1
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Hsiao JHW. Understanding Human Cognition Through Computational Modeling. Top Cogn Sci 2024; 16:349-376. [PMID: 38781432 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
One important goal of cognitive science is to understand the mind in terms of its representational and computational capacities, where computational modeling plays an essential role in providing theoretical explanations and predictions of human behavior and mental phenomena. In my research, I have been using computational modeling, together with behavioral experiments and cognitive neuroscience methods, to investigate the information processing mechanisms underlying learning and visual cognition in terms of perceptual representation and attention strategy. In perceptual representation, I have used neural network models to understand how the split architecture in the human visual system influences visual cognition, and to examine perceptual representation development as the results of expertise. In attention strategy, I have developed the Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models method for quantifying eye movement pattern and consistency using both spatial and temporal information, which has led to novel findings across disciplines not discoverable using traditional methods. By integrating it with deep neural networks (DNN), I have developed DNN+HMM to account for eye movement strategy learning in human visual cognition. The understanding of the human mind through computational modeling also facilitates research on artificial intelligence's (AI) comparability with human cognition, which can in turn help explainable AI systems infer humans' belief on AI's operations and provide human-centered explanations to enhance human-AI interaction and mutual understanding. Together, these demonstrate the essential role of computational modeling methods in providing theoretical accounts of the human mind as well as its interaction with its environment and AI systems.
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2
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Davidenko N, Day J. Learning to draw parametric faces. Mem Cognit 2023:10.3758/s13421-023-01498-0. [PMID: 38017343 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-023-01498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Humans' ability to draw faces accurately from memory is extremely rare. One source of difficulty is the drawing process itself, which requires converting a complex, three-dimensional mental representation to a two-dimensional drawing. To simplify the drawing process and more directly assess people's recall of faces, we used the Parameterized Face Drawing (PFD) model (Day & Davidenko, Visual Cognition, 26(2), 89-99, 2018; Day & Davidenko, Journal of Vision, 19(11):7, 1-12, 2019) to generate simplified face stimuli that non-artists could draw. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 37) completed a sequential drawing-by-copying task in which they were given 60 s to draw each of 18 target faces by copying them using a stylus on a touchscreen. Following each drawing, participants were prompted to label a set of 20 key points on their drawing based on a reference face, which were used to compute the drawing's accuracy. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 22) observed each target face for 15 s and were then given 60 s to draw it from memory. In Experiment 1, the accuracy of drawings improved slightly over the course of the 18 trials, although most of the improvement occurred during the first few trials. In Experiment 2 (drawing-from-memory), there was no evidence of improvement, although the null results are tentative given the small sample size. Despite weak evidence of learning, participants' drawings captured the likeness of the target faces significantly better than chance. We discuss implications of these findings for the use of drawing as a method of face recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Davidenko
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Social Sciences 2, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Jennifer Day
- Department of Psychology, University of California, 1156 High Street, Social Sciences 2, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
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3
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Tso RVY, Au TKF, Hsiao JHW. Non-monotonic developmental trend of holistic processing in visual expertise: the case of Chinese character recognition. Cogn Res Princ Implic 2022; 7:39. [PMID: 35524920 PMCID: PMC9079196 DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Holistic processing has been identified as an expertise marker of face and object recognition. By contrast, reduced holistic processing is purportedly an expertise marker in recognising orthographic characters in Chinese. Does holistic processing increase or decrease in expertise development? Is orthographic recognition a domain-specific exception to all other kinds of recognition (e.g. face and objects)? In two studies, we examined the developmental trend of holistic processing in Chinese character recognition in Chinese and non-Chinese children, and its relationship with literacy abilities: Chinese first graders—with emergent Chinese literacy acquired in kindergarten—showed increased holistic processing perhaps as an inchoate expertise marker when compared with kindergartners and non-Chinese first graders; however, the holistic processing effect was reduced in higher-grade Chinese children. These results suggest a non-monotonic inverted U-shape trend of holistic processing in visual expertise development: An increase in holistic processing due to initial reading experience followed by a decrease in holistic processing due to literacy enhancement. This result marks the development of holistic and analytic processing skills, both of which can be essential for mastering visual recognition. This study is the first to investigate the developmental trend of holistic processing in Chinese character recognition using the composite paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Van-Yip Tso
