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Chen JT, Kan NW, Barquero C, Teo MMJ, Wang CA. Saccade Latency and Metrics in the Interleaved Pro- and Anti-Saccade Task in Open Skill Sports Athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14713. [PMID: 39155402 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Evidence has demonstrated that athletes exhibit superior cognitive performance associated with executive control. In the oculomotor system, this function has been examined using the interleaved pro-saccade and anti-saccade task (IPAST), wherein participants, prior to target appearance, are instructed to either automatically look at the peripheral target (pro-saccade) or suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction (anti-saccade). While the IPAST has provided much insight into sensorimotor and inhibitory processing, it has yet to be performed in athletes. Moreover, limited research has examined saccade metrics in athletes. Here, we examined saccade latency and movement kinematics in the IPAST among athletes (N = 40) and nonathletes (NON) (N = 40). Higher direction error rates were obtained in the anti-saccade compared to the pro-saccade condition, with no differences between athletes and NON noted. Significantly faster saccade latencies were observed in athletes compared to NON in both conditions, in addition to faster pro-saccades compared to anti-saccades. Furthermore, athletes showed significantly higher frequencies and faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in correct pro-saccades. Additionally, athletes exhibited significantly faster latencies of express saccades compared to NON in erroneous anti-saccades. Differences in saccade metrics between athletes and NON were not seen. Overall, these findings demonstrate that athletes display altered saccade performance likely associated with sensorimotor and preparatory processing, highlighting the potential of using IPAST to objectively investigate sensorimotor and cognitive functions in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Tai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Kan
- Center of General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cesar Barquero
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Moeka Mong Jia Teo
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-An Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Eye-Tracking Laboratory, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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2
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Jellestad L, Zeffiro T, Mörgeli H, Piccirelli M, Jaillard A, Pasi P, Shepherd NR, Mueller-Pfeiffer C. Atypical attention and saccade vigor in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:361-367. [PMID: 39083994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Effective attention control is essential for behavioral adaptation to different environmental contexts. In Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) altered attention has been described in trauma-related and other emotional contexts. Nevertheless, atypical attention is also seen with neutral stimuli. The mechanisms of attention alterations in PTSD associated with neutral stimuli are poorly understood. The present study investigates alerting and orienting responses in PTSD participants using emotionally neutral stimuli in a saccade eye movement task incorporating both spatially predictable and temporally unpredictable conditions. We studied 23 PTSD patients and 27 Non-PTSD controls, using repeated-measures mixed modeling to estimate group and task condition differences in behavioral and psychophysiological measures. We explored the relationships among saccade characteristics, pupil size, and PTSD symptoms, including CAPS hypervigilance scores. PTSD, compared to Non-PTSD, participants showed differences in their saccade 'main sequence', reflected by higher peak velocities adjusted for amplitude. PTSD participants had smaller primary position errors in the unpredictable saccade condition. They also exhibited greater hyperarousal, reflected by larger pupil size during fixation that was greater in the unpredictable condition. Our results suggest that a heightened state of arousal and hypervigilance in PTSD leads to a state of atypical attention bias, even in emotionally neutral contexts. These differences may reflect higher saccade vigor. The observed differences suggest atypical attention in PTSD, which goes beyond possible distraction associated with emotional or threat-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Jellestad
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Zeffiro
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Neurometrika, Potomac, MD, United States
| | - Hanspeter Mörgeli
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Piccirelli
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Assia Jaillard
- AGEIS, Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), France; IRM 3T Recherche, IRMaGe, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes (CHUGA), France
| | - Patrick Pasi
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Naomi Ruth Shepherd
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Mueller-Pfeiffer
- Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ambrad Giovannetti E, Rancz E. Behind mouse eyes: The function and control of eye movements in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105671. [PMID: 38604571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The mouse visual system has become the most popular model to study the cellular and circuit mechanisms of sensory processing. However, the importance of eye movements only started to be appreciated recently. Eye movements provide a basis for predictive sensing and deliver insights into various brain functions and dysfunctions. A plethora of knowledge on the central control of eye movements and their role in perception and behaviour arose from work on primates. However, an overview of various eye movements in mice and a comparison to primates is missing. Here, we review the eye movement types described to date in mice and compare them to those observed in primates. We discuss the central neuronal mechanisms for their generation and control. Furthermore, we review the mounting literature on eye movements in mice during head-fixed and freely moving behaviours. Finally, we highlight gaps in our understanding and suggest future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ede Rancz
