1
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Schaudy E, Ibañez-Redín G, Parlar E, Somoza MM, Lietard J. Nonaqueous Oxidation in DNA Microarray Synthesis Improves the Oligonucleotide Quality and Preserves Surface Integrity on Gold and Indium Tin Oxide Substrates. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2378-2386. [PMID: 38285499 PMCID: PMC10867803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acids attached to electrically conductive surfaces are very frequently used platforms for sensing and analyte detection as well as for imaging. Synthesizing DNA on these uncommon substrates and preserving the conductive layer is challenging as this coating tends to be damaged by the repeated use of iodine and water, which is the standard oxidizing medium following phosphoramidite coupling. Here, we thoroughly investigate the use of camphorsulfonyl oxaziridine (CSO), a nonaqueous alternative to I2/H2O, for the synthesis of DNA microarrays in situ. We find that CSO performs equally well in producing high hybridization signals on glass microscope slides, and CSO also protects the conductive layer on gold and indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated slides. DNA synthesis on conductive substrates with CSO oxidation yields microarrays of quality approaching that of conventional glass with intact physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Schaudy
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Gisela Ibañez-Redín
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Etkin Parlar
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Leibniz-Institute
for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 30, Freising 85354, Germany
- Chair
of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Jory Lietard
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, Vienna 1090, Austria
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2
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Li Q, Yan H. "Difficult" deoxyribonucleotide sequences in the solid-phase synthesis by the phosphoramidite chemistry. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 43:655-663. [PMID: 38116988 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2023.2295478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This work catalogued oligonucleotide sequences and sequence compositions based on the overall yield of full-length product obtained by the phosphoramidite chemistry-based solid phase synthesis. In total, 76 sequences with different dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats were synthesized, and the fully-deprotected products were analyzed by denaturing anion exchange HPLC. Overall, sequences containing more 2'-deoxyadenosine residues were obtained in relatively lower yields, likely due to the relative ease of 2'-deoxyadenosine to undergo depurination during the detritylation reaction. Furthermore, dinucleotide steps, such as d(CG)/d(GC) and d(AG)/d(GA), likely contribute the overall lower yields of full-length products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanjian Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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3
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Rosenqvist P, Saari V, Pajuniemi E, Gimenez Molina A, Ora M, Horvath A, Virta P. Stereo-Controlled Liquid Phase Synthesis of Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides on a Soluble Support. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37428953 PMCID: PMC10367069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
5'-O-(2-Methoxyisopropyl) (MIP)-protected 2'-deoxynucleosides as chiral P(V)-building blocks, based on the limonene-derived oxathiaphospholane sulfide, were synthesized and used for the assembly of di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide phosphorothioates on a tetrapodal pentaerythritol-derived soluble support. The synthesis cycle consisted of two reactions and two precipitations: (1) the coupling under basic conditions, followed by neutralization and precipitation and (2) an acid catalyzed 5'-O-deacetalization, followed by neutralization and precipitation. The simple P(V) chemistry together with the facile 5'-O-MIP deprotection proved efficient in the liquid phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS). Ammonolysis released nearly homogeneous Rp or Sp phosphorothioate diastereomers in ca. 80% yield/synthesis cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petja Rosenqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Verneri Saari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Ella Pajuniemi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Alejandro Gimenez Molina
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mikko Ora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Andras Horvath
- Chemical Process Research & Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
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4
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Graczyk A, Radzikowska-Cieciura E, Kaczmarek R, Pawlowska R, Chworos A. Modified Nucleotides for Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis of Therapeutic RNA. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1320-1347. [PMID: 36239720 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666221014111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, RNA has emerged as a medium with a broad spectrum of therapeutic potential, however, for years, a group of short RNA fragments was studied and considered therapeutic molecules. In nature, RNA plays both functions, with coding and non-coding potential. For RNA, like any other therapeutic, to be used clinically, certain barriers must be crossed. Among them, there are biocompatibility, relatively low toxicity, bioavailability, increased stability, target efficiency and low off-target effects. In the case of RNA, most of these obstacles can be overcome by incorporating modified nucleotides into its structure. This may be achieved by both, in vitro and in vivo biosynthetic methods, as well as chemical synthesis. Some advantages and disadvantages of each approach are summarized here. The wide range of nucleotide analogues has been tested for their utility as monomers for RNA synthesis. Many of them have been successfully implemented, and a lot of pre-clinical and clinical studies involving modified RNA have been carried out. Some of these medications have already been introduced into clinics. After the huge success of RNA-based vaccines that were introduced into widespread use in 2020, and the introduction to the market of some RNA-based drugs, RNA therapeutics containing modified nucleotides appear to be the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Graczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Radzikowska-Cieciura
