1
|
Mahfufah U, Sya'ban Mahfud MA, Saputra MD, Abd Azis SB, Salsabila A, Asri RM, Habibie H, Sari Y, Yulianty R, Alsayed AR, Pamornpathomkul B, Mir M, Permana AD. Incorporation of Inclusion Complexes in the Dissolvable Microneedle Ocular Patch System for the Efficiency of Fluconazole in the Therapy of Fungal Keratitis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:25637-25651. [PMID: 38728098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Fluconazole (FNL) is one of the first-line treatments for fungal keratitis as it is an effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial commonly administered orally or topically. However, FNL has a very low water solubility, limiting its drug formulation, therapeutic application, and bioavailability through tissues. To overcome these limitations, this study aimed to develop FNL inclusion complexes (FNL-IC) with cyclodextrin (α-cyclodextrin, sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin, and hydroxypropyl-γ cyclodextrin) and incorporate it into a dissolvable microneedle (DMN) system to improve solubility and drug penetration. FNL-IC was evaluated for saturation solubility, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, in vitro release, minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and time-killing assay. DMN-FNL-IC was evaluated for mechanical and insertion properties, surface pH, moisture absorption ability, water vapor transmission, and drug content recovery. Moreover, ocular kinetic, ex vivo antimicrobial, in vivo antifungal, and chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assays were conducted to assess the overall performance of the formulation. Mechanical strength and insertion properties revealed that DMN-FNL-IC has great mechanical and insertion properties. The in vitro release of FNL-IC was significantly improved, exhibiting a 9-fold increase compared to pure FNL. The ex vivo antifungal activity showed significant inhibition of Candida albicans from 6.54 to 0.73 log cfu/mL or 100-0.94%. In vivo numbers of colonies of 0.87 ± 0.13 log cfu/mL (F2), 4.76 ± 0.26 log cfu/mL (FNL eye drops), 3.89 ± 0.24 log cfu/mL (FNL ointments), and 8.04 ± 0.58 log cfu/mL (control) showed the effectiveness of DMN preparations against other standard commercial preparations. The HET-CAM assay showed that DMN-FNL-IC (F2) did not show any vascular damage. Finally, a combination of FNL-IC and DMN was developed appropriately for ocular delivery of FNL, which was safe and increased the effectiveness of treatments for fungal keratitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulfah Mahfufah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Azimah Salsabila
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Habibie Habibie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Yessie Sari
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Risfah Yulianty
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad R Alsayed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | | | - Maria Mir
- Department of Pharmacy, Iqra University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wong KY, Wong MS, Liu J. Nanozymes for Treating Ocular Diseases. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401309. [PMID: 38738646 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Nanozymes, characterized by their nanoscale size and enzyme-like catalytic activities, exhibit diverse therapeutic potentials, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-angiogenic effects. These properties make them highly valuable in nanomedicine, particularly ocular therapy, bypassing the need for systemic delivery. Nanozymes show significant promise in tackling multi-factored ocular diseases, particularly those influenced by oxidation and inflammation, like dry eye disease, and age-related macular degeneration. Their small size, coupled with their ease of modification and integration into soft materials, facilitates the effective penetration of ocular barriers, thereby enabling targeted or prolonged therapy within the eye. This review is dedicated to exploring ocular diseases that are intricately linked to oxidation and inflammation, shedding light on the role of nanozymes in managing these conditions. Additionally, recent studies elucidating advanced applications of nanozymes in ocular therapeutics, along with their integration with soft materials for disease management, are discussed. Finally, this review outlines directions for future investigations aimed at bridging the gap between nanozyme research and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Ying Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Sau Wong
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Research Center for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Juewen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17 W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mulkutkar M, Damani M, Sawarkar S. Polymeric microneedles for the eye: An overview of advances and ocular applications for minimally invasive drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 197:114209. [PMID: 38336234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery is challenging due to the presence of tissue barriers and clearance mechanisms. Most widely used topical formulations need frequent application because of poor permeability, short retention, and low bioavailability. Invasive intraocular injections and implants that deliver drugs at the target site are associated with infections, inflammation, and even vision loss post-use. These gaps can be addressed by a delivery platform that can efficiently deliver drug with minimal tissue damage. Microneedles were introduced as a delivery platform for overcoming dermal barriers with minimal tissue damage. After the successful clinical transition of microneedles in the transdermal drug delivery, they are now being extensively studied for ocular applications. The attributes of minimally invasive application and the capability to deliver a wide range of therapeutics make microneedles an attractive candidate for ocular drug delivery. The current manuscript provides a detailed overview of the recent advancements in the field of microneedles for ocular use. This paper reviews research focusing on polymeric microneedles and their pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical properties. A brief discussion about their clinical translation and regulatory concerns is also covered. The multitude of research articles supports the fact that microneedles are a potential, minimally invasive drug delivery platform for ophthalmic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhura Mulkutkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Mansi Damani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India
