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da Silva EP, Fragal VH, Fragal EH, Sequinel T, Gorup LF, Silva R, Muniz EC. Sustainable energy and waste management: How to transform plastic waste into carbon nanostructures for electrochemical supercapacitors. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:71-85. [PMID: 37651944 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste consumption increases exponentially every year, mainly in the last three years due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapid growth of plastic products has exceeded the world's capacity to deal with this type of trash. Thus, it has become a substantial environmental concern in modern society. Another dire concern is the improper disposal of used supercapacitors, leading to serious environmental impacts. Consequently, critical action to tackle this issue is to transform trash into high-valued materials, such as carbon nanomaterial supercapacitors. Considering several methodologies of recycling, pyrolysis stands out due to its simplicity and easy handling of mixed plastic waste to produce carbonaceous materials with different dimensions (0, 1, 2, and 3D). Thus, from this technology, it is possible to create new opportunities for using plastic waste and other types of waste to produce cheaper carbon-based materials for supercapacitors. This review aims to provide readers with a sustainability-driven view regarding the reutilization of plastic trash, discusses the environmental consequences of not doing so, and shows plastic waste solutions. Despite the broad scope of the topic, this review focuses on identifying the currently studied strategies to convert plastic waste into carbon-based electrodes, using less expensive and more efficient competitive protocols, besides emphasizing the diverse types (0, 1, 2, and 3D) of nanostructures. This review also proposes promising options for a sustainable cycle of plastic waste and supercapacitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisangela Pacheco da Silva
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Hafemann Fragal
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Elizângela Hafemann Fragal
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Thiago Sequinel
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology (FACET), Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Gorup
- LIEC - Laboratory Interdisciplinar de Eletroquímica e Cerâmica, Departament of Chemistry, UFSCar-Federal, University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luis km 235, CP 676, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, CEP 37130-001, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Silva
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Edvani C Muniz
- Department of Chemistry, UEM - State University of Maringa Avenida Colombo 5790, CEP, 87020-900, Paraná, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Material Science, Federal University of Technology - Parana, Estr. dos Pioneiros, 3131, CEP 86036-370, Jardim Morumbi, Londrina, Parana, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Petrônio Portella, Ininga, Teresina, CEP 64049-550, Piauí, Brazil.
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Asif Rabbani M, Adeyemi Oladipo A, Kusaf M. N and P Co‐doped Green Waste Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon as a Supercapacitor Electrode for Energy Storage: Electrolyte Effects. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Rabbani
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cyprus International University Nicosia, TR North Cyprus via Mersin 10 99040 Turkey
| | - Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo
- Polymeric Materials Research Laboratory Chemistry Department Faculty of Arts and Science Eastern Mediterranean University, TR North Cyprus Famagusta via Mersin 10 99450 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kusaf
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cyprus International University Nicosia, TR North Cyprus via Mersin 10 99040 Turkey
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Wang B, Wang Y, Du S, Zhu J, Ma S. Upcycling of thermosetting polymers into high-value materials. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:41-51. [PMID: 36342017 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers, a large class of polymers featuring excellent properties, have been widely used and play an irreplaceable role in our life. Nevertheless, they are arduous to be recycled or reused on account of their permanently cross-linked networks, and the main recycling approaches used currently include energy recovery through incineration, utilization as fillers after mechanical grinding, and pyrolysis, which only reclaim a small fraction or partial value of thermosetting polymers and their downstream materials. In this minireview, we provide an overview of the efforts undertaken towards upcycling thermosetting polymers in recent years. The research progress on physical upcycling, carbonization, solvolysis and vitrimerization of thermoset waste to high-value materials, including oil-water separation materials, 3D printable materials, functional carbon materials (supercapacitors, photothermal conversion materials, and catalytic materials), additives, emulsifiers, biolubricants, and vitrimers, are summarized and discussed. Perspectives on the future development of the art of upcycling thermosets are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbo Wang
- Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Du
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Songqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Polymers and Composites, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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Zhou X, Zhu L, Yang Y, Xu L, Qian X, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M. High-yield and nitrogen self-doped hierarchical porous carbon from polyurethane foam for high-performance supercapacitors. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 300:134552. [PMID: 35405196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Confronted with the environmental pollution and energy crisis issues, upcycling of waste plastics for energy-storage applications has attracted broad interest. Polyurethane (PUR) is a potential candidate for the preparation of N-doped carbon materials. However, its low carbon yield limits the utilization of PUR waste. In this study, PUR foam was converted into N-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) through an autogenic atmosphere pyrolysis (AAP)-KOH activation approach. An ultra-high carbon yield of 55.0% was achieved through AAP, which is more than 17 times the carbon yield of conventional pyrolysis of PUR. AAP converted 83.2% of C and 61.0% of N in PUR into derived carbon material. The high conversion rate and self-doping effect can increase the environmental and economic benefits of this approach. KOH activation significantly increased the specific surface area of carbon materials to 2057 m2 g-1 and incorporated hierarchical porous structure and O-containing functional groups to the carbon materials. The obtained NHPCs were applied to improve the performance of supercapacitors. The electrochemical measurement revealed that NHPCs exhibited a high specific capacitance of 342 F g-1 (133 F cm-3) at 0.5 A g-1, low resistance, and outstanding cycling stability. The energy density and power density of the supercapacitor were improved to 11.3 W h kg-1 and 250 W kg-1, respectively. This research developed a possible solution to plastic pollution and energy shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Liyao Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Qian
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China.