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Renata Kaczmarek
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Roza Pawlowska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Chworos
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Appy L, Peyrottes S, Roy B. Supported Synthesis of Adenosine Nucleotides and Derivatives on a Benzene‐Centered Tripodal Soluble Support. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Appy
- Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors Team Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS University of Montpellier, ENSCM Campus Triolet cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors Team Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS University of Montpellier, ENSCM Campus Triolet cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
| | - Béatrice Roy
- Nucleosides & Phosphorylated Effectors Team Institute for Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS University of Montpellier, ENSCM Campus Triolet cc 1705, Place Eugène Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
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6
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Miyazaki Y, Yoshida A, Okaniwa T, Miyauchi K, Ohkubo A. Oligonucleotide Synthesis on Porous Glass Resins Containing Activators. Org Lett 2022; 24:3807-3811. [PMID: 35593903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For the advancement of nucleic acid-related research, high-efficiency, low-cost synthesis of high-purity oligonucleotides is necessary. Herein, we introduced hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) activators on controlled pore glass resins to improve the efficiency of chain elongation (the synthesis efficiency increased from 48% without an activator to 92% with an activator). In particular, the use of the resin containing 6-trifluoromethyl HOBt with a linker of lauric acid and succinic acid significantly improved the synthesis efficiency for both DNA and RNA syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miyazaki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Aoma Yoshida
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Okaniwa
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kouichiro Miyauchi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohkubo
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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7
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Oberemok VV, Andreeva OA, Laikova KV, Novikov IA, Kubyshkin AV. Post-genomic platform for development of oligonucleotide vaccines against RNA viruses: diamond cuts diamond. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:729-739. [PMID: 35523969 PMCID: PMC9075145 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01582-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic has starkly demonstrated the need to create highly effective vaccines against various viral diseases. The emerging new platforms for vaccine creation (adenovirus vectors and mRNA vaccines) have shown their worth in the fight against the prevention of coronavirus infection. However, adenovirus vectors and mRNA vaccines have a serious disadvantage: as a rule, only the S protein of the coronavirus is presented as an antigen. This tactic for preventing infection allows the ever-mutating virus to escape quickly from the immunity protection provided by such vaccines. Today, viral genomic databases are well-developed, which makes it possible to create new vaccines on a fundamentally new post-genomic platform. In addition, the technology for the synthesis of nucleic acids is currently experiencing an upsurge in demand in various fields of molecular biology. The accumulated experience suggests that the unique genomic sequences of viruses can act as antigens that trigger powerful humoral and cellular immunity. To achieve this effect, the following conditions must be created: the structure of the nucleic acid must be single-stranded, have a permanent 3D nanostructure, and have a unique sequence absent in the vaccinated organism. Oligonucleotide vaccines are able to resist the rapidly changing genomic sequences of RNA viruses by using conserved regions of their genomes to generate a long-term immune response, acting according to the adage that a diamond cuts a diamond. In addition, oligonucleotide vaccines will not contribute to antibody-dependent enhanced infection, since the nucleic acid of the coronavirus is inside the viral particle. It is obvious that new epidemics and pandemics caused by RNA viruses will continue to arise periodically in the human population. The creation of new, safe, and effective platforms for the production of vaccines that can flexibly change and adapt to new subtypes of viruses is very urgent and at this moment should be considered as a strategically necessary task.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Oberemok
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea. .,Engineering Center 'Genetic and Cell Biotechnologies', V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.