| | - Sujata Sawarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alrbyawi H, Annaji M, Fasina O, Palakurthi S, Boddu SHS, Hassan N, Tiwari AK, Suryawanshi A, Babu RJ. Rapidly Dissolving Trans-scleral Microneedles for Intraocular Delivery of Cyclosporine A. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:28. [PMID: 38302687 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a cyclic peptide immunosuppressant drug that is beneficial in the treatment of various ocular diseases. However, its ocular bioavailability in the posterior eye is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility. Conventional CsA formulations such as a solution or emulsion permeate poorly across the eye due to various static and dynamic barriers of the eye. Dissolvable microneedle (MN)-based patches can be used to overcome barrier properties and, thus, enhance the ocular bioavailability of CsA in the posterior eye. CsA-loaded dissolvable MN patches were fabricated using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and characterized for MN uniformity and sharpness using SEM. Further characterization for its failure force, penetration force, and depth of penetration were analyzed using a texture analyzer. Finally, the dissolution time, ex vivo permeation, and ocular distribution of cyclosporine were determined in isolated porcine eyes. PVP MNs were sharp, uniform with good mechanical properties, and dissolved within 5 min. Ocular distribution of CsA in a whole porcine eye perfusion model showed a significant increase of CsA levels in various posterior segment ocular tissues as compared to a topically applied ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis®) (P < 0.001). Dissolving MNs of CsA were prepared, and the MN arrays can deliver CsA to the back of the eye offering potential for treating various inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alrbyawi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Department, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manjusha Annaji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Oladiran Fasina
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - Srinath Palakurthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USA
| | - Sai H S Boddu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nageeb Hassan
- Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, P.O. Box 346, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas of Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 240B Greene Hall, Auburn, Alabama, 36849, USA
| | - R Jayachandra Babu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamagishi R, Miura S, Yabu K, Ando M, Hachikubo Y, Yokoyama Y, Yasuda K, Takei S. Fabrication Technology of Self-Dissolving Sodium Hyaluronate Gels Ultrafine Microneedles for Medical Applications with UV-Curing Gas-Permeable Mold. Gels 2024; 10:65. [PMID: 38247787 PMCID: PMC10815747 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Microneedles are of great interest in diverse fields, including cosmetics, drug delivery systems, chromatography, and biological sensing for disease diagnosis. Self-dissolving ultrafine microneedles of pure sodium hyaluronate hydrogels were fabricated using a UV-curing TiO2-SiO2 gas-permeable mold polymerized by sol-gel hydrolysis reactions in nanoimprint lithography processes under refrigeration at 5 °C, where thermal decomposition of microneedle components can be avoided. The moldability, strength, and dissolution behavior of sodium hyaluronate hydrogels with different molecular weights were compared to evaluate the suitability of ultrafine microneedles with a bottom diameter of 40 μm and a height of 80 μm. The appropriate molecular weight range and formulation of pure sodium hyaluronate hydrogels were found to control the dissolution behavior of self-dissolving ultrafine microneedles while maintaining the moldability and strength of the microneedles. This fabrication technology of ultrafine microneedles expands their possibilities as a next-generation technique for bioactive gels for controlling the blood levels of drugs and avoiding pain during administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rio Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (R.Y.); (S.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Sayaka Miura
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (R.Y.); (S.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kana Yabu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mano Ando
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuna Hachikubo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (K.Y.); (M.A.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Yokoyama
- Toyama Industrial Technology Research and Development Center, Takaoka 933-0981, Toyama, Japan;
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (R.Y.); (S.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Satoshi Takei