- INMED, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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Barbieri M, Albanese GA, Merello A, Crepaldi M, Setti W, Gori M, Canessa A, Sabatini SP, Facchini V, Sandini G. Assessing REALTER simulator: analysis of ocular movements in simulated low-vision conditions with extended reality technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1285107. [PMID: 38638317 PMCID: PMC11024368 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1285107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Immersive technology, such as extended reality, holds promise as a tool for educating ophthalmologists about the effects of low vision and for enhancing visual rehabilitation protocols. However, immersive simulators have not been evaluated for their ability to induce changes in the oculomotor system, which is crucial for understanding the visual experiences of visually impaired individuals. This study aimed to assess the REALTER (Wearable Egocentric Altered Reality Simulator) system's capacity to induce specific alterations in healthy individuals' oculomotor systems under simulated low-vision conditions. We examined task performance, eye movements, and head movements in healthy participants across various simulated scenarios. Our findings suggest that REALTER can effectively elicit behaviors in healthy individuals resembling those observed in individuals with low vision. Participants with simulated binocular maculopathy demonstrated unstable fixations and a high frequency of wide saccades. Individuals with simulated homonymous hemianopsia showed a tendency to maintain a fixed head position while executing wide saccades to survey their surroundings. Simulation of tubular vision resulted in a significant reduction in saccade amplitudes. REALTER holds promise as both a training tool for ophthalmologists and a research instrument for studying low vision conditions. The simulator has the potential to enhance ophthalmologists' comprehension of the limitations imposed by visual disabilities, thereby facilitating the development of new rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Barbieri
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia A. Albanese
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Merello
- Electronic Design Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Crepaldi
- Electronic Design Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Walter Setti
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvio P. Sabatini
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Sandini
- Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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Barone V, van Dijk JP, Debeij-van Hall MH, van Putten MJ. A Potential Multimodal Test for Clinical Assessment of Visual Attention in Neurological Disorders. Clin EEG Neurosci 2023; 54:512-521. [PMID: 36189613 PMCID: PMC10411032 DOI: 10.1177/15500594221129962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention is an important aspect of human brain function and often affected in neurological disorders. Objective assessment of attention may assist in patient care, both for diagnostics and prognostication. We present a compact test using a combination of a choice reaction time task, eye-tracking and EEG for assessment of visual attention in the clinic. The system quantifies reaction time, parameters of eye movements (i.e. saccade metrics and fixations) and event related potentials (ERPs) in a single and fast (15 min) experimental design. We present pilot data from controls, patients with mild traumatic brain injury and epilepsy, to illustrate its potential use in assessing attention in neurological patients. Reaction times and eye metrics such as fixation duration, saccade duration and latency show significant differences (p < .05) between neurological patients and controls. Late ERP components (200-800 ms) can be detected in the central line channels for all subjects, but no significant group differences could be found in the peak latencies and mean amplitudes. Our system has potential to assess key features of visual attention in the clinic. Pilot data show significant differences in reaction times and eye metrics between controls and patients, illustrating its promising use for diagnostics and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barone
- Clinical Neurophysiology (CNPH), TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Twente Medical System International B.V. (TMSi), Oldenzaal, Netherlands
| | - Johannes P. van Dijk
- Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Michel J.A.M. van Putten
- Clinical Neurophysiology (CNPH), TechMed Centre, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medisch Spectrum Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
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Calancie OG, Parr AC, Brien DC, Huang J, Pitigoi IC, Coe BC, Booij L, Khalid-Khan S, Munoz DP. Motor synchronization and impulsivity in pediatric borderline personality disorder with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an eye-tracking study of saccade, blink and pupil behavior. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1179765. [PMID: 37425020 PMCID: PMC10323365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1179765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifting motor actions from reflexively reacting to an environmental stimulus to predicting it allows for smooth synchronization of behavior with the outside world. This shift relies on the identification of patterns within the stimulus - knowing when a stimulus is predictable and when it is not - and launching motor actions accordingly. Failure to identify predictable stimuli results in movement delays whereas failure to recognize unpredictable stimuli results in early movements with incomplete information that can result in errors. Here we used a metronome task, combined with video-based eye-tracking, to quantify temporal predictive learning and performance to regularly paced visual targets at 5 different interstimulus intervals (ISIs). We compared these