- Department of Psychology and Psychological Assessment & Clinical Research Unit, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Terry Kit-Fong Au
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Janet Hui-Wen Hsiao
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, The Jockey Club Tower, Centennial Campus, Pokfulam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.,The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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4
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Ma X, Kang J, Li X, Maurer U, Cao X, Sommer W. Does learning different script systems affect configural visual processing? ERP evidence from early readers of Chinese and German. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14006. [PMID: 35150451 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs Maurer
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
| | - Werner Sommer
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jin Hua, China
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5
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Zhou Y, Lin J, Zhou G. Misaligned dynamic faces are processed holistically. Vision Res 2022; 191:107970. [PMID: 34784566 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It was recently proposed that both experience-driven and object-based perceptual grouping contribute to holistic face processing. We investigated whether motion-as a common fate perceptual grouping cue-could enhance the holistic processing of misaligned faces. We manipulated alignment and motion (dynamic and static) of study and test faces in a modified complete composite task in which the congruency effect was regarded as an indicator of holistic processing. Participants made same-different judgments about the top halves of two sequentially presented composite faces. We observed that when the study faces were dynamic, regardless of whether the test faces were dynamic or static, misaligned-misaligned face pairs were processed holistically. When the study faces were static, misaligned-misaligned face pairs showed no holistic processing, and neither did inverted faces. These results indicate that motion can promote the holistic processing of misaligned faces. Our findings provide important insights into different types of holistic face processing, and we discuss these types as well as their relationships with each other in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guomei Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Sigurdardottir HM, Arnardottir A, Halldorsdottir ET. Faces and words are both associated and dissociated as evidenced by visual problems in dyslexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23000. [PMID: 34837013 PMCID: PMC8626489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Faces and words are traditionally assumed to be independently processed. Dyslexia is also traditionally thought to be a non-visual deficit. Counter to both ideas, face perception deficits in dyslexia have been reported. Others report no such deficits. We sought to resolve this discrepancy. 60 adults participated in the study (24 dyslexic, 36 typical readers). Feature-based processing and configural or global form processing of faces was measured with a face matching task. Opposite laterality effects in these tasks, dependent on left-right orientation of faces, supported that they tapped into separable visual mechanisms. Dyslexic readers tended to be poorer than typical readers at feature-based face matching while no differences were found for global form face matching. We conclude that word and face perception are associated when the latter requires the processing of visual features of a face, while processing the global form of faces apparently shares minimal-if any-resources with visual word processing. The current results indicate that visual word and face processing are both associated and dissociated-but this depends on what visual mechanisms are task-relevant. We suggest that reading deficits could stem from multiple factors, and that one such factor is a problem with feature-based processing of visual objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heida Maria Sigurdardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Alexandra Arnardottir
- Icelandic Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Saemundargata 12, 102, Reykjavik, Iceland
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7
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Jozranjbar B, Kristjánsson Á, Sigurdardottir HM. Featural and configural processing of faces and houses in matched dyslexic and typical readers. Neuropsychologia 2021; 162:108059. [PMID: 34637801 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While dyslexia is typically described as a phonological deficit, recent evidence suggests that ventral stream regions, important for visual categorization and object recognition, are hypoactive in dyslexic readers who might accordingly show visual recognition deficits. By manipulating featural and configural information of faces and houses, we investigated whether dyslexic readers are disadvantaged at recognizing certain object classes or using particular visual processing mechanisms. Dyslexic readers found it harder to recognize objects (houses), suggesting that visual problems in dyslexia are not completely domain-specific. Face recognition accuracy was equivalent in the two groups. Lower recognition accuracy for houses was also related to reading difficulties even when accuracy for faces was kept constant, which could indicate a specific relationship between visual word processing and visual processing of non-face objects. Representational similarity analyses (RSA) revealed that featural and configural processes were clearly separable in typical readers, which was not the case for dyslexic readers who appear to rely on a single process. This was not restricted to particular visual categories, occurring for both faces and houses. We speculate that reading deficits in some dyslexic readers reflect their reliance on a single process for object recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Jozranjbar
