggesting reduced pain tolerance. Additionally, the development of the FM-like phenotype in OXT-mRFP1 FM model rats was accompanied by a significant reduction in OXT mRNA expression in the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus. OXT-mRFP1 FM model rats also had significantly fewer tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive (ir) neurons as well as reduced serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the dorsal raphe and locus coeruleus. To investigate the effects of stimulating the endogenous OXT pathway, rats expressing OXT-human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (hM3Dq)-mCherry designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were also assessed in the FM model. Treatment of these rats with clozapine-N-oxide (CNO), an hM3Dq-activating drug, significantly improved characteristic FM model-induced pathophysiological pain, but did not alter depressive-like behavior. The chemogenetically induced effects were reversed by pre-treatment with an OXT receptor antagonist, confirming the specificity of action via the OXT pathway. These results indicate that endogenous OXT may have analgesic effects in FM, and could be a potential target for effective pain management strategies for this disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Ikeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makoto Kawasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Baba
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Haruki Nishimura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Teruaki Fujitani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takanori Matsuura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohnishi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makiko Shimizu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kenya Sanada
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nishimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Yoshimura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takashi Maruyama
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Tatsushi Onaka
- Division of Brain and Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Teranishi
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Reiko Hanada
- Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Akinori Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ke X, Deng M, Wu Z, Yu H, Yu D, Li H, Lu Y, Shu K, Pei L. miR-34b-3p Inhibition of eIF4E Causes Post-stroke Depression in Adult Mice. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:194-212. [PMID: 35802246 PMCID: PMC9905405 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a serious and common complication of stroke, which seriously affects the rehabilitation of stroke patients. To date, the pathogenesis of PSD is unclear and effective treatments remain unavailable. Here, we established a mouse model of PSD through photothrombosis-induced focal ischemia. By using a combination of brain imaging, transcriptome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis, we found that the hippocampus of PSD mice had a significantly lower metabolic level than other brain regions. RNA sequencing revealed a significant reduction of miR34b-3p, which was expressed in hippocampal neurons and inhibited the translation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Furthermore, silencing eIF4E inactivated microglia, inhibited neuroinflammation, and abolished the depression-like behaviors in PSD mice. Together, our data demonstrated that insufficient miR34b-3p after stroke cannot inhibit eIF4E translation, which causes PSD by the activation of microglia in the hippocampus. Therefore, miR34b-3p and eIF4E may serve as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ke
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Manfei Deng
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhuoze Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical School, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
| | - Hongyan Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dian Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Youming Lu
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- The Institute for Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Shelef I, Zvenigorodsky V, Severynovska O, Gal R, Dubilet M, Zlotnik A, Kofman O, Boyko M. Blood Glutamate Scavenging With Pyruvate as a Novel Preventative and Therapeutic Approach for Depressive-Like Behavior Following Traumatic Brain Injury in a Rat Model. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:832478. [PMID: 35237125 PMCID: PMC8883046 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.832478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and serious complication following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Both depression and TBI have independently been associated with pathologically elevated extracellular brain glutamate levels. In the setting of TBI, blood glutamate scavenging with pyruvate has been widely shown as an effective method to provide neuroprotection by reducing blood glutamate and subsequent brain glutamate levels. Here we evaluate pyruvate as a novel approach in the treatment and prevention of post-TBI depression-like behavior in a rat model. Rats were divided into five groups: (1) sham-operated control with pyruvate, (2) sham-operated control with placebo, (3) post-TBI with placebo, (4) post-TBI given preventative pyruvate, and (5) post-TBI treated with pyruvate. These groups had an equal number of females and males. Rats were assessed for depressive-like behavior, neurological status, and glutamate levels in the blood and brain. Post-TBI neurological deficits with concurrent elevations in glutamate levels were demonstrated, with peak glutamate levels 24 h after TBI. Following TBI, the administration of either prophylactic or therapeutic pyruvate led to reduced glutamate levels, improved neurologic recovery, and improved depressive-like behavior. Glutamate scavenging with pyruvate may be an effective prophylactic and therapeutic option for post-TBI depression by reducing associated elevations in brain glutamate levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Olena Severynovska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ecology and Medicine, Dnepropetrovsk State University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - Ron Gal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Dubilet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ora Kofman
- Department of Psychology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
- *Correspondence: Matthew Boyko,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Shelef I, Zvenigorodsky V, Benjamin Y, Shapoval O, Gal R, Zlotnik A, Melamed I, Boyko M. A Novel Histological Technique to Assess Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents: Comparisons to Neuroimaging and Neurological Outcomes. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:733115. [PMID: 34720861 PMCID: PMC8549653 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.733115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we evaluate an alternative protocol to histologically examine blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, brain edema, and lesion volume following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the same set of rodent brain samples. We further compare this novel histological technique to measurements determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a neurological severity score (NSS). Sixty-six rats were randomly assigned to a sham-operated, mild TBI, moderate TBI, or severe TBI group. 48 h after TBI, NSS, MRI and histological techniques were performed to measure TBI severity outcome. Both the histological and MRI techniques were able to detect measurements of severity outcome, but histologically determined outcomes were more sensitive. The two most sensitive techniques for determining the degree of injury following TBI were NSS and histologically determined BBB breakdown. Our results demonstrate that BBB breakdown, brain edema, and lesion volume following TBI can be accurately measured by histological evaluation of the same set of brain samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yair Benjamin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Olha Shapoval
