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Dubová D, Dvořáčková D, Pavlů D, Pánek D. Cerebral Projection of Mirrored Touch via sLORETA Imaging. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051201. [PMID: 37240846 DOI: 10.3390/life13051201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Touch is one of the primary communication tools. Interestingly, the sensation of touch can also be experienced when observed in another person. Due to the system of mirror neurons, it is, in fact, being mapped on the somatosensory cortex of the observer. This phenomenon can be triggered not only by observing touch in another individual, but also by a mirror reflection of the contralateral limb. Our study aims to evaluate and localize changes in the intracerebral source activity via sLORETA imaging during the haptic stimulation of hands, while modifying this contact by a mirror illusion. A total of 10 healthy volunteers aged 23-42 years attended the experiment. The electrical brain activity was detected via scalp EEG. First, we registered the brain activity during resting state with open and with closed eyes, each for 5 min. Afterwards, the subjects were seated at a table with a mirror reflecting their left hand and occluding their right hand. The EEG was then recorded in 2 min sequencies during four modifications of the experiment (haptic contact on both hands, stimulation of the left hand only, right hand only and without any tactile stimuli). We randomized the order of the modifications for each participant. The obtained EEG data were converted into the sLORETA program and evaluated statistically at the significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The subjective experience of all the participants was registered using a survey. A statistically significant difference in source brain activity occurred during all four modifications of our experiment in the beta-2, beta-3 and delta frequency bands, resulting in the activation of 10 different Brodmann areas varying by modification. The results suggest that the summation of stimuli secured by interpersonal haptic contact modified by mirror illusion can activate the brain areas integrating motor, sensory and cognitive functions and further areas related to communication and understanding processes, including the mirror neuron system. We believe these findings may have potential for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Dubová
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Dvořáčková
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Pavlů
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Pánek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
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Dell'Acqua C, Hajcak G, Amir N, Santopetro NJ, Brush CJ, Meyer A. Error-related brain activity in pediatric major depressive disorder: An ERP and time-frequency investigation. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 184:100-109. [PMID: 36638913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The error-related negativity (ERN) reflects individual differences in error monitoring. However, findings on the ERN in adult and adolescent depression have been inconsistent. Analyzing electroencephalographic (EEG) data in both the time- and time-frequency domain can be useful to better quantify neural response to errors. The present study aimed at examining electrocortical measures of error monitoring in early adolescents with and without depression. METHOD EEG activity was collected during an arrowhead version of the flanker task in 29 (25 females) early adolescents with depression and 34 without MDD (29 females). RESULTS The depression group showed reduced ERN amplitude, reduced error-related theta power and increased error-related beta power compared to the control group. When all variables that related to MDD diagnosis were considered simultaneously, both theta and beta power, but not the ERN, were independently related to an increased likelihood of being diagnosed with depression. CONCLUSIONS By examining both time-domain and separate time-frequency measures, the present study provided novel evidence on error monitoring alterations in youth depression, suggesting that depression during adolescence may be characterized by reduced error monitoring (i.e., reduced ERN and error-related theta) and post-error inhibition (i.e., greater error-related beta power). These results support that time-frequency measures might be better suited for examining error-related neural activity in MDD relative to time-domain measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dell'Acqua
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - G Hajcak
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - N Amir
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, USA
| | - N J Santopetro
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - C J Brush
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA; Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - A Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