- Icelandic Vision Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Iceland.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Icelandic Vision Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Iceland, Iceland; School of Psychology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
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8
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Chen J, Yuan P, Li H, Chen C, Jiang Y, Lee K. Music-reading expertise associates with face but not Chinese character processing ability. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:854-868. [PMID: 34609210 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211053144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of behavioural and neuroimaging studies have investigated the cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying various forms of visual expertise, such as face and word processing. However, it remains poorly understood whether and to what extent the acquisition of one form of expertise would be associated with that of another. The current study examined the relationship between music-reading expertise and face and Chinese character processing abilities. In a series of experiments, music experts and novices performed discrimination and recognition tasks of musical notations, faces, and words. Results consistently showed that musical experts responded more accurately to musical notations and faces, but not to words, than did musical novices. More intriguingly, the music expert's age of training onset could well predict their face but not word processing performance: the earlier musical experts began musical notation reading, the better their face processing performance. Taken together, our findings provide preliminary and converging evidence that music-reading expertise links with face, but not word, processing, and lend support to the notion that the development of different types of visual expertise may not be independent, but rather interact with each other during their acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Panpan Yuan
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Li
- School of Educational Science, Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Department of Psychology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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The constancy of the holistic processing of unfamiliar faces: Evidence from the study-test consistency effect and the within-person motion and viewpoint invariance. Atten Percept Psychophys 2021; 83:2174-2188. [PMID: 33772450 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-021-02255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been well documented that static face processing is holistic. Faces contain variant (e.g., motion, viewpoint) and invariant (race, sex) features. However, little research has focused on whether holistic face representations are tolerant of within-person variations. The present study thus investigated whether holistic face representations of faces are tolerant of within-person motion and viewpoint variations by manipulating study-test consistency using a complete composite paradigm. Participants were shown two faces sequentially and were asked to judge whether the faces' top halves were identical or different. The first face was a static face or a dynamic face rotated in depth at 30°, 60°, and 90°. The second face was either a different front-view static face (Experiment 1a, study-test inconsistent) or identical to the first face (Experiment 1b, study-test consistent). In Experiment 2, study-test consistency was manipulated within subjects, and inverted faces were included. Our results show that study-test consistency significantly enhanced the holistic processing of upright and inverted faces; this study-test consistency effect and holistic processing were not modulated by motion and viewpoint changes via depth rotation. Interestingly, we found holistic processing for moving study-test consistent inverted faces, but not for static inverted faces. What these results tell us about the nature of holistic face representation is discussed in depth with respect to earlier and current theories on face processing.
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10
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Hsiao JH, An J, Zheng Y, Chan AB. Do portrait artists have enhanced face processing abilities? Evidence from hidden Markov modeling of eye movements. Cognition 2021; 211:104616. [PMID: 33592393 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has suggested the importance of part-based information in face recognition in addition to global, whole-face information. Nevertheless, face drawing experience was reported to enhance selective attention to the eyes but did not improve face recognition performance, leading to speculations about limited plasticity in adult face recognition. Here we examined the mechanism underlying the limited advantage of face drawing experience in face recognition through the Eye Movement analysis with Hidden Markov Models (EMHMM) approach. We found that portrait artists showed more eyes-focused eye movement patterns and outperformed novices in face matching, and participants' drawing rating was correlated with both eye movement pattern and performance. In contrast, portrait artists did not outperform novices and did not differ from novices in eye movement pattern in either the face recognition or part-whole tasks, although the eyes-focused pattern was associated with better recognition performance and longer response times in the whole condition relative to the part condition. Interestingly, in contrast to the face recognition and part-whole tasks, participants' performance in face matching was predicted by their drawing rating but not eye movement pattern. These results suggested that artists' advantage in face processing is specific to tasks similar to their drawing experience such as face matching, and may be related to their better ability in extracting identity-invariant information between two faces rather than more eyes-focused eye movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Hsiao