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Ecology and Medicine, Dnepropetrovsk State University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine
| | - Ron Gal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Secondary Cerebellar Cortex Injury in Albino Male Rats after MCAO: A Histological and Biochemical Study. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091267. [PMID: 34572453 PMCID: PMC8468751 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on secondary injury following the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion in rats not linked to the MCA’s feeding zone. This entity has been very rarely studied. Additionally, this study investigated the rates of expression of five fundamental angiogenic biomarkers called endoglin, vascular endothelial growth factors-A (VEGF-A), endothelin-1 (ET-1), 2granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and angiopoietin-using the MCA occlusion (MCAO) model. The random allocation of twelve adult male albino rats was in two groups. As a sham control group, six rats were used. This group was subjected to a sham operation without MCAO. The MCAO group consisted of six rats that were subjected to MCAO operation. After three days, the rats were sacrificed. The cerebellar specimens were immediately processed for light microscopic examination. An angiogenic biomarkers multiplex assay from multiplex was used to assess endoglin levels, VEGF-A, ET-1, angiopoietin-2, and G-CSF in serum samples. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections showed that the cerebellar cortex of rats of the MCAO group was more affected than the sham control group. Furthermore, Nissl stain and immunohistochemical analysis revealed an apparent increase in the number of positive immunoreactive in the cerebellar cortex and an evident decrease in Nissl granules in Purkinje cells of the MCAO rats, in contrast to the control rats. In addition, there was a significant increase in angiogenic factors VEGF-A, ET-1, angiopoietin-2, and endoglin. Interestingly, there was an increase in the G-CSF but a non-significant in the MCAO rats compared to the control rats. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the angiopoietin-2 and ET-1, and between G-CSF and ET-1. VEGF-A also exhibited significant positive correlations with the G-CSF serum level parameter, Endoglin, and ET-1. Rats subjected to MCAO are a suitable model to study secondary injury away from MCA’s feeding zone. Additionally, valuable insights into the association and interaction between altered angiogenic factors and acute ischemic stroke induced by MCAO in rats.
Collapse
|
8
|
Faillot M, Chaillet A, Palfi S, Senova S. Rodent models used in preclinical studies of deep brain stimulation to rescue memory deficits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:410-432. [PMID: 34437937 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation paradigms might be used to treat memory disorders in patients with stroke or traumatic brain injury. However, proof of concept studies in animal models are needed before clinical translation. We propose here a comprehensive review of rodent models for Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. We systematically review the histological, behavioral and electrophysiological features of each model and identify those that are the most relevant for translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Faillot
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Antoine Chaillet
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes (L2S-UMR8506) - CentraleSupélec, Université Paris Saclay, Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphane Palfi
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France
| | - Suhan Senova
- Neurosurgery department, Henri Mondor University Hospital, APHP, DMU CARE, Université Paris Est Créteil, Mondor Institute for Biomedical Research, INSERM U955, Team 15, Translational Neuropsychiatry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ju X, Wang S, Yan P, Zhu C, Hu X, Dong J, Tan Z. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Combined With Fluoxetine Protects Against Depression-Induced Damage and Apoptosis in Rat Hippocampi via A1 Adenosine Receptor. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:599399. [PMID: 34335318 PMCID: PMC8322534 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.599399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation (REMSD) and fluoxetine affect depression, yet the detailed molecular mechanisms were not clear. Methods: Rat depression chronic unpredictable stress was constructed, and the body weight of rats was measured. The efficacy of REMSD and fluoxetine on the pleasure experience, exploration, and cognition of rats with depression was determined by the Sucrose preference test, the open field test, and Morris water task, respectively. The effects of REMSD and fluoxetine on depression-induced damage and apoptosis in rat hippocampi were detected using hematoxylin-eosin staining and terminal transferase-mediated biotin 2'-deoxyuridine, 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling. A1 adenosine receptor content was measured by immunohistochemistry. Relative expressions of the A1 adenosine receptor, proteins related to apoptosis (B Bcl-2-associated X protein; B-cell lymphoma 2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cFos, and adenosine deaminase RNA specific two were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot as needed. Results: Depression decreased rat weight. REMSD combined with fluoxetine increased body weight, prompted rat behavior, alleviated depression-induced damage, attenuated apoptosis, and promoted A1 adenosine receptor level in rat hippocampi. Furthermore, the combined therapy upregulated expressions of A1 adenosine receptor, B-cell lymphoma 2, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase but downregulated those of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, cFos, and adenosine deaminase RNA specific 2 in the hippocampi of rats with depression. Conclusion:REMSD combined with fluoxetine protected rats against depression-induced damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus via the A1 adenosine receptor, providing a possible treatment strategy for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ju
- Psychiatric Department, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengdong Wang
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Yan
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- Psychiatric Department, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiwen Hu
- Psychiatric Department, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiezheng Dong
- Psychiatric Department, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhonglin Tan