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Wilhelm RA, Threadgill AH, Gable PA. Motor Preparation and Execution for Performance Difficulty: Centroparietal Beta Activation during the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task as a Function of Motivation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111442. [PMID: 34827441 PMCID: PMC8615645 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Debate exists as to the effects of anxiety in performance-based studies. However, no studies have examined the influence of motivation both in preparation of a motor movement and during movement performance. The present study measured beta activation in preparation for and during execution of the effort expenditure for rewards task (EEfRT), a button-pressing task consisting of easy and hard trials. Results indicated that motor preparation (i.e., reduced beta activation) was greater in preparation for hard trials than for easy trials. Additionally, motor preparation decreased (i.e., beta activation increased) over the course of hard trial execution. These results suggest that motor preparation is enhanced prior to more challenging tasks but that motor preparation declines as participants become closer to completing their goal in each challenging trial. These results provide insight into how beta activation facilitates effort expenditure for motor tasks varying in difficulty and motivation. The impact of these results on models of anxiety and performance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA;
| | - A. Hunter Threadgill
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Correspondence:
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Lacey MF, Wilhelm RA, Gable PA. What is it about positive affect that alters attentional scope? Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gable PA, Paul K, Pourtois G, Burgdorf J. Utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate positive affect. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Wendel CJ, Wilhelm RA, Gable PA. Individual differences in motivation and impulsivity link resting frontal alpha asymmetry and motor beta activation. Biol Psychol 2021; 162:108088. [PMID: 33811974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has linked neural correlates with motivational traits and measures of impulsivity. However, few previous studies have investigated whether individual differences in motivation and impulsivity moderate the relationship between these disparate neural activity patterns. In a sample of 118 young adults, we used Electroencephalography (EEG) to examine whether behavioral activation and inhibition systems (BIS/BAS) and impulsivity facets (negative urgency, lack of perseverance), moderate the relationship between beta power and resting frontal alpha asymmetry. Regression analyses revealed a novel relationship between lesser beta power and greater left frontal alpha asymmetry (LFA). Moderation analyses suggest this relationship may strengthen as BIS/BAS levels increase, and trait impulsivity levels decrease from the mean. These results are among the first revealing a relationship between two widely investigated neural activity patterns of motivation and provide some indication individual differences moderate this relationship. The limitations of these findings and need for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wendel
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, United States.
| | - Ricardo A Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, 505 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35401, United States
| | - Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, United States
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Threadgill AH, Gable PA. Revenge is sweet: Investigation of the effects of Approach-Motivated anger on the RewP in the motivated anger delay (MAD) paradigm. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:5032-5056. [PMID: 32856760 PMCID: PMC7643382 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Past research has found that neural activity associated with feedback processing is enhanced by positive approach-motivated states. However, no past work has examined how reward processing changes in the context of revenge. Using a novel aggression paradigm, we sought to explore the influence of approach-motivated anger on neural responses to feedback indicating the opportunity to seek revenge against an offending opponent by examining the reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential indexing performance feedback. In Experiment 1, after receiving insulting feedback from an opponent, participants played a reaction time game with three trial types: revenge trials, aggravation trials, and no-consequence trials. Results revealed that RewP amplitudes were larger to revenge trial win feedback than no-consequence trial win feedback or revenge trial loss feedback. RewP amplitudes were larger to both aggravation trial win and loss feedback than on no-consequence trials. Experiment 2 examined the influence of approach-motivated anger during the acquisition of rewards on the RewP without the possibility of retribution from the offending individual. Participants played a reaction time game similar to Experiment 1, except instead of giving or receiving noise blasts, participants could win money from the insulter (revenge trials) or a neutral-party (e.g., bank). Results indicated that revenge wins elicited larger RewP amplitudes than bank wins. These results suggest that anger enhances revenge-related RewP amplitudes to obtaining revenge opportunities and further aggravation wins or losses. Anger appears to enhance the pleasurable feelings of revenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hunter Threadgill
- Department of Psychology, Department of Biomedical SciencesFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeFloridaUSA
| | - Philip A. Gable
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewarkDelawareUSA