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Jeehye An
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Antoni B Chan
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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11
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Kastner L, Umbach N, Jusyte A, Cervera-Torres S, Fernández SR, Nommensen S, Gerjets P. Designing Visual-Arts Education Programs for Transfer Effects: Development and Experimental Evaluation of (Digital) Drawing Courses in the Art Museum Designed to Promote Adolescents' Socio-Emotional Skills. Front Psychol 2021; 11:603984. [PMID: 33536974 PMCID: PMC7848093 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.603984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An active engagement with arts in general and visual arts in particular has been hypothesized to yield beneficial effects beyond arts itself. So-called cognitive and socio-emotional “transfer” effects into other domains have been claimed. However, the empirical basis of these hopes is limited. This is partly due to a lack of experimental comparisons, theory-based designs, and objective measurements in the literature on transfer effects of arts education. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design and experimentally investigate a theory-based visual-arts education program for adolescents aged between 12 and 19 years (Mage = 15.02, SDage = 1.75). The program was delivered in a museum context in three sessions and was expected to yield specific and objectively measurable transfer effects. To conduct a randomized field trial, three strictly parallelized and standardized art courses were developed, all of which addressed the topic of portrait drawing. The courses mainly differed regarding their instructional focus, which was either on periods of art history, on the facial expression of emotions, or on the self-perception of a person in the context of different social roles. In the first and more “traditional” course portrait drawing was used to better understand how portraits looked like in former centuries. The two other courses were designed in a way that the artistic engagement in portrait drawing was interwoven with practicing socio-emotional skills, namely empathy and emotion recognition in one course and understanding complex self-concept structures in the other. We expected positive socio-emotional transfer effects in the two “psychological” courses. We used an animated morph task to measure emotion recognition performance and a self-concept task to measure the self-complexity of participants before and after all three courses. Results indicate that an instructional focus on drawing the facial expressions of emotions yields specific improvements in emotion recognition, whereas drawing persons in different social roles yields a higher level of self-complexity in the self-concept task. In contrast, no significant effects on socio-emotional skills were found in the course focussing on art history. Therefore, our study provides causal evidence that visual-arts programs situated in an art-museum context can advance socio-emotional skills, when designed properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kastner
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nora Umbach
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aiste Jusyte
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sergio Cervera-Torres
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susana Ruiz Fernández
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter Gerjets
- Leibniz-Institut für Wissensmedien, Tübingen, Germany.,LEAD Graduate School & Research Network, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Tso RVY, Chan RTC, Chan YF, Lin D. Holistic processing of Chinese characters in college students with dyslexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1973. [PMID: 33479393 PMCID: PMC7820259 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expert face recognition has long been marked by holistic processing. Hence, due to the many visual properties shared between face perception and Chinese characters, it has been suggested that Chinese character recognition may induce stronger holistic processing in expert readers than in novices. However, there have been different viewpoints presented about Chinese character recognition, one of which suggests that expertise in this skill involved reduced holistic processing which may be modulated by writing experiences/performances. In this study we examined holistic processing in Chinese character recognition in adults with and without dyslexia, using the complete composite paradigm. Our results showed that the adults with dyslexia recognized Chinese characters with a stronger holistic processing effect than the typical controls. It seems that those with dyslexia relied overly on the visual spatial information of characters and showed deficits in attending selectively to their components when processing Chinese characters, which hindered the development of expert reading and writing skills. This effect was in contrast to previous perceptual expertise studies in which reduced holistic processing marked deficits in face/visual object recognition. This study is also the first to show that Chinese adults with dyslexia had persistent below average performances in Chinese literacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Van-Yip Tso
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Psychological Assessment and Clinical Research Unit, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | | - Yin-Fei Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Lin