- Psychiatric Department, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Mental Health Center of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azhar M, Zeng G, Ahmed A, Dar Farooq A, Choudhary MI, De-Jiang J, Liu X. Carnosic acid ameliorates depressive-like symptoms along with the modulation of FGF9 in the hippocampus of middle carotid artery occlusion-induced Sprague Dawley rats. Phytother Res 2020; 35:384-391. [PMID: 32779789 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The increased survival rate of stroke patients has led to the higher incidences of post-stroke depression. Carnosic acid has the ability to cross blood brain barrier with good neuro-modulatory actions. Recently, inclined level of fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9) in the postmortem brain of the depressed patients was noted. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of carnosic acid on post-stroke depression-like behavior, and the expression of FGF9 were evaluated. After 3 weeks of middle carotid artery occlusion in Sprague Dawley rats, carnosic acid (20 and 40 mg/kg) was administered for 2 weeks. Sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and open field test were performed and hippocampi were analyzed for FGF9 and FGFR-3. In comparison to post-stroke depressed rats, carnosic acid increased the sucrose preference, and reduced the immobility time of the rats by ~2×. The speed and distance-covered were also increased. At 40 mg/kg, FGF9 was reduced by ~3× while FGFR-3/Actin was increased by ~1.5×. Altogether results suggest anti-depressant-like activity of carnosic acid in post-stroke depressed rats with decreased expression of hippocampal FGF9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Azhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Center, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Guirong Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ayaz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China.,Dr. Panjwani Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Center, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahsana Dar Farooq
- Hamdard Al-Majeed College of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad I Choudhary
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, International Center for Chemical and Biological Center, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiang De-Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha, China.,Research Center for Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (IMPLAD), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhong W, Yuan Y, Gu X, Kim SIY, Chin R, Loye M, Dix TA, Wei L, Yu SP. Neuropsychological Deficits Chronically Developed after Focal Ischemic Stroke and Beneficial Effects of Pharmacological Hypothermia in the Mouse. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1-16. [PMID: 32010477 PMCID: PMC6961763 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of human death and disability, with around 30% of stroke patients develop neuropsychological/neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as post-stroke depression (PSD). Basic and translational research on post-stroke psychological disorders is limited. In a focal ischemic stroke mouse model with selective damage to the sensorimotor cortex, sensorimotor deficits develop soon after stroke and spontaneous recovery is observed in 2-4 weeks. We identified that mice subjected to a focal ischemic insult gradually developed depression/anxiety like behaviors 4 to 8 weeks after stroke. Psychological/psychiatric disorders were revealed in multiple behavioral examinations, including the forced swim, tail suspension, sucrose preference, and open field tests. Altered neuronal plasticity such as suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP), reduced BDNF and oxytocin signaling, and disturbed dopamine synthesis/uptake were detected in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the chronic phase after stroke. Pharmacological hypothermia induced by the neurotensin receptor 1 (NTR1) agonist HPI-363 was applied as an acute treatment after stroke. A six-hr hypothermia treatment applied 45 min after stroke prevented depression and anxiety like behaviors examined at 6 weeks after stroke, as well as restored BDNF expression and oxytocin signaling. Additionally, hypothermia induced by physical cooling also showed an anti-depression and anti-anxiety effect. The data suggested a delayed beneficial effect of acute hypothermia treatment on chronically developed post-stroke neuropsychological disorders, associated with regulation of synaptic plasticity, neurotrophic factors, dopaminergic activity, and oxytocin signaling in the PFC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhong
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,2Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Yan Yuan
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,3College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,2Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Samuel In-Young Kim
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ryan Chin
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Modupe Loye
- 2Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Thomas A Dix
- 4Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- 1Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,2Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gruenbaum BF, Kutz R, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. Blood glutamate scavenging as a novel glutamate-based therapeutic approach for post-stroke depression. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320903951. [PMID: 32110376 PMCID: PMC7026819 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320903951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a major complication of stroke that significantly impacts functional recovery and quality of life. While the exact mechanism of PSD is unknown, recent attention has focused on the association of the glutamatergic system in its etiology and treatment. Minimizing secondary brain damage and neuropsychiatric consequences associated with excess glutamate concentrations is a vital part of stroke management. The blood glutamate scavengers, oxaloacetate and pyruvate, degrade glutamate in the blood to its inactive metabolite, 2-ketoglutarate, by the coenzymes glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT), respectively. This reduction in blood glutamate concentrations leads to a subsequent shift of glutamate down its concentration gradient from the blood to the brain, thereby decreasing brain glutamate levels. Although there are not yet any human trials that support blood glutamate scavengers for clinical use, there is increasing evidence from animal research of their efficacy as a promising new therapeutic approach for PSD. In this review, we present recent evidence in the literature of the potential therapeutic benefits of blood glutamate scavengers for reducing PSD and other related neuropsychiatric conditions. The evidence reviewed here should be useful in guiding future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruslan Kutz
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Models of poststroke depression and assessments of core depressive symptoms in rodents: How to choose? Exp Neurol 2019; 322:113060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
14
|