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Nataraj R, Hollinger D, Liu M, Shah A. Disproportionate positive feedback facilitates sense of agency and performance for a reaching movement task with a virtual hand. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233175. [PMID: 32433665 PMCID: PMC7239468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the generalized effects of positive feedback (PF) versus negative feedback (NF) during training on performance and sense of agency for a reach-to-touch task with a virtual hand. Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly employed for rehabilitation after neuromuscular traumas such as stroke and spinal cord injury. However, VR methods still need to be optimized for greater effectiveness and engagement to increase rates of clinical retention. In this study, we observed that training with disproportionate PF subsequently produced greater reaching performance (minimizing path length) and greater agency (perception of control) than with disproportionate NF. During PF training, there was also progressive increase in agency, but conversely a decrease in performance. Thus, the increase in performance after training may not be due to positively bolstered learning, but rather priming higher confidence reflected in greater agency. Agency was positively measured as compression in perceived time-intervals between the action of touch to a sound consequence, as standard with intentional binding paradigms. Positive feedback desirably increased agency (~180 msec) and reduced path length (1.8 cm) compared to negative feedback, which itself showed insignificant, or neutral, effects. Future investigations into optimizing virtual reality paradigms for neuromotor rehabilitation should consider agency as a driving factor for performance. These studies may serve to optimize how feedback is better presented with performance results for complex motor learning. Investigators should also ponder how personal characteristics, both cognitive and physical, may further affect sensitivity to feedback and the rate of neuromotor rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviraj Nataraj
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - David Hollinger
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mingxiao Liu
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
| | - Aniket Shah
- Movement Control Rehabilitation (MOCORE) Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States of America
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Wilhelm RA, Miller MW, Gable PA. Neural and Attentional Correlates of Intrinsic Motivation Resulting from Social Performance Expectancy. Neuroscience 2019; 416:137-146. [PMID: 31369789 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some models of motivation distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. While past work has examined the neural and cognitive correlates of extrinsic motivation, research on intrinsic motivation has relied primarily on behavioral measures of performance and learning. In particular, no past work has examined the neural and cognitive correlates of social performance expectancy, which is linked to intrinsic motivation. The current study manipulated expectancy of difficult (vs. easy) trials on a cued flanker task and assessed attentional scope and performance. EEG was used to examine motor-action preparation as measured by suppression of beta band activity over the motor cortex and feedback processing as measured by the Reward Positivity (RewP). Results revealed expectancy of difficult (vs. easy) trials narrowed attentional scope, reduced beta activity over the motor cortex, and enhanced RewP amplitudes to win feedback. These findings suggest that enhancing intrinsic motivation through expectancies of positive social comparison engages similar neural and cognitive correlates as extrinsic motivators high in motivational intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Wilhelm
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, United States.
| | | | - Philip A Gable
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, United States.
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10
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Contribution of sensorimotor beta oscillations during value-based action selection. Behav Brain Res 2019; 368:111907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Threadgill AH, Gable PA. Intertrial variability in emotive reactions to approach-motivated positive pictures predicts attentional narrowing: The role of individual differences. Biol Psychol 2019; 142:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Pornpattananangkul N, Grogans S, Yu R, Nusslock R. Single-trial EEG dissociates motivation and conflict processes during decision-making under risk. Neuroimage 2019; 188:483-501. [PMID: 30557662 PMCID: PMC6401252 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In making decisions under risk (i.e., choosing whether to gamble when the outcome probabilities are known), two aspects of decision are of particular concern. The first, if gambling, is how large are potential gains compared to losses? The subjectively larger, the more rewarding to gamble. Thus, this aspect of decision-making, quantified through expected utility (EU), is motivation-related. The second concern is how easy is it to reach the decision? When subjective desirability between gambling and not-gambling is clearly different from each other (regardless of the direction), it is easier to decide. This aspect, quantified through utility distance (UD), is conflict-related. It is unclear how the brain simultaneously processes these two aspects of decision-making. Forty-five participants decided whether to gamble during electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. To compute trial-by-trial variability in EU and UD, we fit participants' choices to models inspired by Expected-Utility and Prospect theories using hierarchical-Bayesian modeling. To examine unique influences of EU and UD, we conducted model-based single-trial EEG analyses with EU and UD as simultaneous regressors. While both EU and UD were positively associated with P3-like activity and delta-band power, the contribution of EU was around 200 ms earlier. Thus, during decision-making under risk, people may allocate their attention to motivation-related aspects before conflict-related aspects. Next, following learning the options and before reporting their decision, higher EU was associated with stronger alpha and beta suppression, while higher UD was associated with a stronger contingent-negativity-variation-like activity. This suggests distinct roles of EU and UD on anticipation-related processes. Overall, we identified time and frequency characteristics of EEG signals that differentially traced motivation-related and conflict-related information during decision-making under risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narun Pornpattananangkul