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Zhao X, Boruah B, Chin KF, Đokić M, Modak JM, Soo HS. Upcycling to Sustainably Reuse Plastics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2100843. [PMID: 34240472 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastics are now indispensable in daily lives. However, the pollution from plastics is also increasingly becoming a serious environmental issue. Recent years have seen more sustainable approaches and technologies, commonly known as upcycling, to transform plastics into value-added materials and chemical feedstocks. In this review, the latest research on upcycling is presented, with a greater focus on the use of renewable energy as well as the more selective methods to repurpose synthetic polymers. First, thermal upcycling approaches are briefly introduced, including the redeployment of plastics for construction uses, 3D printing precursors, and lightweight materials. Then, some of the latest novel strategies to deconstruct condensation polymers to monomers for repolymerization or introduce vulnerable linkers to make the plastics more degradable are discussed. Subsequently, the review will explore the breakthroughs in plastics upcycling by heterogeneous and homogeneous photocatalysis, as well as electrocatalysis, which transform plastics into more versatile fine chemicals and materials while simultaneously mitigating global climate change. In addition, some of the biotechnological advances in the discovery and engineering of microbes that can decompose plastics are also presented. Finally, the current challenges and outlook for future plastics upcycling are discussed to stimulate global cooperation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Bhanupriya Boruah
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Kek Foo Chin
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Miloš Đokić
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Jayant M Modak
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, CV Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Han Sen Soo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
- Artificial Photosynthesis (Solar Fuels) Laboratory, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Roy PS, Garnier G, Allais F, Saito K. Strategic Approach Towards Plastic Waste Valorization: Challenges and Promising Chemical Upcycling Possibilities. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:4007-4027. [PMID: 34132056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste, which is one of the major sources of pollution in the landfills and oceans, has raised global concern, primarily due to the huge production rate, high durability, and the lack of utilization of the available waste management techniques. Recycling methods are preferable to reduce the impact of plastic pollution to some extent. However, most of the recycling techniques are associated with different drawbacks, high cost and downgrading of product quality being among the notable ones. The sustainable option here is to upcycle the plastic waste to create high-value materials to compensate for the cost of production. Several upcycling techniques are constantly being investigated and explored, which is currently the only economical option to resolve the plastic waste issue. This Review provides a comprehensive insight on the promising chemical routes available for upcycling of the most widely used plastic and mixed plastic wastes. The challenges inherent to these processes, the recent advances, and the significant role of the science and research community in resolving these issues are further emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Sinha Roy
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Florent Allais
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- URD Agro-Biotechnologies Industrielles (ABI), CEBB, AgroParisTech, 51110, Pomacle, France
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- BioPRIA, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
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Głowniak S, Szczęśniak B, Choma J, Jaroniec M. Highly Porous Carbons Synthesized from Tannic Acid via a Combined Mechanochemical Salt-Templating and Mild Activation Strategy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071826. [PMID: 33804995 PMCID: PMC8036879 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly porous activated carbons were synthesized via the mechanochemical salt-templating method using both sustainable precursors and sustainable chemical activators. Tannic acid is a polyphenolic compound derived from biomass, which, together with urea, can serve as a low-cost, environmentally friendly precursor for the preparation of efficient N-doped carbons. The use of various organic and inorganic salts as activating agents afforded carbons with diverse structural and physicochemical characteristics, e.g., their specific surface areas ranged from 1190 m2·g−1 to 3060 m2·g−1. Coupling the salt-templating method and chemical activation with potassium oxalate appeared to be an efficient strategy for the synthesis of a highly porous carbon with a specific surface area of 3060 m2·g−1, a large total pore volume of 3.07 cm3·g−1 and high H2 and CO2 adsorption capacities of 13.2 mmol·g−1 at −196 °C and 4.7 mmol·g−1 at 0 °C, respectively. The most microporous carbon from the series exhibited a CO2 uptake capacity as high as 6.4 mmol·g−1 at 1 bar and 0 °C. Moreover, these samples showed exceptionally high thermal stability. Such activated carbons obtained from readily available sustainable precursors and activators are attractive for several applications in adsorption and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Głowniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Barbara Szczęśniak
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-261-839-774
| | - Jerzy Choma
- Institute of Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (S.G.); (J.C.)
| | - Mietek Jaroniec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
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Li F, Huang X, Wang N, Zhu X, Chan V, Zhao R, Chao Y. Aminal/Schiff‐Base Polymer to Fabricate Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres for High‐Performance Supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan Anhui 232001 P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan Anhui 232001 P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education Anhui Normal University Wuhu Anhui 232001 P. R. China
| | - Nuoya Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan Anhui 232001 P. R. China
| | - Xingxing Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan Anhui 232001 P. R. China
| | - Vincent Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Khalifa University Abu Dhabi 127788 U. A. E
| | - Ruikun Zhao
- College of Arts and Sciences Khalifa University of Science and Technology PO Box 127788 Abu Dhabi U. A. E
| | - Yimin Chao
- School of Chemistry University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ U. K
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An HJ, Park JM, Khan NA, Jhung SH. Adsorptive removal of bulky dye molecules from water with mesoporous polyaniline-derived carbon. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:597-605. [PMID: 32318320 PMCID: PMC7155913 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline-derived carbon (PDC) was obtained via pyrolysis of polyaniline under different temperatures and applied for the purification of water contaminated with dye molecules of different sizes and charge by adsorption. With increasing pyrolysis temperature, it was found that the hydrophobicity, pore size and mesopore volume increased. A mesoporous PDC sample obtained via pyrolysis at 900 °C showed remarkable performance in the adsorption of dye molecules, irrespective of dye charge, especially in the removal of bulky dye molecules, such as acid red 1 (AR1) and Janus green B (JGB). For example, the most competitive PDC material showed a Q 0 value (maximum adsorption capacity) 8.1 times that of commercial, activated carbon for AR1. The remarkable adsorption of AR1 and JGB over KOH-900 could be explained by the combined mechanisms of hydrophobic, π-π, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Jun An
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nazmul Abedin Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwa Jhung
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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