Kuts R, Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Grinshpun J, Melamed I, Knyazer B, Tarabrin O, Zvenigorodsky V, Shelef I, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. A Novel Method for Assessing Cerebral Edema, Infarcted Zone and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Single Post-stroke Rodent Brain. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1105. [PMID: 31680838 PMCID: PMC6805703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) has historically been the most common animal model of simulating ischemic stroke. The extent of neurological injury after MCAO is typically measured by cerebral edema, infarct zone, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. A significant limitation of these methods is that separate sets of brains must be used for each measurement. Here we examine an alternative method of measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO in the same set of brain samples. Ninety-six rats were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Group 1 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of infarct zone and brain edema in rats post-MCAO (n = 17) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). Group 2 (n = 27) was used for the evaluation of BBB breakdown in rats post-MCAO (n = 15) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 10). In Group 3 (n = 42), all three parameters were measured in the same set of brain slices in rats post-MCAO (n = 26) vs. sham-operated controls (n = 16). The effect of Evans blue on the accuracy of measuring infarct zone by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was determined by measuring infarct zone with and without an applied blue filter. The effects of various concentrations of TTC (0, 0.05, 0.35, 0.5, 1, and 2%) on the accuracy of measuring BBB permeability was also assessed. There was an increase in infarct volume (p < 0.01), brain edema (p < 0.01) and BBB breakdown (p < 0.01) in rats following MCAO compared to sham-operated controls, whether measured separately or together in the same set of brain samples. Evans blue had an effect on measuring infarct volume that was minimized by the application of a blue filter on scanned brain slices. There was no difference in the Evans blue extravasation index for the brain tissue samples without TTC compared to brain tissue samples incubated in TTC. Our results demonstrate that measuring cerebral edema, infarct zone and BBB permeability following MCAO can accurately be measured in the same set of brain samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Kuts
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Boris Knyazer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Oleg Tarabrin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care with Postgraduate Education, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Early life stress induces submissive behavior in adult rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
16
|
Frank D, Kuts R, Tsenter P, Gruenbaum BF, Grinshpun Y, Zvenigorodsky V, Shelef I, Natanel D, Brotfain E, Zlotnik A, Boyko M. The effect of pyruvate on the development and progression of post-stroke depression: A new therapeutic approach. Neuropharmacology 2019; 155:173-184. [PMID: 31153808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common and serious complication following stroke. Both stroke and depression have independently been associated with pathologically elevated glutamate levels in the brain's extra-cerebral fluid (ECF). Here we evaluate an alternative therapeutic approach to PSD with pyruvate. Rats were randomly assigned into one of 3 groups: Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) plus pyruvate treatment, MCAO plus placebo treatment, and sham operated rats. Post-MCAO depressive and anxiety-like behavior was assessed, along with neurological status, brain infarct zone, brain edema, blood brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, cerebrospinal fluid and blood glutamate levels. Anxiety-like behavior and levels of blood alanine and α-ketoglutarate were measured in naïve rats treated with pyruvate, as a control. Post-stroke neurological deficit with concurrent elevation in glutamate levels were demonstrated, with peak glutamate levels 24 h after MCAO. Treatment with pyruvate led to reduced glutamate levels 24 h after MCAO and improved neurologic recovery. Pyruvate treatment reduced lesion volume, brain edema and the extent of BBB permeability 24 h post-MCAO. Naïve rats treated with pyruvate showed increased levels of α-ketoglutarate. Rats demonstrated post-stroke depressive behavior that was improved by the administration of pyruvate. There was less anxiety-like behavior in post-stroke rats treated with placebo in comparison to the post-stroke rats treated with pyruvate or sham operated rats. Glutamate scavenging with pyruvate appears to be an effective as a method in providing neuroprotection following stroke and as a therapeutic option for the treatment of PSD by reducing the consequent elevations in CNS glutamate levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruslan Kuts
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Philip Tsenter
- Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yulia Grinshpun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dmitry Natanel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Evgeny Brotfain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Boyko M, Kutz R, Grinshpun J, Zvenigorodsky V, Gruenbaum BF, Gruenbaum SE, Frenkel A, Brotfain E, Israel Melamed, Frank D, Zeldetz V, Zlotnik A. The effect of depressive-like behavior and antidepressant therapy on social behavior and hierarchy in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111953. [PMID: 31108115 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is common and results in a significant morbidity and economic burden. Depression is associated with pervasive impairments in social functioning, and antidepressant treatments are highly variable in improving these impairments. The objectives of this study were to test the effects of depression on social organization and behavior in a rodent model of depression, and to study the effectiveness of antidepressant medication in improving both symptoms of depression and the social function of depressed animals. METHODS One hundred-twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided between the control group and depression group. After induction of depression by 5 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress, rats received either antidepressant treatment or placebo. In parallel with the initiation of drug therapy, 20 social groups of six rats were subjected to the complex diving-for-food situation to evaluate their social functioning. Four behavioral tests evaluated symptoms of depression and anxiety at 3 different time points. RESULTS We found that 1) depressed rats were significantly more active and aggressive in all parameters of social organization test compared with the control and antidepressant treatment groups, 2) depressed rats that received antidepressant treatment exhibited social behaviors like the control group, and 3) depression in the experimental groups was not accompanied by symptoms of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that depression can significantly alter the social behavior and hierarchy in the social group in rats. Investigations of complex social group dynamics offer novel opportunities for translational studies of mood and psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Ruslan Kutz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06525, USA
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Amit Frenkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladimir Zeldetz
- Department of Emergent Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Boyko M, Kuts R, Gruenbaum BF, Tsenter P, Grinshpun J, Frank D, Zvenigorodsky V, Melamed I, Brotfain E, Zlotnik A. An Alternative Model of Laser-Induced Stroke in the Motor Cortex of Rats. Biol Proced Online 2019; 21:9. [PMID: 31130825 PMCID: PMC6524336 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A common experimental rodent model for stroke includes induction by a technique in which middle cerebral artery is transiently (MCAO-t) or permanently (MCAO-p) occluded by catheterization. However, this model has prominent disadvantages which consist of the high variability of localization and size of the ischemic area, cases of intracranial hemorrhage and high mortality. Furthermore, the duration of a single MCAO operation takes about thirty minutes and requires highly trained staff. In this article, we propose an alternative method, which is based on laser-induced stroke in the motor cortex. In our research, we compared the original MCAO-p and MCAO-t models and a novel laser model. Results Compared with the impact of original MCAO-p and MCAO-t technique on brain tissue, the minimally invasive laser model demonstrated a decrease in: variability in body temperature, percent of infarcted volume, blood brain barrier breakdown and brain edema, as well as a prominent decrease of mortality and intracranial hemorrhage. Among other findings of this article, it can be noted that damage to the brain tissue in laser groups occurred only in the region of the motor cortex, without involving the striatal area. Conclusions The data presented in this paper show that the model of laser irradiation can serve as an effective method of inducible brain cortical infarction and may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and the future development of new drugs and other neuro-protective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ruslan Kuts