| | - O A Andreeva
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea.,Engineering Center 'Genetic and Cell Biotechnologies', V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - K V Laikova
- Biochemistry Department, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - I A Novikov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnologies, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
| | - A V Kubyshkin
- Engineering Center 'Genetic and Cell Biotechnologies', V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Crimea
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8
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Virta P. More versatile synthesis of oligonucleotides. Science 2021; 373:1196-1197. [PMID: 34516804 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasi Virta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
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9
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Matsuda H, Yoshida E, Shinoda T, Sato K, Hara RI, Wada T. Solution-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides using the H-phosphonate method with N-unprotected 5′-phosphite monomers. RSC Adv 2021; 11:38094-38107. [PMID: 35498072 PMCID: PMC9044012 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06619f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for a solution-phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides with 5′-phosphite monomers synthesized in a single step from unprotected 2′-deoxyribonucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Matsuda
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- CMC Production Technology Laboratories, MTPC Production Technology & Supply Chain Management Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 3-16-89 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8505, Japan
| | - Erina Yoshida
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takaaki Shinoda
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Rintaro Iwata Hara
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takeshi Wada
- Department of Medicinal and Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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10
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McKenzie LK, El-Khoury R, Thorpe JD, Damha MJ, Hollenstein M. Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5126-5164. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke K. McKenzie
- Institut Pasteur
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
| | | | | | | | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Institut Pasteur
- Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids
- CNRS UMR3523
- 75724 Paris Cedex 15
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11
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Suchsland R, Appel B, Virta P, Müller S. Synthesis of fully protected trinucleotide building blocks on a disulphide-linked soluble support. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3892-3896. [PMID: 35424330 PMCID: PMC8694130 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10941j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, preparation of fully protected trinucleotide phosphoramidites as synthons for the codon-based synthesis of gene libraries as well as for the assembly of oligonucleotides from blockmers has gained much attention. We here describe the preparation of such trinucleotide synthons on a soluble support using a disulphide linker. Fully protected trinucleotides are synthesized on a tetrapodal soluble support using a disulphide linkage that upon reductive cleavage allows release of the trinucleotide with free 3′-OH group for further conversion to a phosphoramidite.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Suchsland
- University Greifswald
- Institute for Biochemistry
- 17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Bettina Appel
- University Greifswald
- Institute for Biochemistry
- 17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Pasi Virta
- University of Turku
- Department of Chemistry
- 20014 Turku
- Finland
| | - Sabine Müller
- University Greifswald
- Institute for Biochemistry
- 17487 Greifswald
- Germany
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12
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Otsuka Y, Li G, Takahashi H, Satoh H, Yamada K. Synthesis of a Fluorescent Solvatochromic Resin Using Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling and Its Optical Waveguide Spectra to Measure the Solvent Polarity on the Surface. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204483. [PMID: 33050417 PMCID: PMC7599713 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have established a novel analytical method for solvent polarity on resin surface by combining the synthesis of fluorescent solvatochromic resin with optical waveguide spectrometry. The fluorescent solvatochromic resin was obtained via Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling between 4-iodobenzoic acid immobilized on Wang resin and 5-[4-(N,N-dihexylamino)phenyl]-2-thienylboronic acid N-methyl-iminodiacetic acid (MIDA) ester. The optical waveguide spectrometry studies on the resin showed a strong fluorescent solvatochromism in various organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Otsuka
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;
| | - Guanglei Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Finance & Economic, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Hiromi Takahashi
- ATR Scientists Partners Inc., 3-27-13, Maehara, Koganei, Tokyo 184-0013, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan;
| | - Koji Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;
- Division of Materials Science, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-011-706-2254
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13