- Department of Psychology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Canas-Bajo T, Whitney D. Stimulus-Specific Individual Differences in Holistic Perception of Mooney Faces. Front Psychol 2020; 11:585921. [PMID: 33240177 PMCID: PMC7677523 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans perceive faces holistically rather than as a set of separate features. Previous work demonstrates that some individuals are better at this holistic type of processing than others. Here, we show that there are unique individual differences in holistic processing of specific Mooney faces. We operationalized the increased difficulty of recognizing a face when inverted compared to upright as a measure of the degree to which individual Mooney faces were processed holistically by individual observers. Our results show that Mooney faces vary considerably in the extent to which they tap into holistic processing; some Mooney faces require holistic processing more than others. Importantly, there is little between-subject agreement about which faces are processed holistically; specific faces that are processed holistically by one observer are not by other observers. Essentially, what counts as holistic for one person is unique to that particular observer. Interestingly, we found that the per-face, per-observer differences in face discrimination only occurred for harder Mooney faces that required relatively more holistic processing. These findings suggest that holistic processing of hard Mooney faces depends on a particular observer's experience whereas processing of easier, cartoon-like Mooney faces can proceed universally for everyone. Future work using Mooney faces in perception research should take these stimulus-specific individual differences into account to best isolate holistic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Canas-Bajo
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - David Whitney
- Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
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14
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Liu X, Liang X, Feng C, Zhou G. Self-Construal Priming Affects Holistic Face Processing and Race Categorization, but Not Face Recognition. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1973. [PMID: 31507505 PMCID: PMC6718463 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-construal priming can affect an individual’s cognitive processing. Participants who were primed with interdependent self-construal showed more holistic process bias than those who were primed with independent self-construal. The holistic processing of a face also differs across cultures. As such, the purpose of the present study was to explore whether the cultural differences in holistic face processing can be interpreted from the perspective of self-construal, as well as to investigate the relationship between self-construal and holistic face processing/face recognition/race categorization. In Experiment 1, participants were primed with control, interdependent, or independent self-construal, respectively, and then they completed a feature-space same-different task (Experiment 1A) or a composite face effect task (Experiment 1B). Results showed no priming effect in Experiment 1A, whereas independent self-construal priming resulted in less holistic processing in Experiment 1B. In Experiment 2, participants were primed with control, collective/interdependent, relational, or independent self-construal, respectively, and then they completed a Vanderbilt Holistic Face Processing Test and Cambridge Face Memory Test. Participants who were primed as independent showed greater congruency effect than the relational group. Self-construal priming had no effect on face recognition. In Experiment 3, we manipulated self-construal in the same way as that in Experiment 2 and monitored the eye movement of Chinese participants while they learned, recognized, and categorized their own-/other-race faces. Self-construal priming had no effect on face recognition. Compared with other groups, collective-/interdependent-self priming increased the fixation time of eyes and decreased the fixation time of nose in the race categorization task. These results indicated that the cultural differences in self-construal could not mirror the cultural differences in face processing in a simple way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Liu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingfen Liang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Philosophy, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guomei Zhou
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Social Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Wang Z, Quinn PC, Jin H, Sun YHP, Tanaka JW, Pascalis O, Lee K. A regional composite-face effect for species-specific recognition: Upper and lower halves play different roles in holistic processing of monkey faces. Vision Res 2018; 157:89-96. [PMID: 29653136 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a composite-face paradigm, we examined the holistic processing induced by Asian faces, Caucasian faces, and monkey faces with human Asian participants in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to judge whether the upper halves of two faces successively presented were the same or different. A composite-face effect was found for Asian faces and Caucasian faces, but not for monkey faces. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the lower halves of the two faces successively presented were the same or different. A composite-face effect was found for monkey faces as well as for Asian faces and Caucasian faces. Collectively, these results reveal that own-species (i.e., own-race and other-race) faces engage holistic processing in both upper and lower halves of the face, but other-species (i.e., monkey) faces engage holistic processing only when participants are asked to match the lower halves of the face. The findings are discussed in the context of a region-based holistic processing account for the species-specific effect in face recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, PR China
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Haiyang Jin
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, PR China
| | - Yu-Hao P Sun
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, PR China; Department of Psychology, University of Nanjing, PR China.