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- 2Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525 USA
| | - Philip Tsenter
- 3Division of Internal Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- 4Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Israel Melamed
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- 1Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84101 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Boyko M, Zvenigorodsky V, Grinshpun J, Shiyntum HN, Melamed I, Kutz R, Shelef I, Brotfain E, Frank D, Zlotnik A. Establishment of novel technical methods for evaluating brain edema and lesion volume in stroked rats: A standardization of measurement procedures. Brain Res 2019; 1718:12-21. [PMID: 31026458 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke plays a role in high morbidity and mortality. Deciphering its mechanisms and pathophysiology is critical for the creation of new drugs and therapies. Most of the previous animal models of stroke, aimed at identifying the extent and location of brain injury following stroke, require animal sacrifice, which, besides ethical considerations, also negates the ability for follow up studies with the same rats. Because of these failures, the use of clinical magnetic resonance scanners for evaluating small animal models has been increasing. Magnetic resonance imaging scanners used particularly for small-bore animals are eligible for use in high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of rodent brains. However, high costs and scarcity factor heavily in the rare availability of these scanners. In our investigation, we sought to establish a unitary magnetic resonance imaging protocol for stroke assessment in rats. We made use of a 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging clinical scanner, as well as another clinical equipment, with the purpose of increasing its reproducibility. The results of inquest validated a new magnetic resonance imaging protocol, comparing a magnetic resonance imaging-measured infarcted zone to the "gold standard" of histological examination. We carried out the experimental procedure on a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging clinical scanner using a conventional eight-channel receive-only coil. The two methods produced remarkable quantitative and qualitative correlations between them. Conclusively, we showed the clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner to be a high-precision and sensitive image analysis instrument for evaluating both the infarct zone and the brain edema in a stroke experimental rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Honore N Shiyntum
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Ecology, and Medicine, Oles' Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagarin avenue 72, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Israel Melamed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Ruslan Kutz
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Ilan Shelef
- Department of Radiology, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Meadows KL. Experimental models of focal and multifocal cerebral ischemia: a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:661-674. [PMID: 29397392 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rodent and rabbit stroke models have been instrumental in our current understanding of stroke pathophysiology; however, translational failure is a significant problem in preclinical ischemic stroke research today. There are a number of different focal cerebral ischemia models that vary in their utility, pathophysiology of causing disease, and their response to treatments. Unfortunately, despite active preclinical research using these models, treatment options for ischemic stroke have not significantly advanced since the food and drug administration approval of tissue plasminogen activator in 1996. This review aims to summarize current stroke therapies, the preclinical experimental models used to help develop stroke therapies, as well as their advantages and limitations. In addition, this review discusses the potential for naturally occurring canine ischemic stroke models to compliment current preclinical models and to help bridge the translational gap between small mammal models and human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Meadows
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Harrell C, Zainaldin C, McFarlane D, Hyer M, Stein D, Sayeed I, Neigh G. High-fructose diet during adolescent development increases neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior without exacerbating outcomes after stroke. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:340-351. [PMID: 29787857 PMCID: PMC9280910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases, disorders, and insults of aging are frequently studied in otherwise healthy animal models despite rampant co-morbidities and exposures among the human population. Stressor exposures can increase neuroinflammation and augment the inflammatory response following a challenge. The impact of dietary exposure on baseline neural function and behavior has gained attention; in particular, a diet high in fructose can increase activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and alter behavior. The current study considers the implications of a diet high in fructose for neuroinflammation and outcomes following the cerebrovascular challenge of stroke. Ischemic injury may come as a "second hit" to pre-existing metabolic pathology, exacerbating inflammatory and behavioral sequelae. This study assesses the neuroinflammatory consequences of a peri-adolescent high-fructose diet model and assesses the impact of diet-induced metabolic dysfunction on behavioral and neuropathological outcomes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. We demonstrate that consumption of a high-fructose diet initiated during adolescent development increases brain complement expression, elevates plasma TNFα and serum corticosterone, and promotes depressive-like behavior. Despite these adverse effects of diet exposure, peri-adolescent fructose consumption did not exacerbate neurological behaviors or lesion volume after middle cerebral artery occlusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.S. Harrell
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - C. Zainaldin
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - D. McFarlane
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - M.M. Hyer
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - D. Stein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - I. Sayeed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, United States