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Creusen G, Akintayo CO, Schumann K, Walther A. Scalable One-Pot-Liquid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis for Model Network Hydrogels. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16610-16621. [PMID: 32902960 PMCID: PMC7612451 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (SPOS) based on phosphoramidite chemistry is currently the most widespread technique for DNA and RNA synthesis but suffers from scalability limitations and high reagent consumption. Liquid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS) uses soluble polymer supports and has the potential of being scalable. However, at present, LPOS requires 3 separate reaction steps and 4-5 precipitation steps per nucleotide addition. Moreover, long acid exposure times during the deprotection step degrade sequences with high A content (adenine) due to depurination and chain cleavage. In this work, we present the first one-pot liquid-phase DNA synthesis technique which allows the addition of one nucleotide in a one-pot reaction of sequential coupling, oxidation, and deprotection followed by a single precipitation step. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to suppress depurination during the addition of adenine nucleotides. We showcase the potential of this technique to prepare high-purity 4-arm PEG-T20 (T = thymine) and 4-arm PEG-A20 building blocks in multigram scale. Such complementary 4-arm PEG-DNA building blocks reversibly self-assemble into supramolecular model network hydrogels and facilitate the elucidation of bond lifetimes. These model network hydrogels exhibit new levels of mechanical properties (storage modulus, bond lifetimes) in DNA bonds at room temperature (melting at 44 °C) and thus open up pathways to next-generation DNA materials programmable through sequence recognition and available for macroscale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Creusen
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Oluwadunsin Akintayo
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS), 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katja Schumann
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- ABMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler- Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence “Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems” (livMatS), 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Catani M, De Luca C, Medeiros Garcia Alcântara J, Manfredini N, Perrone D, Marchesi E, Weldon R, Müller-Späth T, Cavazzini A, Morbidelli M, Sponchioni M. Oligonucleotides: Current Trends and Innovative Applications in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Purification. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900226. [PMID: 32298041 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides (ONs) are gaining increasing importance as a promising novel class of biopharmaceuticals. Thanks to their fundamental role in gene regulation, they can be used to develop custom-made drugs (also called N-to-1) able to act on the gene expression at pre-translational level. With recent approvals of ON-based therapeutics by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a growing demand for high-quality chemically modified ONs is emerging and their market is expected to impressively prosper in the near future. To satisfy this growing market demand, a scalable and economically sustainable ON production is needed. In this paper, the state of the art of the whole ON production process is illustrated with the aim of highlighting the most promising routes toward the auspicated market-size production. In particular, the most recent advancements in both the upstream stage, mainly based on solid-phase synthesis and recombinant technology, and the downstream one, focusing on chromatographic techniques, are reviewed. Since ON production is projected to expand to the large scale, automatized multicolumn countercurrent technologies will reasonably be required soon to replace the current ones based on batch single-column operations. This consideration is supported by a recent cutting-edge application of continuous chromatography for the ON purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Catani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - João Medeiros Garcia Alcântara
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Nicolò Manfredini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Daniela Perrone
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Elena Marchesi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Richard Weldon
- ChromaCon AG, Technoparkstrasse 1, Zürich, 8005, Switzerland
| | | | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, Ferrara, 44121, Italy
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta,", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano, 20131, Italy
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15
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Kim J, Narayana A, Patel S, Sahay G. Advances in intracellular delivery through supramolecular self-assembly of oligonucleotides and peptides. Theranostics 2019; 9:3191-3212. [PMID: 31244949 PMCID: PMC6567962 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells utilize natural supramolecular assemblies to maintain homeostasis and biological functions. Naturally inspired modular assembly of biomaterials are now being exploited for understanding or manipulating cell biology for treatment, diagnosis, and detection of diseases. Supramolecular biomaterials, in particular peptides and oligonucleotides, can be precisely tuned to have diverse structural, mechanical, physicochemical and biological properties. These merits of oligonucleotides and peptides as building blocks have given rise to the evolution of numerous nucleic acid- and peptide-based self-assembling nanomaterials for various medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and immunotherapy. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the intracellular delivery approaches using supramolecular self-assembly of DNA, RNA, and peptides. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges related to subcellular delivery and provide future perspectives of the application of supramolecular biomaterials for intracellular delivery in theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Ashwanikumar Narayana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon State University, Portland, OR
