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Beheshtizadeh N, Amiri Z, Tabatabaei SZ, Seraji AA, Gharibshahian M, Nadi A, Saeinasab M, Sefat F, Kolahi Azar H. Boosting antitumor efficacy using docetaxel-loaded nanoplatforms: from cancer therapy to regenerative medicine approaches. J Transl Med 2024; 22:520. [PMID: 38816723 PMCID: PMC11137998 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The intersection of nanotechnology and pharmacology has revolutionized the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, notably docetaxel, a key drug in cancer treatment. Traditionally limited by poor solubility and significant side effects, docetaxel's therapeutic potential has been significantly enhanced through its incorporation into nanoplatforms, such as nanofibers and nanoparticles. This advancement offers targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability, dramatically reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing patient outcomes. Nanofibers provide a versatile scaffold for the controlled release of docetaxel, utilizing techniques like electrospinning to tailor drug release profiles. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues through sophisticated encapsulation methods such as nanoprecipitation and emulsion. These nanotechnologies not only improve the pharmacokinetic properties of docetaxel but also open new avenues in regenerative medicine by facilitating targeted therapy and cellular regeneration. This narrative review highlights the transformative impact of docetaxel-loaded nanoplatforms in oncology and beyond, showcasing the potential of nanotechnology to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy and pave the way for future innovations in drug delivery and regenerative therapies. Through these advancements, nanotechnology promises a new era of precision medicine, enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatments while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Beheshtizadeh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, 1458889694, Tehran, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zoha Tabatabaei
- Cardiogenetic Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Seraji
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Gharibshahian
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Nadi
- Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Morvarid Saeinasab
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Hanieh Kolahi Azar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pathology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Mamidi N, García RG, Martínez JDH, Briones CM, Martínez Ramos AM, Tamez MFL, Del Valle BG, Segura FJM. Recent Advances in Designing Fibrous Biomaterials for the Domain of Biomedical, Clinical, and Environmental Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3690-3716. [PMID: 36037103 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unique properties and potential applications of nanofibers have emerged as innovative approaches and opportunities in the biomedical, healthcare, environmental, and biosensor fields. Electrospinning and centrifugal spinning strategies have gained considerable attention among all kinds of strategies to produce nanofibers. These techniques produce nanofibers with high porosity and surface area, adequate pore architecture, and diverse chemical compositions. The extraordinary characteristics of nanofibers have unveiled new gates in nanomedicine to establish innovative fiber-based formulations for biomedical use, healthcare, and a wide range of other applications. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nanofibers and their broad range of applications, including drug delivery, biomedical scaffolds, tissue/bone-tissue engineering, dental applications, and environmental remediation in a single place. The review begins with a brief introduction followed by potential applications of nanofibers. Finally, the future perspectives and current challenges of nanofibers are demonstrated. This review will help researchers to engineer more efficient multifunctional nanofibers with improved characteristics for their effective use in broad areas. We strongly believe this review is a reader's delight and will help in dealing with the fundamental principles and applications of nanofiber-based scaffolds. This review will assist students and a broad range of scientific communities to understand the significance of nanofibers in several domains of nanotechnology, nanomedicine, biotechnology, and environmental remediation, which will set a benchmark for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsimha Mamidi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Rubén Gutiérrez García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64988, Mexico
| | - José Daniel Hernández Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Camila Martínez Briones
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Andrea Michelle Martínez Ramos
- Department of Biotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64988, Mexico
| | - María Fernanda Leal Tamez
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
| | - Braulio González Del Valle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64988, Mexico
| | - Francisco Javier Macias Segura
- Department of Chemistry and Nanotechnology, The School of Engineering and Science, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64849, Mexico
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3
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Calatayud DG, Neophytou S, Nicodemou E, Giuffrida SG, Ge H, Pascu SI. Nano-Theranostics for the Sensing, Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancers. Front Chem 2022; 10:830133. [PMID: 35494646 PMCID: PMC9039169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.830133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We highlight hereby recent developments in the emerging field of theranostics, which encompasses the combination of therapeutics and diagnostics in a single entity aimed for an early-stage diagnosis, image-guided therapy as well as evaluation of therapeutic outcomes of relevance to prostate cancer (PCa). Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men and a frequent cause of male cancer death. As such, this overview is concerned with recent developments in imaging and sensing of relevance to prostate cancer diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. A major advantage for the effective treatment of PCa is an early diagnosis that would provide information for an appropriate treatment. Several imaging techniques are being developed to diagnose and monitor different stages of cancer in general, and patient stratification is particularly relevant for PCa. Hybrid imaging techniques applicable for diagnosis combine complementary structural and morphological information to enhance resolution and sensitivity of imaging. The focus of this review is to sum up some of the most recent advances in the nanotechnological approaches to the sensing and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Targeted imaging using nanoparticles, radiotracers and biomarkers could result to a more specialised and personalised diagnosis and treatment of PCa. A myriad of reports has been published literature proposing methods to detect and treat PCa using nanoparticles but the number of techniques approved for clinical use is relatively small. Another facet of this report is on reviewing aspects of the role of functional nanoparticles in multimodality imaging therapy considering recent developments in simultaneous PET-MRI (Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging) coupled with optical imaging in vitro and in vivo, whilst highlighting feasible case studies that hold promise for the next generation of dual modality medical imaging of PCa. It is envisaged that progress in the field of imaging and sensing domains, taken together, could benefit from the biomedical implementation of new synthetic platforms such as metal complexes and functional materials supported on organic molecular species, which can be conjugated to targeting biomolecules and encompass adaptable and versatile molecular architectures. Furthermore, we include hereby an overview of aspects of biosensing methods aimed to tackle PCa: prostate biomarkers such as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) have been incorporated into synthetic platforms and explored in the context of sensing and imaging applications in preclinical investigations for the early detection of PCa. Finally, some of the societal concerns around nanotechnology being used for the detection of PCa are considered and addressed together with the concerns about the toxicity of nanoparticles–these were aspects of recent lively debates that currently hamper the clinical advancements of nano-theranostics. The publications survey conducted for this review includes, to the best of our knowledge, some of the most recent relevant literature examples from the state-of-the-art. Highlighting these advances would be of interest to the biomedical research community aiming to advance the application of theranostics particularly in PCa diagnosis and treatment, but also to those interested in the development of new probes and methodologies for the simultaneous imaging and therapy monitoring employed for PCa targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Calatayud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Electroceramics, Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sofia I. Pascu, ; David G. Calatayud,
| | - Sotia Neophytou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nicodemou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Haobo Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre of Therapeutic Innovations, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sofia I. Pascu, ; David G. Calatayud,
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Freire TM, Sant'Anna C, Yoshihara N, Hu R, Qu J, Alencar LMR, Oliveira da Silva de Barros A, Helal-Neto E, Fernandes LR, Simoes RL, Barja-Fidalgo C, Fechine PBA, Santos-Oliveira R. Biomedical application of graphitic carbon nitrides: tissue deposition in vivo, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell viability in tumor cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:435301. [PMID: 34271563 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The urgency for new materials in oncology is immediate. In this study we have developed the g-C3N4, a graphitic-like structure formed by periodically linked tris-s-triazine units. The g-C3N4has been synthesized by a simple and fast thermal process. XRD has shown the formation of the crystalline sheet with a compacted structure. The graphite-like structure and the functional groups have been shown by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. TEM image and AFM revealed the porous composed of five or six C-N layers stacked. DRS and Photoluminescence analyses confirmed the structure with band gap of 2.87 eV and emission band at 448 nm in different wavelengths excitation conditions. The biological results showed inhibitory effect on cancer cell lines and non-toxic effect in normal cell lines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work demonstrating the cytotoxic effects of 2D g-C3N4in a cancer cell line, without any external or synergistic influence. The biodistribution/tissue accumulation showed that g-C3N4present a tendency to accumulation on the lung in the first 2 h, but after 24 h the profile of the biodistribution change and it is found mainly in the liver. Thus, 2D-g-C3N4showed great potential for the treatment of several cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Melo Freire
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil
| | - Celso Sant'Anna
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Life Science, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 24250020, Brazil
| | - Natalia Yoshihara
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Laboratory of Microscopy Applied to Life Science, Duque de Caxias-RJ, 24250020, Brazil
| | - Rui Hu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Junle Qu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Aline Oliveira da Silva de Barros
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Edward Helal-Neto
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
| | - Laila Ribeiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biology of Endothelial Cells and Angiogenesis (LabAngio), Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 20550- 900, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
| | - Rafael L Simoes
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil
| | - Christina Barja-Fidalgo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Cell Biology, IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ 21040900, Brazil
| | - Pierre B A Fechine
- Group of Chemistry of Advanced Materials (GQMat)- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical-Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 451-970, Brazil
| | - Ralph Santos-Oliveira
- Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission, Nuclear Engineering Institute, Laboratory of Nanoradiopharmacy and Synthesis of New Radiopharmaceuticals, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941906, Brazil
- Zona Oeste State University, Laboratory of Nanoradiophasrmacy and Strategic Biomaterials, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 220000, Brazil