| | - G.N. Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, United States,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States,Corresponding author at: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1101 East Marshall Street, Richmond, VA 23298, United States. (G.N. Neigh)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Validation of a preclinical animal model to assess brain recovery after acute stroke. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 835:75-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
23
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent psychiatric complication following ischemic stroke. It affects up to 60% of all patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality following ischemic stroke. The pathophysiology of PSD remains elusive and appears to be multifactorial, rather than "purely" biological or psychosocial in origin. Thus, valid animal models of PSD would contribute to the study of the etiology (and treatment) of this disorder. METHODS The present study depicts a rat model for PSD, using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The two-way shuttle avoidance task, Porsolt forced-swim test, and sucrose preference test were employed to assess any depression-like behavior. Localized brain expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels were evaluated to examine the possible involvement of the brain neuronal plasticity in the observed behavioral syndrome. The raw data were subjected to unsupervised fuzzy clustering (UFC) algorithms to assess the sensitivity of bio-behavioral measures indicative of depressive symptoms post MCAO. RESULTS About 56% of the rats developed significant depressive-like behavioral disruptions as a result of MCAO compared with 4% in the sham-operated control rats. A pattern of a depressive-like behavioral response was common to all affected MCAO animals, characterized by significantly more escape failures and reduced number of total avoidance shuttles, a significant elevation in immobility duration, and reduced sucrose preference. Significant downregulations of BDNF protein levels in the hippocampal sub-regions, frontal cortex, and hypothalamus were observed in all affected MCAO animals. CONCLUSION The UFC analysis supports the behavioral analysis and thus, lends validity to our results.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zeldetz V, Natanel D, Boyko M, Zlotnik A, Shiyntum HN, Grinshpun J, Frank D, Kuts R, Brotfain E, Peiser J. A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553503 DOI: 10.3791/57137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is no existing format for studying the mechanism of action, prevention, containment, and treatment of contagious depression. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to establish the first animal model of contagious depression. Healthy rats can contract depressive behaviors if exposed to depressed rats. Depression is induced in rats by subjecting them to several manipulations of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) over 5 weeks, as described in the protocol. A successful sucrose preference test confirmed the development of depression in the rats. The CUS-exposed rats were then caged with naïve rats from the contagion group (1 naïve rat/2 depressed rats in a cage) for an additional 5 weeks. 30 social groups were created from the combination of CUS-exposed rats and naïve rats. This proposed depression-contagion protocol in animals consists mainly of cohabiting CUS-exposed and healthy rats for 5 weeks. To ensure that this method works, a series of tests are carried out - first, the sucrose preference test upon inducing depression to rats, then, the sucrose preference test, alongside the open field and forced-swim tests at the end of the cohabitation period. Throughout the experiment, rats are given tags and are always returned to their cages after each test. A few limitations to this method are the weak differences recorded between the experimental and control groups in the sucrose preference test and the irreversible traumatic outcome of the forced swim test. These may be worth considering for suitability before any future application of the protocol. Nonetheless, following the experiment, naïve rats developed contagion depression after 5 weeks of sharing the same cage with the CUS-exposed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zeldetz
- Department of Emergent Medicine, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Dmitry Natanel
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev;
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Honore N Shiyntum
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Oles' Honchar Dnipro National University
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Dmitry Frank
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Ruslan Kuts
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| | - Jochanan Peiser
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu J, Wang F, Liu S, Du J, Hu X, Xiong J, Fang R, Chen W, Sun J. Sodium butyrate exerts protective effect against Parkinson's disease in mice via stimulation of glucagon like peptide-1. J Neurol Sci 2017; 381:176-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.08.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
26
|
Barra de la Tremblaye P, Plamondon H. Alterations in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurocircuitry: Insights into post stroke functional impairments. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:53-75. [PMID: 27455847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may increase susceptibility to affective disorders in the general population, this link has been less examined in stroke patients. Yet, the bidirectional association between depression and cardiovascular disease is strong, and stress increases vulnerability to stroke. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the central stress hormone of the HPA axis pathway and acts by binding to CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. Evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests a role for CRH in the neurobiological basis of depression and ischemic brain injury. Given its importance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation to stress, CRH is likely associated in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional impairments. The goals of this review article are to examine the clinical and experimental data describing (1) that CRH regulates the molecular signaling brain circuit underlying anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, (2) the influence of CRH and other stress markers in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional and cognitive impairments, and (3) context and site specific interactions of CRH and BDNF as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide CRH within the various regions of the mesocorticolimbic system influences emotional and cognitive behaviors with a look into its role in psychiatric disorders post stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - H Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin R, Yu K, Li X, Tao J, Lin Y, Zhao C, Li C, Chen LD. Electroacupuncture ameliorates post-stroke learning and memory through minimizing ultrastructural brain damage and inhibiting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:225-33. [PMID: 27177163 PMCID: PMC4918523 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of electroacupuncture (EA) in the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and to elucidate the association between this neuroprotective effect and brain ultrastructure and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9. Rats underwent focal cerebral I/R injury by arterial ligation and received in vivo therapeutic EA at the Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24) acupoints. The therapeutic efficacy was then evaluated following the surgery. The results of the current study demonstrated that EA treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits and reduced cerebral infarct volume compared with I/R injured rats. Furthermore, EA improved the learning and memory ability of rats following I/R injury, inhibited blood brain barrier breakdown and reduced neuronal damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, EA attenuated ultrastructural changes in the brain tissue following ischemia and inhibited MMP-2/MMP-9 expression in cerebral I/R injured rats. The results suggest that EA ameliorates anatomical deterioration, and learning and memory deficits in rats with cerebral I/R injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruhui Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Kunqiang Yu