results to the random task where the timing of the target was randomized at each target step. We completed these tasks in female pediatric psychiatry patients (age range: 11-18 years) with borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms, with (n = 22) and without (n = 23) a comorbid attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, against controls (n = 35). Compared to controls, BPD and ADHD/BPD cohorts showed no differences in their predictive saccade performance to metronome targets, however, when targets were random ADHD/BPD participants made significantly more anticipatory saccades (i.e., guesses of target arrival). The ADHD/BPD group also significantly increased their blink rate and pupil size when initiating movements to predictable versus unpredictable targets, likely a reflection of increased neural effort for motor synchronization. BPD and ADHD/BPD groups showed increased sympathetic tone evidenced by larger pupil sizes than controls. Together, these results support normal temporal motor prediction in BPD with and without ADHD, reduced response inhibition in BPD with comorbid ADHD, and increased pupil sizes in BPD patients. Further these results emphasize the importance of controlling for comorbid ADHD when querying BPD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G. Calancie
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ashley C. Parr
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Don C. Brien
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Isabell C. Pitigoi
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Linda Booij
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Research Centre and Eating Disorders Continuum, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarosh Khalid-Khan
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Divison of Child and Youth Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Queen’s Eye Movement Lab, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Greene HH, Diwadkar VA, Brown JM. Regularities in vertical saccadic metrics: new insights, and future perspectives. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1157686. [PMID: 37251031 PMCID: PMC10213562 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1157686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Asymmetries in processing by the healthy brain demonstrate regularities that facilitate the modeling of brain operations. The goal of the present study was to determine asymmetries in saccadic metrics during visual exploration, devoid of confounding clutter in the visual field. Methods Twenty healthy adults searched for a small, low-contrast gaze-contingent target on a blank computer screen. The target was visible, only if eye fixation was within a 5 deg. by 5 deg. area of the target's location. Results Replicating previously-reported asymmetries, repeated measures contrast analyses indicated that up-directed saccades were executed earlier, were smaller in amplitude, and had greater probability than down-directed saccades. Given that saccade velocities are confounded by saccade amplitudes, it was also useful to investigate saccade kinematics of visual exploration, as a function of vertical saccade direction. Saccade kinematics were modeled for each participant, as a square root relationship between average saccade velocity (i.e., average velocity between launching and landing of a saccade) and corresponding saccade amplitude (Velocity = S*[Saccade Amplitude]0.5). A comparison of the vertical scaling parameter (S) for up- and down-directed saccades showed that up-directed saccades tended to be slower than down-directed ones. Discussion To motivate future research, an ecological theory of asymmetric pre-saccadic inhibition was presented to explain the collection of vertical saccadic regularities. For example, given that the theory proposes strong inhibition for the releasing of reflexive down-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target below eye fixation), and weak inhibition for the releasing of up-directed prosaccades (cued by an attracting peripheral target above eye fixation), a prediction for future studies is longer reaction times for vertical anti-saccade cues above eye fixation. Finally, the present study with healthy individuals demonstrates a rationale for further study of vertical saccades in psychiatric disorders, as bio-markers for brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H. Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Brain Imaging Research Division, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - James M. Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Aizenman AM, Koulieris GA, Gibaldi A, Sehgal V, Levi DM, Banks MS. The Statistics of Eye Movements and Binocular Disparities during VR Gaming: Implications for Headset Design. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS 2023; 42:7. [PMID: 37122317 PMCID: PMC10139447 DOI: 10.1145/3549529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The human visual system evolved in environments with statistical regularities. Binocular vision is adapted to these such that depth perception and eye movements are more precise, faster, and performed comfortably in environments consistent with the regularities. We measured the statistics of eye movements and binocular disparities in virtual-reality (VR) - gaming environments and found that they are quite different from those in the natural environment. Fixation distance and direction are more restricted in VR, and fixation distance is farther. The pattern of disparity across the visual field is less regular in VR and does not conform to a prominent property of naturally occurring disparities. From this we predict that double vision is more likely in VR than in the natural environment. We also determined the optimal screen distance to minimize discomfort due to the vergence-accommodation conflict, and the optimal nasal-temporal positioning of head-mounted display (HMD) screens to maximize binocular field of view. Finally, in a user study we investigated how VR content affects comfort and performance. Content that is more consistent with the statistics of the natural world yields less discomfort than content that is not. Furthermore, consistent content yields slightly better performance than inconsistent content.