| | - James W Tanaka
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Kang Lee
- Dr. Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Liu T, Yeh SL, Hsiao JH. Transfer of the left-side bias effect in perceptual expertise: The case of simplified and traditional Chinese character recognition. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194405. [PMID: 29608570 PMCID: PMC5880342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The left-side bias (LSB) effect observed in face and expert Chinese character perception is suggested to be an expertise marker for visual object recognition. However, in character perception this effect is limited to characters printed in a familiar font (font-sensitive LSB effect). Here we investigated whether the LSB and font-sensitive LSB effects depend on participants’ familiarity with global structure or local component information of the stimuli through examining their transfer effects across simplified and traditional Chinese scripts: the two Chinese scripts share similar overall structures but differ in the visual complexity of local components in general. We found that LSB in expert Chinese character processing could be transferred to the Chinese script that the readers are unfamiliar with. In contrast, the font-sensitive LSB effect did not transfer, and was limited to characters with the visual complexity the readers were most familiar with. These effects suggest that the LSB effect may be generalized to another visual category with similar overall structures; in contrast, effects of within-category variations such as fonts may depend on familiarity with local component information of the stimuli, and thus may be limited to the exemplars of the category that experts are typically exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyin Liu
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Su-Ling Yeh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Janet H Hsiao
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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17
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Day JA, Davidenko N. Physical and perceptual accuracy of upright and inverted face drawings. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1388323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Day
- Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Nicolas Davidenko
- Psychology Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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18
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Luo C, Chen W, Zhang Y. The Inversion Effect for Chinese Characters is Modulated by Radical Organization. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLINGUISTIC RESEARCH 2017; 46:791-803. [PMID: 28349366 PMCID: PMC5429911 DOI: 10.1007/s10936-017-9484-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In studies of visual object recognition, strong inversion effects accompany the acquisition of expertise and imply the involvement of configural processing. Chinese literacy results in sensitivity to the orthography of Chinese characters. While there is some evidence that this orthographic sensitivity results in an inversion effect, and thus involves configural processing, that processing might depend on exact orthographic properties. Chinese character recognition is believed to involve a hierarchical process, involving at least two lower levels of representation: strokes and radicals. Radicals are grouped into characters according to certain types of structure, i.e. left-right structure, top-bottom structure, or simple characters with only one radical by itself. These types of radical structures vary in both familiarity, and in hierarchical level (compound versus simple characters). In this study, we investigate whether the hierarchical-level or familiarity of radical-structure has an impact on the magnitude of the inversion effect. Participants were asked to do a matching task on pairs of either upright or inverted characters with all the types of structure. Inversion effects were measured based on both reaction time and response sensitivity. While an inversion effect was observed in all 3 conditions, the magnitude of the inversion effect varied with radical structure, being significantly larger for the most familiar type of structure: characters consisting of 2 radicals organized from left to right. These findings indicate that character recognition involves extraction of configural structure as well as radical processing which play different roles in the processing of compound characters and simple characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canhuang Luo
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ye Zhang
- Institutes of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, No.2318, Yuhangtang Rd, Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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19
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Devue C, Barsics C. Outlining face processing skills of portrait artists: Perceptual experience with faces predicts performance. Vision Res 2016; 127:92-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Chamberlain R, Wagemans J. The genesis of errors in drawing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 65:195-207. [PMID: 27068857 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The difficulty adults find in drawing objects or scenes from real life is puzzling, assuming that there are few gross individual differences in the phenomenology of visual scenes and in fine motor control in the neurologically healthy population. A review of research concerning the perceptual, motoric and memorial correlates of drawing ability was conducted in order to understand why most adults err when trying to produce faithful representations of objects and scenes. The findings reveal that accurate perception of the subject and of the drawing is at the heart of drawing proficiency, although not to the extent that drawing skill elicits fundamental changes in visual perception. Instead, the decisive role of representational decisions reveals the importance of appropriate segmentation of the visual scene and of the influence of pictorial schemas. This leads to the conclusion that domain-specific, flexible, top-down control of visual attention plays a critical role in development of skill in visual art and may also be a window into creative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johan Wagemans
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, KU Leuven, Belgium, Belgium
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21