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Abdo GG, Zagho MM, Al Moustafa AE, Khalil A, Elzatahry AA. A comprehensive review summarizing the recent biomedical applications of functionalized carbon nanofibers. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:1893-1908. [PMID: 33749098 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery and fabrication of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) over a decade ago, scientists foster to discover novel myriad potential applications for this material in both biomedicine and industry. The unique economic viability, mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal, and structural properties of CNFs led to their rapid emergence. CNFs become an artificial intelligence platform for different uses, including a wide range of biomedical applications. Furthermore, CNFs have exceptionally large surface areas that make them flexible for tailoring and functionalization on demand. This review highlights the recent progress and achievements of CNFs in a wide range of biomedical fields, including cancer therapy, biosensing, tissue engineering, and wound dressing. Besides the synthetic techniques of CNFs, their potential toxicity and limitations, as biomaterials in real clinical settings, will be presented. This review discusses CNF's future investigations in other biomedical fields, including gene delivery and bioimaging and CNFs risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada G Abdo
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Moustafa M Zagho
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, 39406, USA
| | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Ashraf Khalil
- College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Ahmed A Elzatahry
- Materials Science and Technology Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
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6
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When polymers meet carbon nanostructures: expanding horizons in cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2020; 11:2205-2231. [PMID: 31538523 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of hybrid materials, which combine inorganic with organic materials, is receiving increasing attention by researchers. As a consequence of carbon nanostructures high chemical versatility, they exhibit enormous potential for new highly engineered multifunctional nanotherapeutic agents for cancer therapy. Whereas many groups are working on drug delivery systems for chemotherapy, the use of carbon nanohybrids for radiotherapy is rarely applied. Thus, nanotechnology offers a wide range of solutions to overcome the current obstacles of conventional chemo- and/or radiotherapies. Within this review, the structure and properties of carbon nanostructures (carbon nanotubes, nanographene oxide) functionalized preferentially with different types of polymers (synthetic, natural) are discussed. In short, synthesis approaches, toxicity investigations and anticancer efficacy of different carbon nanohybrids are described.
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Hosnedlova B, Kepinska M, Fernandez C, Peng Q, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Milnerowicz H, Kizek R. Carbon Nanomaterials for Targeted Cancer Therapy Drugs: A Critical Review. CHEM REC 2018; 19:502-522. [PMID: 30156367 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the main causes of human death in developed countries. Most current therapies, unfortunately, carry a number of side effects, such as toxicity and damage to healthy cells, as well as the risk of resistance and recurrence. Therefore, cancer research is trying to develop therapeutic procedures with minimal negative consequences. The use of nanomaterial-based systems appears to be one of them. In recent years, great progress has been made in the field using nanomaterials with high potential in biomedical applications. Carbon nanomaterials, thanks to their unique physicochemical properties, are gaining more and more popularity in cancer therapy. They are valued especially for their ability to deliver drugs or small therapeutic molecules to these cells. Through surface functionalization, they can specifically target tumor tissues, increasing the therapeutic potential and significantly reducing the adverse effects of therapy. Their potential future use could, therefore, be as vehicles for drug delivery. This review presents the latest findings of research studies using carbon nanomaterials in the treatment of various types of cancer. To carry out this study, different databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were employed. The findings of research studies chosen from more than 2000 viewed scientific publications from the last 15 years were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Hosnedlova
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Kepinska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen, AB107GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Qiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Human Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
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Mortimer M, Devarajan N, Li D, Holden PA. Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes Induce More Pronounced Transcriptomic Responses in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG201 than Graphene, Exfoliated Boron Nitride, or Carbon Black. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2728-2740. [PMID: 29455524 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonaceous and boron nitride (BN) nanomaterials have similar applications and hydrophobic properties suggesting common release pathways and exposure to bacteria. While high nanomaterial concentrations can be bactericidal or growth-inhibitory, little is known regarding bacterial transcriptional responses to non-growth-inhibitory nanomaterial concentrations. Here, using one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-a clinically and environmentally important bacterial taxon-we analyzed the comparative transcriptomic response to carbonaceous or BN nanomaterials. We show that, at non-growth-inhibitory, equal mass concentrations (10 mg/L), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) induced differential regulation of 111 genes in P. aeruginosa, while graphene, BN, and carbon black caused differential regulation of 44, 26, and 25 genes, respectively. MWCNTs caused the upregulation of genes encoding general stress response (9 genes), sulfur metabolism (15), and transport of small molecules (7) and downregulation of genes encoding flagellar basal-body rod proteins and other virulence-related factors (6), nitrogen metabolism (7), and membrane proteins (12), including a two-component regulatory system CzcS/R. Because two-component systems are associated with antibiotic resistance, the antibiotic susceptibility of P. aeruginosa was tested following MWCNT exposure. In MWCNT-treated cultures, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem and imipenem decreased from 0.06 to 0.03 μg/mL and from 0.25 to 0.125 μg/mL, respectively. Taken together, whole genome analysis indicated that, in the absence of growth inhibition, nanomaterials can alter bacterial physiology and metabolism. For MWCNTs, such alterations may include downregulation of antibiotic resistance pathways, suggesting that pre-exposure to MWCNTs could potentially render bacteria more susceptible to carbapenems which are often the last resort for the globally concerning, highly antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa.
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