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Wright IH, Sekar A, Jensen MT, Hodgson M, Bancroft MJ, Koohi N, Lees AJ, Morris HR, Kaski D. Reflexive and volitional saccadic eye movements and their changes in age and progressive supranuclear palsy. J Neurol Sci 2022; 443:120482. [PMID: 36356484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Saccades, rapid movements of the eyes towards a visual or remembered target, are useful in understanding the healthy brain and the pathology of neurological conditions such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). We set out to investigate the parameters of horizontal reflexive and volitional saccades, both visually guided and memory-guided, over a 1 min epoch in healthy individuals and PSP patients. METHODS An experimental paradigm tested reflexive, volitional visually guided, and volitional memory-guided saccades in young healthy controls (n = 14; 20-31 years), PSP patients (n = 11; 46-75 years) and older age-matched healthy controls (n = 6; 56-71 years). The accuracy and velocity of saccades was recorded using an EyeBrain T2® video eye tracker and analyses performed using the MyEyeAnalysis® software. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify significant effects (p < 0.01) between young and older controls to investigate the effects of ageing upon saccades, and between PSP patients and age-matched controls to study the effects of PSP upon saccades. RESULTS In both healthy individuals and PSP patients, volitional saccades are slower and less accurate than reflexive saccades. In PSP patients, accuracy is lower across all saccade types compared to age-matched controls, but velocity is lower only for reflexive saccades. Crucially, there is no change in accuracy or velocity of consecutive saccades over short (one-minute) timescales in controls or PSP patients. CONCLUSIONS Velocity and accuracy of saccades in PSP does not decrease over one-minute timescales, contrary to that previously observed in Parkinson's Disease (PD), suggesting a potential clinical biomarker for the distinction of PSP from PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Hempstead Wright
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Akila Sekar
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Marte Theilmann Jensen
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Megan Hodgson
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Bancroft
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Nehzat Koohi
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; The Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London, London, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Kaski
- Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; The Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 60%--75% of myasthenia gravis (MG) patients initially present with nonspecific ocular symptoms. Failed recognition of these symptoms may delay the diagnosis of MG up to 5 years or more, leading to a reduced likelihood of remission and increased morbidity. Current diagnostic tests are either poorly sensitive for patients presenting with ocular symptoms alone or are time consuming, invasive, require a high level of technical expertise, and generally are universally difficult to obtain. This review will explore quantitative eye and pupil tracking as a potential noninvasive, time-effective, and less technically demanding alternative to current diagnostic tests of MG. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Comprehensive literature review. RESULTS Thirty-two publications using oculography for the diagnosis of MG and 6 studies using pupillometry were evaluated. In MG patients, extra ocular muscle fatigue was evident in reports of intersaccadic, intrasaccadic and postsaccadic abnormalities, changes in optokinetic nystagmus, slow eye movements, disconjugate saccades, and pupillary constrictor muscle weakness. CONCLUSIONS Our review identified several potentially useful variables that derive from oculography and pupillometry studies that could assist with a timely diagnosis of MG. Limitations of this review include heterogeneity in design, sample size, and quality of the studies evaluated. There is a need for larger, well-designed studies evaluating eye-tracking measures in the diagnosis of MG, especially for patients presenting with purely ocular symptoms.