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Holistic processing as measured in the composite task does not always go with right hemisphere processing in face perception. Neurocomputing 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Holistic processing is a hallmark of face processing. There is evidence that holistic processing is strongest for faces at identification distance, 2 - 10 meters from the observer. However, this evidence is based on tasks that have been little used in the literature and that are indirect measures of holistic processing. We use the composite task- a well validated and frequently used paradigm - to measure the effect of viewing distance on holistic processing. In line with previous work, we find a congruency x alignment effect that is strongest for faces that are close (2m equivalent distance) than for faces that are further away (24m equivalent distance). In contrast, the alignment effect for same trials, used by several authors to measure holistic processing, produced results that are difficult to interpret. We conclude that our results converge with previous findings providing more direct evidence for an effect of size on holistic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ross
- Vanderbilt University ; University of Massachusetts Amherst
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23
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Ostrofsky J, Kozbelt A, Cohen DJ. Observational drawing biases are predicted by biases in perception: Empirical support of the misperception hypothesis of drawing accuracy with respect to two angle illusions. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2015; 68:1007-25. [PMID: 25405522 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.973889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We tested the misperception hypothesis of drawing errors, which states that drawing accuracy is strongly influenced by the perceptual encoding of a to-be-drawn stimulus. We used a highly controlled experimental paradigm in which nonartist participants made perceptual judgements and drawings of angles under identical stimulus exposure conditions. Experiment 1 examined the isosceles/scalene triangle angle illusion; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found for 40 and 60° angles, but not for 20 or 80° angles, providing mixed support for the misperception hypothesis. Experiment 2 examined shape constancy effects with respect to reproductions of single acute or obtuse angles; congruent patterns of bias in the perception and drawing tasks were found across a range of angles from 29 to 151°, providing strong support for the misperception hypothesis. In both experiments, perceptual and drawing biases were positively correlated. These results are largely consistent with the misperception hypothesis, suggesting that inaccurate perceptual encoding of angles is an important reason that nonartists err in drawing angles from observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ostrofsky
- Department of Psychology, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, NJ, USA
| | - Aaron Kozbelt
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Dale J. Cohen
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina in Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
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24
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Yang LZ, Zhang W, Shi B, Yang Z, Wei Z, Gu F, Zhang J, Cui G, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Rao H. Electrical stimulation over bilateral occipito-temporal regions reduces N170 in the right hemisphere and the composite face effect. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115772. [PMID: 25531112 PMCID: PMC4274090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can modulate cortical excitability. Although the clinical value of tDCS has been advocated, the potential of tDCS in cognitive rehabilitation of face processing deficits is less understood. Face processing has been associated with the occipito-temporal cortex (OT). The present study investigated whether face processing in healthy adults can be modulated by applying tDCS over the OT. Experiment 1 investigated whether tDCS can affect N170, a face-sensitive ERP component, with a face orientation judgment task. The N170 in the right hemisphere was reduced in active stimulation conditions compared with the sham stimulation condition for both upright faces and inverted faces. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that tDCS can modulate the composite face effect, a type of holistic processing that reflects the obligatory attention to all parts of a face. The composite face effect was reduced in active stimulation conditions compared with the sham stimulation condition. Additionally, the current polarity did not modulate the effect of tDCS in the two experiments. The present study demonstrates that N170 can be causally manipulated by stimulating the OT with weak currents. Furthermore, our study provides evidence that obligatory attention to all parts of a face can be affected by the commonly used tDCS parameter setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhuang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (LZY); (XZ)
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengde Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guanbao Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function & Disease, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, CAS, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (LZY); (XZ)
| | - Hengyi Rao
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, Department of Neurology and Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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25
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Zhao M, Hayward WG, Bülthoff I. Holistic processing, contact, and the other-race effect in face recognition. Vision Res 2014; 105:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Tso RVY, Au TKF, Hsiao JHW. Perceptual expertise: can sensorimotor experience change holistic processing and left-side bias? Psychol Sci 2014; 25:1757-67. [PMID: 25085866 DOI: 10.1177/0956797614541284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Holistic processing and left-side bias are both behavioral markers of expert face recognition. By contrast, expert recognition of characters in Chinese orthography involves left-side bias but reduced holistic processing, although faces and Chinese characters share many visual properties. Here, we examined whether this reduction in holistic processing of Chinese characters can be better explained by writing experience than by reading experience. Compared with Chinese nonreaders, Chinese readers who had limited writing experience showed increased holistic processing, whereas Chinese readers who could write characters fluently showed reduced holistic processing. This result suggests that writing and sensorimotor experience can modulate holistic-processing effects and that the reduced holistic processing observed in expert Chinese readers may depend mostly on writing experience. However, both expert writers and writers with limited experience showed similarly stronger left-side bias than novices did in processing mirror-symmetric Chinese characters; left-side bias may therefore be a robust expertise marker for object recognition that is uninfluenced by sensorimotor experience.