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Shannon Grogans
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA; National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, 117570, Singapore
| | - Robin Nusslock
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Glazer JE, Kelley NJ, Pornpattananangkul N, Mittal VA, Nusslock R. Beyond the FRN: Broadening the time-course of EEG and ERP components implicated in reward processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Resting beta activation and trait motivation: Neurophysiological markers of motivated motor-action preparation. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 127:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Threadgill AH, Gable PA. Negative affect varying in motivational intensity influences scope of memory. Cogn Emot 2018; 33:332-345. [PMID: 29621935 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2018.1451306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Emotions influence cognitive processes involved in memory. While some research has suggested that cognitive scope is determined by affective valence, recent models of emotion-cognition interactions suggest that motivational intensity, rather than valence, influences these processes. The present research was designed to clarify how negative affects differing in motivational intensity impact memory for centrally or peripherally presented information. Experiments 1 & 2 found that, relative to a neutral condition, high intensity negative affect (anger) enhances memory for centrally presented information. Experiment 3 replicated this effect using another high intensity negative affect (threat). Experiment 4 extended this by finding that, relative to a neutral condition, low intensity negative affect (sadness) enhanced memory for peripherally presented information. Finally, in Experiment 5, the effects of sadness and threat on scope of memory were directly compared, finding that threat narrowed scope of memory, while sadness broadened scope of memory. Together, these results provide additional support for the motivational dimensional model of cognitive scope, in that high intensity emotions narrow cognitive scope, while low intensity emotions broaden cognitive scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hunter Threadgill
- a Department of Psychology , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA
| | - Philip A Gable
- a Department of Psychology , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , AL , USA
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The effect of the high-approach versus low-approach motivational positive affect on the processing stage of cognitive control. Neuroreport 2018; 29:41-47. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Threadgill AH, Gable PA. The sweetness of successful goal pursuit: Approach-motivated pregoal states enhance the reward positivity during goal pursuit. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 132:277-286. [PMID: 29274365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, the reward positivity (RewP) is thought to index a binary performance monitoring system sensitive to approach motivation. However, recent theoretical models have argued that feedback processing extends beyond simple "good" vs. "bad" associations, such that performance monitoring incorporates the complex, multi-step sequence of behaviors often necessary to attain rewards. The present study sought to go beyond simple stimulus-response paradigms to examine how approach-motivated states occurring in multi-step goal pursuit impacts the RewP. Additionally, outcome frequency was varied to examine how the P3, a neural marker of expectancy, influences the RewP. Using a modified monetary incentive delay paradigm, participants played a reaction time game where multiple correct responses were required to attain a reward. Additionally, each trial had the potential for a reward (approach-motivated state) or no reward (neutral state). Results revealed that RewP amplitudes were larger after reward trial win feedback than after reward trial no-win feedback across multiple stages of goal pursuit. Additionally, after for controlling outcome frequency via the P3, RewP amplitudes were larger in reward trials than in neutral trials across incremental stages of goal pursuit. The RewP appears to be sensitive to feedback indicating successfully completing sub-goals during pursuit of a goal, even when no immediate reward is given. Approach motivation enhances performance monitoring when multiple steps are needed to attain a desired outcome, which may increase the likelihood of goal acquisition and attainment.
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Meadows CC, Gable PA, Lohse KR, Miller MW. Motivation and motor cortical activity can independently affect motor performance. Neuroscience 2016; 339:174-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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