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu 939-0398, Toyama, Japan; (R.Y.); (S.M.); (K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu LC, Chen YH, Lu DW. Overview of Recent Advances in Nano-Based Ocular Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15352. [PMID: 37895032 PMCID: PMC10607833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular diseases profoundly impact patients' vision and overall quality of life globally. However, effective ocular drug delivery presents formidable challenges within clinical pharmacology and biomaterial science, primarily due to the intricate anatomical and physiological barriers unique to the eye. In this comprehensive review, we aim to shed light on the anatomical and physiological features of the eye, emphasizing the natural barriers it presents to drug administration. Our goal is to provide a thorough overview of various characteristics inherent to each nano-based drug delivery system. These encompass nanomicelles, nanoparticles, nanosuspensions, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanofibers, dendrimers, liposomes, niosomes, nanowafers, contact lenses, hydrogels, microneedles, and innovative gene therapy approaches employing nano-based ocular delivery techniques. We delve into the biology and methodology of these systems, introducing their clinical applications over the past decade. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges illuminated by recent studies. While nano-based drug delivery systems for ophthalmic formulations are gaining increasing attention, further research is imperative to address potential safety and toxicity concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Da-Wen Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan; (L.-C.L.); (Y.-H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaur S, Sohnen P, Swamynathan S, Du Y, Espana EM, Swamynathan SK. Molecular nature of ocular surface barrier function, diseases that affect it, and its relevance for ocular drug delivery. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:3-13. [PMID: 37543173 PMCID: PMC10837323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the ocular surface, a continuous epithelial structure comprised of the cornea, the conjunctiva, and the ductal surface of the lacrimal as well as meibomian glands, is crucial for proper vision. The ocular surface barrier function (OSBF), sum of the different types of protective mechanisms that exist at the ocular surface, is essential to protect the rest of the eye from vision-threatening physical, chemical, and biological insults. OSBF helps maintain the immune privileged nature of the cornea and the aqueous humor by preventing entry of infectious agents, allergens, and noxious chemicals. Disruption of OSBF exposes the dense nerve endings of the cornea to these stimuli, resulting in discomfort and pain. This review summarizes the status of our knowledge related to the molecular nature of OSBF, describes the effect of different ocular surface disorders on OSBF, and examines the relevance of this knowledge for ocular drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Kaur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Peri Sohnen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Sudha Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Edgar M Espana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA
| | - Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Room 2114, Tampa, FL 33612. USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng H, Xie X, Ling H, You X, Liang S, Lin R, Qiu R, Hou H. Transdermal drug delivery via microneedles for musculoskeletal systems. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8327-8346. [PMID: 37539625 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01441j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
As the population is ageing and lifestyle is changing, the prevalence of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders is gradually increasing with each passing year, posing a serious threat to the health and quality of the public, especially the elderly. However, currently prevalent treatments for MSK disorders, mainly administered orally and by injection, are not targeted to the specific lesion, resulting in low efficacy along with a series of local and systemic adverse effects. Microneedle (MN) patches loaded with micron-sized needle array, combining the advantages of oral administration and local injection, have become a potentially novel strategy for the administration and treatment of MSK diseases. In this review, we briefly introduce the basics of MNs and focus on the main characteristics of the MSK systems and various types of MN-based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) systems. We emphasize the progress and broad applications of MN-based transdermal drug delivery (TDD) for MSK systems, including osteoporosis, nutritional rickets and some other typical types of arthritis and muscular damage, and in closing summarize the future prospects and challenges of MNs application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xuankun Xie
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Haocong Ling
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Xintong You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Siyu Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Rurong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Renjie Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| | - Honghao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gabai A, Zeppieri M, Finocchio L, Salati C. Innovative Strategies for Drug Delivery to the Ocular Posterior Segment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1862. [PMID: 37514050 PMCID: PMC10385847 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovative and new drug delivery systems (DDSs) have recently been developed to vehicle treatments and drugs to the ocular posterior segment and the retina. New formulations and technological developments, such as nanotechnology, novel matrices, and non-traditional treatment strategies, open new perspectives in this field. The aim of this mini-review is to highlight promising strategies reported in the current literature based on innovative routes to overcome the anatomical and physiological barriers of the vitreoretinal structures. The paper also describes the challenges in finding appropriate and pertinent treatments that provide safety and efficacy and the problems related to patient compliance, acceptability, effectiveness, and sustained drug delivery. The clinical application of these experimental approaches can help pave the way for standardizing the use of DDSs in developing enhanced treatment strategies and personalized therapeutic options for ocular pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gabai