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Polyakova Z, Iwase M, Hashimoto R, Yoshida M. The effect of ketamine on eye movement characteristics during free-viewing of natural images in common marmosets. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1012300. [PMID: 36203813 PMCID: PMC9530575 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1012300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various eye movement abnormalities and impairments in visual information processing have been reported in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, dysfunction of saccadic eye movements is a potential biological marker for schizophrenia. In the present study, we used a pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms in marmosets and compared the eye movement characteristics of marmosets during free-viewing, using an image set identical to those used for human studies. It contains natural and complex images that were randomly presented for 8 s. As a pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms, a subanesthetic dose of ketamine was injected intramuscularly for transient and reversible manipulation. Eye movements were recorded and compared under a ketamine condition and a saline condition as a control. The results showed that ketamine affected eye movement characteristics during free-viewing. Saccades amplitude and scanpath length were significantly reduced in the ketamine condition. In addition, the duration of saccades was longer under the ketamine condition than under the saline condition. A similar tendency was observed for the duration of fixations. The number of saccades and fixations tended to decrease in the ketamine condition. The peak saccades velocity also decreased after ketamine injection whereas there was no difference in the main sequence relationship between saccades amplitude and peak velocity. These results suggest that ketamine affected visual exploration but did not affect the oculomotor aspect of saccades in marmosets, consistent with studies in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, we conclude that the subanesthetic dose of ketamine is a promising pharmacological model of schizophrenia symptoms in common marmosets and can be used in combination with free-viewing paradigms to establish “translatable markers” for schizophrenia in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Polyakova
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masao Iwase
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Yoshida
- Center for Human Nature, Artificial Intelligence, and Neuroscience, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Masatoshi Yoshida,
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Ross-Sheehy S, Eschman B, Reynolds EE. Seeing and looking: Evidence for developmental and stimulus-dependent changes in infant scanning efficiency. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274113. [PMID: 36112722 PMCID: PMC9481018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though previous work has examined infant attention across a variety of tasks, less is known about the individual saccades and fixations that make up each bout of attention, and how individual differences in saccade and fixation patterns (i.e., scanning efficiency) change with development, scene content and perceptual load. To address this, infants between the ages of 5 and 11 months were assessed longitudinally (Experiment 1) and cross-sectionally (Experiment 2). Scanning efficiency (fixation duration, saccade rate, saccade amplitude, and saccade velocity) was assessed while infants viewed six quasi-naturalistic scenes that varied in content (social or non-social) and scene complexity (3, 6 or 9 people/objects). Results from Experiment 1 revealed moderate to strong stability of individual differences in saccade rate, mean fixation duration, and saccade amplitude, and both experiments revealed 5-month-old infants to make larger, faster, and more frequent saccades than older infants. Scanning efficiency was assessed as the relation between fixation duration and saccade amplitude, and results revealed 11-month-olds to have high scanning efficiency across all scenes. However, scanning efficiency also varied with scene content, such that all infants showing higher scanning efficiency when viewing social scenes, and more complex scenes. These results suggest both developmental and stimulus-dependent changes in scanning efficiency, and further highlight the use of saccade and fixation metrics as a sensitive indicator of cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Ross-Sheehy
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bret Eschman
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, United States of America
| | - Esther E. Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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13
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Estiveira J, Dias C, Costa D, Castelhano J, Castelo-Branco M, Sousa T. An Action-Independent Role for Midfrontal Theta Activity Prior to Error Commission. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:805080. [PMID: 35634213 PMCID: PMC9131421 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.805080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Error-related electroencephalographic (EEG) signals have been widely studied concerning the human cognitive capability of differentiating between erroneous and correct actions. Midfrontal error-related negativity (ERN) and theta band oscillations are believed to underlie post-action error monitoring. However, it remains elusive how early monitoring activity is trackable and what are the pre-response brain mechanisms related to performance monitoring. Moreover, it is still unclear how task-specific parameters, such as cognitive demand or motor control, influence these processes. Here, we aimed to test pre- and post-error EEG patterns for different types of motor responses and investigate the neuronal mechanisms leading to erroneous actions. We implemented a go/no-go paradigm based on keypresses and saccades. Participants received an initial instruction about the direction of response to be given based on a facial cue and a subsequent one about the type of action to be performed based on an object cue. The paradigm was tested in 20 healthy volunteers combining EEG and eye tracking. We found significant differences in reaction time, number, and type of errors between the two actions. Saccadic responses reflected a higher number of premature responses and errors compared to the keypress ones. Nevertheless, both led to similar EEG patterns, supporting previous evidence for increased ERN amplitude and midfrontal theta power during error commission. Moreover, we found pre-error decreased theta activity independent of the type of action. Source analysis suggested different origin for such pre- and post-error neuronal patterns, matching the anterior insular cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex, respectively. This opposite pattern supports previous evidence of midfrontal theta not only as a neuronal marker of error commission but also as a predictor of action performance. Midfrontal theta, mostly associated with alert mechanisms triggering behavioral adjustments, also seems to reflect pre-response attentional mechanisms independently of the action to be performed. Our findings also add to the discussion regarding how salience network nodes interact during performance monitoring by suggesting that pre- and post-error patterns have different neuronal sources within this network.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Estiveira
