1
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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2
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Heard DM, Lennox AJJ. Electrode Materials in Modern Organic Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18866-18884. [PMID: 32633073 PMCID: PMC7589451 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The choice of electrode material is critical for achieving optimal yields and selectivity in synthetic organic electrochemistry. The material imparts significant influence on the kinetics and thermodynamics of electron transfer, and frequently defines the success or failure of a transformation. Electrode processes are complex and so the choice of a material is often empirical and the underlying mechanisms and rationale for success are unknown. In this review, we aim to highlight recent instances of electrode choice where rationale is offered, which should aid future reaction development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of BristolSchool of ChemistryCantocks CloseBristol, AvonBS8 1TSUK
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4
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Phillips AMF, Pombeiro AJL. Electrochemical asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7026-7055. [PMID: 32909570 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01425g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Electrically driven oxidation and reduction reactions are well-established methods for synthesis even in the chemical industry, but asymmetric versions are still few. The mild conditions used, atom efficiency and low cost make these reactions a very attractive alternative to other methods of synthesis. Very fine tuning can be achieved based on minute changes in potentials, allowing only one functional group in a molecule to react in the presence of several others, which is ideal for applications in total synthesis. In this review, the literature in the field of asymmetric synthesis of biologically active substances over the last 10 years is surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Faisca Phillips
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Armando J L Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Heard
- University of Bristol School of Chemistry Cantocks Close Bristol, Avon BS8 1TS UK
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6
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Wirtanen T, Rodrigo E, Waldvogel SR. Recent Advances in the Electrochemical Reduction of Substrates Involving N−O Bonds. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Eduardo Rodrigo
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- epartment ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
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7
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Demidova YS, Mozhaitsev ES, Munkuev AA, Suslov EV, Saraev AA, Volcho KP, Salakhutdinov NF, Simakova IL, Murzin DY. Monoterpenoid Oximes Hydrogenation Over Platinum Catalysts. Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Lips S, Waldvogel SR. Use of Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes in Electro‐Organic Synthesis. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lips
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische ChemieJohannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany) Homepage: http//www.chemie.uni-mainz.de/OC/AK-Waldvogel/
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9
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Mitsudo K, Kurimoto Y, Yoshioka K, Suga S. Miniaturization and Combinatorial Approach in Organic Electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5985-5999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuji Kurimoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yoshioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Seiji Suga
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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10
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1892] [Impact Index Per Article: 270.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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11
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Dahms B, Franke R, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis of Optically Pure Arylamine Derivatives by Using the Bucherer Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Dahms
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Robert Franke
- Evonik Performance Materials GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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12
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Möhle S, Herold S, Richter F, Nefzger H, Waldvogel SR. Twofold Electrochemical Amination of Naphthalene and Related Arenes. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Möhle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Sebastian Herold
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Material Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Frank Richter
- Covestro Deutschland AG; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Hartmut Nefzger
- Covestro Deutschland AG; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60 51365 Leverkusen Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
- Graduate School Material Science in Mainz; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz; Staudingerweg 9 55128 Mainz Germany
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13
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Grimaudo V, Moreno-García P, Riedo A, Meyer S, Tulej M, Neuland MB, Mohos M, Gütz C, Waldvogel SR, Wurz P, Broekmann P. Toward Three-Dimensional Chemical Imaging of Ternary Cu–Sn–Pb Alloys Using Femtosecond Laser Ablation/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1632-1641. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Grimaudo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Moreno-García
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Riedo
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Meyer
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marek Tulej
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maike B. Neuland
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miklós Mohos
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Gütz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter Wurz
- Physics
Institute, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Broekmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Applicability of a Polymerized Ionic Liquid/Carbon Nanoparticle Composite Electrolyte to Reductive Cyclization and Dimerization Reactions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Herold S, Möhle S, Zirbes M, Richter F, Nefzger H, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Amination of Less-Activated Alkylated Arenes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Anodes. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Posevins D, Suta K, Turks M. Indium-Triflate-Catalyzed Ritter Reaction in Liquid Sulfur Dioxide. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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17
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Gütz C, Klöckner B, Waldvogel SR. Electrochemical Screening for Electroorganic Synthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Klöckner
- Electronics
Workshop of the Chemical Department, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelm-University Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str.
1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg
10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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18
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Gütz C, Bänziger M, Bucher C, Galvão TR, Waldvogel SR. Development and Scale-Up of the Electrochemical Dehalogenation for the Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for NS5A Inhibitors. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gütz
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for
Organic Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 55128
| | | | | | | | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute for
Organic Chemistry, Mainz, Germany 55128
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19
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Hartmer MF, Waldvogel SR. Electroorganic synthesis of nitriles via a halogen-free domino oxidation–reduction sequence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16346-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzonitriles are efficiently formed from aldoximes at graphite anode and lead cathode as the key for direct electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius F. Hartmer
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
- D-55128 Mainz
- Germany
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