- TCM Rehabilitation Research Center of SATCM, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Lin
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Congkuai Zhao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Li
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Li-Dian Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Exercise Rehabilitation, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Postischemic Anhedonia Associated with Neurodegenerative Changes in the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus of Rats. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:5054275. [PMID: 27057366 PMCID: PMC4812484 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5054275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poststroke depression is one of the major symptoms observed in the chronic stage of brain stroke such as cerebral ischemia. Its pathophysiological mechanisms, however, are not well understood. Using the transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion- (MCAO-, 90 min) operated rats as an ischemia model in this study, we first observed that aggravation of anhedonia spontaneously occurred especially after 20 weeks of MCAO, and it was prevented by chronic antidepressants treatment (imipramine or fluvoxamine). The anhedonia specifically associated with loss of the granular neurons in the ipsilateral side of hippocampal dentate gyrus and was also prevented by an antidepressant imipramine. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased apoptosis inside the granular cell layer prior to and associated with the neuronal loss, and imipramine seemed to recover the survival signal rather than suppressing the death signal to prevent neurons from apoptosis. Proliferation and development of the neural stem cells were increased transiently in the subgranular zone of both ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus within one week after MCAO and then decreased and almost ceased after 6 weeks of MCAO, while chronic imipramine treatment prevented them partially. Overall, our study suggests new insights for the mechanistic correlation between poststroke depression and the delayed neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus with effective use of antidepressants on them.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun J, Wang F, Hong G, Pang M, Xu H, Li H, Tian F, Fang R, Yao Y, Liu J. Antidepressant-like effects of sodium butyrate and its possible mechanisms of action in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:159-166. [PMID: 26957230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium butyrate (NaB) has exhibited neuroprotective activity. This study aimed to explore that NaB exerts beneficial effects on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behaviors and its possible mechanisms. The behavioral tests including sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST) and forced swimming test (FST) were to evaluate the antidepressant effects of NaB. Then changes of Nissl's body in the hippocampus, brain serotonin (5-HT) concentration, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tight junctions (TJs) proteins level were assessed to explore the antidepressant mechanisms. Our results showed that CUMS caused significant depression-like behaviors, neuropathological changes, and decreased brain 5-HT concentration, TJs protein levels and BDNF expression in the hippocampus. However, NaB treatment significantly ameliorated behavioral deficits of the CUMS-induced mice, increased 5-HT concentration, increased BDNF expression, and up-regulated Occludin and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) protein levels in the hippocampus, which demonstrated that NaB could partially restore CUMS-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) impairments. Besides, the pathologic changes were alleviated. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that NaB significantly improved depression-like behaviors in CUMS-induced mice and its antidepressant actions might be related with, at least in part, the increasing brain 5-HT concentration and BDNF expression and restoring BBB impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 College West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Fangyan Wang
- Departments of Pathophysiology, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Mengqi Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hailing Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Haixiao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Feng Tian
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Renchi Fang
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ye Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Lin X, Wang Y, Jin K, Yang GY. Ischemia-induced Angiogenesis is Attenuated in Aged Rats. Aging Dis 2015; 7:326-35. [PMID: 27493831 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To study whether focal angiogenesis is induced in aged rodents after permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats underwent MCAO and sacrificed up to two months after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and synchrotron radiation microangiography were performed to examine the number of newly formed blood vessels in both young adult and aged rats post-ischemia. We found that the number of capillaries and small arteries in aged brain was the same as young adult brain. In addition, we found that after MCAO, the number of blood vessels in the peri-infarct region of ipsilateral hemisphere in aged ischemic rats was significantly increased compared to the aged sham rats (p<0.05). We also confirmed that ischemia-induced focal angiogenesis occurred in young adult rat brain while the blood vessel density in young adult ischemic brain was significantly higher than that in the aged ischemic brain (p<0.05). Our data suggests that focal angiogenesis in aged rat brain can be induced in response to ischemic brain injury, and that aging impedes brain repairing and remodeling after ischemic stroke, possible due to the limited response of angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 2Department of Orthopaedic surgery, School of medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China; 4Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76203, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Zhang G, Chen L, Yang L, Hua X, Zhou B, Miao Z, Li J, Hu H, Namaka M, Kong J, Xu X. Combined use of spatial restraint stress and middle cerebral artery occlusion is a novel model of post-stroke depression in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16751. [PMID: 26572587 PMCID: PMC4648085 DOI: 10.1038/srep16751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Post stroke depression (PSD) is one of the most common complications of ischemic stroke. At present, the underlying mechanisms are unclear, largely because there are no reliable, valid and reproducible animal models of PSD. Here we report a novel animal model of PSD that displays consistent and reliable clinical features of hemiplegic stroke. The animal model encompasses a combination of the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and spatial