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27
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Richler JJ, Gauthier I. A meta-analysis and review of holistic face processing. Psychol Bull 2014; 140:1281-302. [PMID: 24956123 DOI: 10.1037/a0037004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The concept of holistic processing is a cornerstone of face recognition research, yet central questions related to holistic processing remain unanswered, and debates have thus far failed to reach a resolution despite accumulating empirical evidence. We argue that a considerable source of confusion in this literature stems from a methodological problem. Specifically, 2 measures of holistic processing based on the composite paradigm (complete design and partial design) are used in the literature, but they often lead to qualitatively different results. First, we present a comprehensive review of the work that directly compares the 2 designs, and which clearly favors the complete design over the partial design. Second, we report a meta-analysis of holistic face processing according to both designs and use this as further evidence for one design over the other. The meta-analysis effect size of holistic processing in the complete design is nearly 3 times that of the partial design. Effect sizes were not correlated between measures, consistent with the suggestion that they do not measure the same thing. Our meta-analysis also examines the correlation between conditions in the complete design of the composite task, and suggests that in an individual differences context, little is gained by including a misaligned baseline. Finally, we offer a comprehensive review of the state of knowledge about holistic processing based on evidence gathered from the measure we favor based on the 1st sections of our review-the complete design-and outline outstanding research questions in that new context.
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28
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Does my face FIT?: a face image task reveals structure and distortions of facial feature representation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76805. [PMID: 24130790 PMCID: PMC3793930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research on face perception, few studies have investigated individuals' knowledge about the physical features of their own face. In this study, 50 participants indicated the location of key features of their own face, relative to an anchor point corresponding to the tip of the nose, and the results were compared to the true location of the same individual's features from a standardised photograph. Horizontal and vertical errors were analysed separately. An overall bias to underestimate vertical distances revealed a distorted face representation, with reduced face height. Factor analyses were used to identify separable subconfigurations of facial features with correlated localisation errors. Independent representations of upper and lower facial features emerged from the data pattern. The major source of variation across individuals was in representation of face shape, with a spectrum from tall/thin to short/wide representation. Visual identification of one's own face is excellent, and facial features are routinely used for establishing personal identity. However, our results show that spatial knowledge of one's own face is remarkably poor, suggesting that face representation may not contribute strongly to self-awareness.
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29
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Ventura P, Fernandes T, Cohen L, Morais J, Kolinsky R, Dehaene S. Literacy acquisition reduces the influence of automatic holistic processing of faces and houses. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:105-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Richler JJ, Gauthier I. When Intuition Fails to Align with Data: A Reply to. VISUAL COGNITION 2013; 21:10.1080/13506285.2013.796035. [PMID: 24307858 PMCID: PMC3845673 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.796035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Holistic processing, a hallmark of face perception, is often measured in the so-called composite paradigm, in which participants are asked to match part of a stimulus while ignoring another part. In prior work, we recommended against the use of one version of the composite task we call the partial design, on the basis of confounds with response biases. Rossion wrote a lengthy piece that reviews the work that he has published using this design, raising a large number of criticisms, both about an alternative measure of holistic processing that we have used and advocated (which we call the complete design) and about our work in general. In this reply, we have limited our discussion to those issues that would be relevant to a researcher looking to decide which version of this composite paradigm to use, as we doubt a comprehensive reply would be of significant interest outside a very small circle.
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31
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Hsiao JH, Lam SM. The Modulation of Visual and Task Characteristics of a Writing System on Hemispheric Lateralization in Visual Word Recognition-A Computational Exploration. Cogn Sci 2013; 37:861-90. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sze Man Lam
- Department of Psychology; University of Hong Kong
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32
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Rossion B. The composite face illusion: A whole window into our understanding of holistic face perception. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.772929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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33
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Chamberlain R, McManus IC, Riley H, Rankin Q, Brunswick N. Local processing enhancements associated with superior observational drawing are due to enhanced perceptual functioning, not weak central coherence. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 66:1448-66. [PMID: 23234461 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.750678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with drawing talent have previously been shown to exhibit enhanced local visual processing ability. The aim of the current study was to assess whether local processing biases associated with drawing ability result from a reduced ability to cohere local stimuli into global forms, or an increased ability to disregard global aspects of an image. Local and global visual processing ability was assessed in art students and controls using the Group Embedded Figures Task, Navon shape stimuli, the Block Design Task and the Autism Spectrum Quotient, whilst controlling for nonverbal IQ and artistic ability. Local processing biases associated with drawing appear to arise from an enhancement of local processing alongside successful filtering of global information, rather than a reduction in global processing. The relationship between local processing and drawing ability is independent of individual differences in nonverbal IQ and artistic ability. These findings have implications for bottom-up and attentional theories of observational drawing, as well as explanations of special skills in autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chamberlain
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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