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Camila Dias
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Costa
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Castelhano
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC – Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sousa
- CIBIT – Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- ICNAS – Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Teresa Sousa,
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14
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Si Y, Wang L, Zhao M. Anti-saccade as a Tool to Evaluate Neurocognitive Impairment in Alcohol Use Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823848. [PMID: 35573351 PMCID: PMC9094713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely shown that chronic alcohol use leads to cognitive dysfunctions, especially inhibitory control. In an extension of the traditional approach, this research field has benefited from the emergence of innovative measures, among which is an anti-saccade, allowing direct and sensitive measure of the eye movements indexing attention bias to alcohol-related cues and the capability of inhibiting the reflexive saccades to the cues. During the past decade, there are numerous reports showing that drinkers make more unwanted reflexive saccades and longer latency in the anti-saccade task. These increased errors are usually explained by the deficits in inhibitory control. It has been demonstrated that inhibitory control on eye movement may be one of the earliest biomarkers of the onset of alcohol-related cognitive impairments. This review summarizes how an anti-saccade task can be used as a tool to investigate and assess the cognitive dysfunctions and the early detection of relapsing risk of alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Si
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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15
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Simon F, Tissir F, Michel V, Lahlou G, Deans M, Beraneck M. Implication of Vestibular Hair Cell Loss of Planar Polarity for the Canal and Otolith-Dependent Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes in Celsr1-/- Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:750596. [PMID: 34790090 PMCID: PMC8591238 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.750596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Vestibular sensory hair cells are precisely orientated according to planar cell polarity (PCP) and are key to enable mechanic-electrical transduction and normal vestibular function. PCP is found on different scales in the vestibular organs, ranging from correct hair bundle orientation, coordination of hair cell orientation with neighboring hair cells, and orientation around the striola in otolithic organs. Celsr1 is a PCP protein and a Celsr1 KO mouse model showed hair cell disorganization in all vestibular organs, especially in the canalar ampullae. The objective of this work was to assess to what extent the different vestibulo-ocular reflexes were impaired in Celsr1 KO mice. Methods: Vestibular function was analyzed using non-invasive video-oculography. Semicircular canal function was assessed during sinusoidal rotation and during angular velocity steps. Otolithic function (mainly utricular) was assessed during off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) and during static and dynamic head tilts. Results: The vestibulo-ocular reflex of 10 Celsr1 KO and 10 control littermates was analyzed. All KO mice presented with spontaneous nystagmus or gaze instability in dark. Canalar function was reduced almost by half in KO mice. Compared to control mice, KO mice had reduced angular VOR gain in all tested frequencies (0.2–1.5 Hz), and abnormal phase at 0.2 and 0.5 Hz. Concerning horizontal steps, KO mice had reduced responses. Otolithic function was reduced by about a third in KO mice. Static ocular-counter roll gain and OVAR bias were both significantly reduced. These results demonstrate that canal- and otolith-dependent vestibulo-ocular reflexes are impaired in KO mice. Conclusion: The major ampullar disorganization led to an important reduction but not to a complete loss of angular coding capacities. Mildly disorganized otolithic hair cells were associated with a significant loss of otolith-dependent function. These results suggest that the highly organized polarization of otolithic hair cells is a critical factor for the accurate encoding of the head movement and that the loss of a small fraction of the otolithic hair cells in pathological conditions is likely to have major functional consequences. Altogether, these results shed light on how partial loss of vestibular information encoding, as often encountered in pathological situations, translates into functional deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Simon
- Université de Paris, INCC UMR 8002, CNRS, Paris, France.,Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Institut de Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vincent Michel
- Institut de l'Audition, Institut Pasteur, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ghizlene Lahlou
- Institut de l'Audition/Institut Pasteur, Technologies et thérapie génique pour la surdité, Paris, France.,Service d'ORL et de Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale Pédiatrique, APHP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris, France
| | - Michael Deans
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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16
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Current Challenges Supporting School-Aged Children with Vision Problems: A Rapid Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many children have undetected vision problems or insufficient visual information processing that may be a factor in lower academic outcomes. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of the importance of vision screening for school-aged children, and to investigate the possibilities of how eye-tracking (ET) technologies can support this. While there are indications that these technologies can support vision screening, a broad understanding of how to apply them and by whom, and if it is possible to utilize them at schools, is lacking. We review interdisciplinary research on performing vision investigations, and discuss current challenges for technology support. The focus is on exploring the possibilities of ET technologies to better support screening and handling of vision disorders, especially by non-vision experts. The data orginate from a literature survey of peer-reviewed journals and conference articles complemented by secondary sources, following a rapid review methodology. We highlight current trends in supportive technologies for vision screening, and identify the involved stakeholders and the research studies that discuss how to develop more supportive ET technologies for vision screening and training by non-experts.