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Lucia Finocchio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, 59100 Prato, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shastri DH, Silva AC, Almeida H. Ocular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010205. [PMID: 36678834 PMCID: PMC9864358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, single chain variable fragment (ScFv), crystallizable fragment (Fc), and fragment antigen binding (Fab), have accounted for one-third of all drugs on the world market. In particular, these medicines have been widely used in ocular therapies in the treatment of various diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. However, the formulation of these biomacromolecules is challenging due to their high molecular weight, complex structure, instability, short half-life, enzymatic degradation, and immunogenicity, which leads to the failure of therapies. Various efforts have been made to overcome the ocular barriers, providing effective delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as altering the protein structure or including it in new delivery systems. These strategies are not only cost-effective and beneficial to patients but have also been shown to allow for fewer drug side effects. In this review, we discuss several factors that affect the design of formulations and the delivery of therapeutic proteins to ocular tissues, such as the use of injectable micro/nanocarriers, hydrogels, implants, iontophoresis, cell-based therapy, and combination techniques. In addition, other approaches are briefly discussed, related to the structural modification of these proteins, improving their bioavailability in the posterior segments of the eye without affecting their stability. Future research should be conducted toward the development of more effective, stable, noninvasive, and cost-effective formulations for the ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins. In addition, more insights into preclinical to clinical translation are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divyesh H. Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gandhinagar 382016, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- FP-I3ID (Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento), FP-BHS (Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mesosystem Investigação & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faraji Rad Z, Prewett PD, Davies GJ. Microneedle patches - the future of drug delivery and vaccination? BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:494-495. [PMID: 37091287 PMCID: PMC10113516 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Faraji Rad
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Philip D Prewett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Oxacus Ltd, Dorchester-on-Thames, OX10 7HN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J Davies
- Faculty of Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumar N, Ghosh B, Kumar A, Koley R, Dhara S, Chattopadhyay S. Multilayered “SMART” hydrogel systems for on-site drug delivery applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
13
|
5-Fluorouracil-Immobilized Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Arrays on an Electrospun Bilayer Membrane as a Drug Patch. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120742. [PMID: 36550948 PMCID: PMC9774285 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel array was employed for immobilization of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and the electrospun bilayer (hydrophilic: polyurethane/pluronic F-127 and hydrophobic: polyurethane) membrane was used to support the HA hydrogel array as a patch. To visualize the drug propagating phenomenon into tissues, we experimentally investigated how FITC-BSA diffused into the tissue by applying hydrogel patches to porcine tissue samples. The diffusive phenomenon basically depends on the FITC-BSA diffusion coefficient in the hydrogel, and the degree of diffusion of FITC-BSA may be affected by the concentration of HA hydrogel, which demonstrates that the high density of HA hydrogel inhibits the diffusive FITC-BSA migration toward the low concentration region. YD-10B cells were employed to investigate the release of 5-FU from the HA array on the bilayer membrane. In the control group, YD-10B cell viability was over 98% after 3 days. However, in the 5-FU-immobilized HA hydrogel array, most of the YD-10B cells were not attached to the bilayer membrane used as a scaffold. These results suggest that 5-FU was locally released and initiated the death of the YD-10B cells. Our results show that 5-FU immobilized on HA arrays significantly reduces YD-10B cell adhesion and proliferation, affecting cells even early in the cell culture. Our results suggest that when 5-FU is immobilized in the HA hydrogel array on the bilayer membrane as a drug patch, it is possible to control the drug concentration, to release it continuously, and that the patch can be applied locally to the targeted tumor site and administer the drug in a time-stable manner. Therefore, the developed bilayer membrane-based HA hydrogel array patch can be considered for sustained release of the drug in biomedical applications.
Collapse
|