restraint stress. We found that a 60-minute MCAO followed by spatial restraint stress for 2 h daily for 2 to 4 weeks from the fourth day after MCAO induced PSD-like depressive phenotypes in mice. Importantly, the mice showed exacerbated deficits of neurological functions and decreased body weights, which were accompanied with reduced levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor and neurotransmitters including serotonin and dopamine. In addition, we identified increased levels of serum cortisol in our PSD mice. Finally, we found that mice with PSD were responsive to the tri-cyclic antidepressant imipramine as evidenced by their attenuated depressive behaviors, increased body weights, recovered brain serotonin levels, and decreased serum cortisol levels. This mouse model replicates multiple features of human post-stroke depression and thus provides a new model for the investigation of PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaocai Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Xiaodong Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Beiqun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Zhigang Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Jizhen Li
- Department of Neurology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, 118 Wansheng Street, Suzhou City, China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Xingshun Xu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou City, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou City, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shao B, Zhou YL, Wang H, Lin YS. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in post-stroke depression in chronic mild stress-treated ischemic rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:224-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
33
|
Boyko M, Kutz R, Grinshpun J, Zvenigorodsky V, Gruenbaum SE, Gruenbaum BF, Brotfain E, Shapira Y, Zlotnik A. Establishment of an animal model of depression contagion. Behav Brain Res 2014; 281:358-63. [PMID: 25523029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is a common and important cause of morbidity, and results in a significant economic burden. Recent human studies have demonstrated that that depression is contagious, and depression in family and friends might cumulatively increase the likelihood that a person will exhibit depressive behaviors. The mechanisms underlying contagion depression are poorly understood, and there are currently no animal models for this condition. METHODS Rats were divided into 3 groups: depression group, contagion group, and control group. After induction of depression by 5 weeks of chronic unpredictable stress, rats from the contagion group were housed with the depressed rats (1 naïve rat with 2 depressed rats) for 5 weeks. Rats were then subjected to sucrose preference, open field, and forced swim tests. RESULTS The sucrose preference was significantly reduced in the depressed rats (p<0.01) and contagion depression rats (p<0.01). Climbing time during forced swim test was reduced in the depression and contagion depression groups (p<0.001), whereas immobility time was significantly prolonged in only the depression group (p<0.001). Rats in both the depression (p<0.05) and depression contagion group (p<0.005) had decreased total travel distance and decreased mean velocity in the open field test, whereas the time spent in the central part was significantly shorter in only the depression group (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, for the first time we demonstrated depression contagion in an animal model. A reliable animal model may help better understand the underlying mechanisms of contagion depression, and may allow for future investigations of the studying therapeutic modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Boyko
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel.
| | - Ruslan Kutz
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Julia Grinshpun
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Vladislav Zvenigorodsky
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Shaun E Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin F Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Evgeni Brotfain
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Yoram Shapira
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84101, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Linden J, Plumier JC, Fassotte L, Ferrara A. Focal cerebral ischemia impairs motivation in a progressive FR schedule of reinforcement in mice. Behav Brain Res 2014; 279:82-6. [PMID: 25446765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of functional outcome in animal stroke models is essential to improve preclinical drug screenings. Operant procedures showed promising results for the identification of long-lasting functional deficits. In particular, a suppression of lever-pressing in high ratio schedules has been consistently found in rodent models of ischemic stroke. In the present work, we attempted to replicate these isolated observations, by submitting C57Bl/6J mice to a progressive fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement three weeks after MCAO or sham surgery. Results showed a significant lever-pressing impairment in the MCAO group. Motivational factors (longer post-reinforcement pause, lesser appeal for food rewards) seemed accountable for the deficit, while motor abilities appeared preserved. These findings resemble fatigue-like states experienced by stroke survivors and may be used as long-term measures of behavioral outcome following experimental stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Linden
- Département de Psychologie: Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège, Belgium.
| | - J-C Plumier
- Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution, Université de Liège, Belgium
| | - L Fassotte
- Département de Biologie, Ecologie et Evolution, Université de Liège, Belgium
| | - A Ferrara
- Département de Psychologie: Cognition et Comportement, Université de Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kronenberg G, Gertz K, Heinz A, Endres M. Of mice and men: modelling post-stroke depression experimentally. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:4673-89. [PMID: 24838087 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At least one-third of stroke survivors suffer from depression. The development of comorbid depression after stroke is clinically highly significant because post-stroke depression is associated with increased mortality, slows recovery and leads to worse functional outcomes. Here, we review the evidence that post-stroke depression can be effectively modelled in experimental rodents via a variety of approaches. This opens an exciting new window onto the neurobiology of depression and permits probing potential underlying mechanisms such as disturbed cellular plasticity, neuroendocrine dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in a novel context. From the point of view of translational stroke research, extending the scope of experimental investigations beyond the study of short-term end points and, in particular, acute lesion size, may help improve the relevance of preclinical results to human disease. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from both clinical and experimental studies offers the tantalizing prospect of 5-hydroxytryptaminergic antidepressants as the first pharmacological therapy for stroke that would be available during the subacute and chronic phases of recovery. Interdisciplinary neuropsychiatric research will be called on to dissect the mechanisms underpinning the beneficial effects of antidepressants on stroke recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Kronenberg
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|