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17
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Abstract
Eye-tracking and recording of physiological signals are increasingly used in research within cognitive science and human–computer interaction. For example, gaze position and measures of autonomic arousal, including pupil dilation, skin conductance (SC), and heart rate (HR), provide an indicator of cognitive and physiological processes. The growing popularity of these techniques is partially driven by the emergence of low-cost recording equipment and the proliferation of open-source software for data collection and analysis of such signals. However, the use of new technology requires investigation of its reliability and validation with respect to real-world usage and against established technologies. Accordingly, in two experiments (total N = 69), we assessed the Gazepoint GP3-HD eye-tracker and Gazepoint Biometrics (GPB) system from Gazepoint. We show that the accuracy, precision, and robustness of the eye-tracker are comparable to competing systems. While fixation and saccade events can be reliably extracted, the study of saccade kinematics is affected by the low sampling rate. The GP3-HD is also able to capture psychological effects on pupil dilation in addition to the well-defined pupillary light reflex. Finally, moderate-to-strong correlations between physiological recordings and derived metrics of SC and HR between the GPB and the well-established BIOPAC MP160 support its validity. However, low amplitude of the SC signal obtained from the GPB may reduce sensitivity when separating phasic and tonic components. Similarly, data loss in pulse monitoring may pose difficulties for certain HR variability analyses.
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18
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Wolf C, Lappe M. Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:547-568. [PMID: 34367360 PMCID: PMC8286912 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets' luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets' relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wolf
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Lappe
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Fliednerstrasse 21, 48149 Münster, Germany
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19
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Christensen G, Barut L, Urimi D, Schipper N, Paquet-Durand F. Investigating Ex Vivo Animal Models to Test the Performance of Intravitreal Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1013. [PMID: 34371707 PMCID: PMC8309192 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need for innovative and efficient drug delivery systems for ocular therapy development. However, testing intravitreal drug delivery systems without using live animals is challenging. Ex vivo animal models offer an interesting alternative. We analyzed the potential of using fresh porcine eyes obtained from the local slaughterhouse as a model for testing the intravitreal biodistribution and retention of liposomes with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation and with different surface charges. The histology of the eyes was analyzed to localize the liposomes, and it was found that liposomes with PEG absorbed rapidly on the retina (within 1 h), with positively charged and PEG-coated liposomes being retained for at least 24 h. In parallel, fluorophotometry was employed on intact eyes, to determine the pharmacokinetics of the fluorophore calcein, as a substitute for a small hydrophilic therapeutic compound. We found a 4.5-fold increase in the vitreous half-life of calcein loaded in liposomes, compared with the free solution. Retinal toxicity was addressed using murine-derived retinal explant cultures. Liposomes were non-toxic up to 500 µg/mL. Toxicity was observed at 5 mg/mL for anionic and cationic liposomes, with 2-fold and 2.5-fold increased photoreceptor cell death, respectively. Overall, we could show that important ocular drug delivery considerations such as pharmacokinetics and biodistribution can be estimated in ex vivo porcine eyes, and may guide subsequent in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Christensen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn Straße 5-7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (G.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Leon Barut
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn Straße 5-7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (G.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Dileep Urimi
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicolaas Schipper
- Division Bioeconomy and Health, Chemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Forskargatan 18, 151 36 Södertälje, Sweden; (D.U.); (N.S.)
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn Straße 5-7, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (G.C.); (L.B.)
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20
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Ultrasound for Gaze Estimation-A Modeling and Empirical Study. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21134502. [PMID: 34209332 PMCID: PMC8272146 DOI: 10.3390/s21134502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most eye tracking methods are light-based. As such, they can suffer from ambient light changes when used outdoors, especially for use cases where eye trackers are embedded in Augmented Reality glasses. It has been recently suggested that ultrasound could provide a low power, fast, light-insensitive alternative to camera-based sensors for eye tracking. Here, we report on our work on modeling ultrasound sensor integration into a glasses form factor AR device to evaluate the feasibility of estimating eye-gaze in various configurations. Next, we designed a benchtop experimental setup to collect empirical data on time of flight and amplitude signals for reflected ultrasound waves for a range of gaze angles of a model eye. We used this data as input for a low-complexity gradient-boosted tree machine learning regression model and demonstrate that we can effectively estimate gaze (gaze RMSE error of 0.965 ± 0.178 degrees with an adjusted R2 score of 90.2 ± 4.6).
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21
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Leyden C, Brysch C, Arrenberg AB. A distributed saccade-associated network encodes high velocity conjugate and monocular eye movements in the zebrafish hindbrain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12644. [PMID: 34135354 PMCID: PMC8209155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccades are rapid eye movements that redirect gaze. Their magnitudes and directions are tightly controlled by the oculomotor system, which is capable of generating conjugate, monocular, convergent and divergent saccades. Recent studies suggest a mainly monocular control of saccades in mammals, although the development of binocular control and the interaction of different functional populations is less well understood. For zebrafish, a well-established model in sensorimotor research, the nature of binocular control in this key oculomotor behavior is unknown. Here, we use the optokinetic response and calcium imaging to characterize how the developing zebrafish oculomotor system encodes the diverse repertoire of saccades. We find that neurons with phasic saccade-associated activity (putative burst neurons) are most frequent in dorsal regions of the hindbrain and show elements of both monocular and binocular encoding, revealing a mix of the response types originally hypothesized by Helmholtz and Hering. Additionally, we observed a certain degree of behavior-specific recruitment in individual neurons. Surprisingly, calcium activity is only weakly tuned to saccade size. Instead, saccade size is apparently controlled by a push-pull mechanism of opposing burst neuron populations. Our study reveals the basic layout of a developing vertebrate saccade system and provides a perspective into the evolution of the oculomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leyden
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Brysch
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, 72074, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Aristides B Arrenberg
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Institute for Neurobiology, University of Tuebingen, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany.
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22
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Koohi N, Bancroft MJ, Patel J, Castro P, Akram H, Warner TT, Kaski D. Saccadic Bradykinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Preliminary Observations. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1729-1731. [PMID: 33822392 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nehzat Koohi
- The Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Bancroft
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay Patel
- Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Castro
- Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Akram
- Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals UCLH, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute, Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuro-otology, Royal National ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals UCLH, London, United Kingdom
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23
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Stein N. A Comparison of Eye Tracking Latencies Among Several Commercial Head-Mounted Displays. Iperception 2021; 12:2041669520983338. [PMID: 33628410 PMCID: PMC7883159 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520983338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of virtual reality head-mounted displays (HMDs) with integrated eye trackers have recently become commercially available. If their eye tracking latency is low and reliable enough for gaze-contingent rendering, this may open up many interesting opportunities for researchers. We measured eye tracking latencies for the Fove-0, the Varjo VR-1, and the High Tech Computer Corporation (HTC) Vive Pro Eye using simultaneous electrooculography measurements. We determined the time from the occurrence of an eye position change to its availability as a data sample from the eye tracker (delay) and the time from an eye position change to the earliest possible change of the display content (latency). For each test and each device, participants performed 60 saccades between two targets 20° of visual angle apart. The targets were continuously visible in the HMD, and the saccades were instructed by an auditory cue. Data collection and eye tracking calibration were done using the recommended scripts for each device in Unity3D. The Vive Pro Eye was recorded twice, once using the SteamVR SDK and once using the Tobii XR SDK. Our results show clear differences between the HMDs. Delays ranged from 15 ms to 52 ms, and the latencies ranged from 45 ms to 81 ms. The Fove-0 appears to be the fastest device and best suited for gaze-contingent rendering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Stein
- Institute for Psychology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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24
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Abstract
Eye tracking is a widely used tool for behavioral research in the field of psychology. With technological advancement, we now have specialized eye-tracking devices that offer high sampling rates, up to 2000 Hz, and allow for measuring eye movements with high accuracy. They also offer high spatial resolution, which enables the recording of very small movements, like drifts and microsaccades. Features and parameters of interest that characterize eye movements need to be algorithmically extracted from raw data as most eye trackers identify only basic parameters, such as blinks, fixations, and saccades. Eye-tracking experiments may investigate eye movement behavior in different groups of participants and in varying stimuli conditions. Hence, the analysis stage of such experiments typically involves two phases, (i) extraction of parameters of interest and (ii) statistical analysis between different participants or stimuli conditions using these parameters. Furthermore, the datasets collected in these experiments are usually very large in size, owing to the high temporal resolution of the eye trackers, and hence would benefit from an automated analysis toolkit. In this work, we present PyTrack, an end-to-end open-source solution for the analysis and visualization of eye-tracking data. It can be used to extract parameters of interest, generate and visualize a variety of gaze plots from raw eye-tracking data, and conduct statistical analysis between stimuli conditions and subject groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Ghose
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Arvind A Srinivasan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W Paul Boyce
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Xu
- Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Siong Chng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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