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Robertson Life Sciences Building, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR
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16
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Molina AG, Sanghvi YS. Liquid-Phase Oligonucleotide Synthesis: Past, Present, and Future Predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 77:e82. [PMID: 30920171 DOI: 10.1002/cpnc.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides have emerged as a powerful paradigm with the ability to treat a wide range of the human diseases. As a result, we have witnessed more than one hundred oligonucleotides currently in active clinical trials and eight Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Until now, the demand for oligonucleotide-based drugs has been fulfilled by conventional solid-phase synthesis in an effective manner. However, there are products in advanced stages of clinical trials projecting a collective demand of metric ton quantities in the near future. Therefore, large-scale manufacturing of these products has become a high priority for process chemists. This article summarizes the advances in liquid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis (LPOS) as a possible alternative strategy to meet the scale-up challenge. A review of the literature describing major efforts in developing LPOS technologies is presented. Gratifyingly, serious attempts are under way to develop an efficient environmentally benign green chemistry protocol that is scalable and cost effective for the manufacturing of oligonucleotides. A summary of the most innovative LPOS protocols has been included to provide a glimpse of what may be possible in the future for large-scale production of oligonucleotides. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gimenez Molina
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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17
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Flamme M, McKenzie LK, Sarac I, Hollenstein M. Chemical methods for the modification of RNA. Methods 2019; 161:64-82. [PMID: 30905751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA is often considered as being the vector for the transmission of genetic information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery. However, besides translation RNA participates in a broad variety of fundamental biological roles such as gene expression and regulation, protein synthesis, and even catalysis of chemical reactions. This variety of function combined with intricate three-dimensional structures and the discovery of over 100 chemical modifications in natural RNAs require chemical methods for the modification of RNAs in order to investigate their mechanism, location, and exact biological roles. In addition, numerous RNA-based tools such as ribozymes, aptamers, or therapeutic oligonucleotides require the presence of additional chemical functionalities to strengthen the nucleosidic backbone against degradation or enhance the desired catalytic or binding properties. Herein, the two main methods for the chemical modification of RNA are presented: solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite precursors and the enzymatic polymerization of nucleoside triphosphates. The different synthetic and biochemical steps required for each method are carefully described and recent examples of practical applications based on these two methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Flamme
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luke K McKenzie
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Ivo Sarac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, CNRS UMR3523, 28, rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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18
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Singh J, Steck N, De D, Hofer A, Ripp A, Captain I, Keller M, Wender PA, Bhandari R, Jessen HJ. A Phosphoramidite Analogue of Cyclotriphosphate Enables Iterative Polyphosphorylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3928-3933. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nicole Steck
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Debaditya De
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, CDFD Hyderabad India
| | - Alexandre Hofer
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander Ripp
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ilya Captain
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Manfred Keller
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Stanford UniversityChemistry Department 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Henning J. Jessen
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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19
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Singh J, Steck N, De D, Hofer A, Ripp A, Captain I, Keller M, Wender PA, Bhandari R, Jessen HJ. A Phosphoramidite Analogue of Cyclotriphosphate Enables Iterative Polyphosphorylations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Nicole Steck
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Debaditya De
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, CDFD Hyderabad India
| | - Alexandre Hofer
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Alexander Ripp
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ilya Captain
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Manfred Keller
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Stanford UniversityChemistry Department 333 Campus Drive Stanford CA 94305-5080 USA
| | | | - Henning J. Jessen
- University of FreiburgInstitute of Organic Chemistry Albertstrasse 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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20
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Hill SA, Gerke C, Hartmann L. Recent Developments in Solid-Phase Strategies towards Synthetic, Sequence-Defined Macromolecules. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3611-3622. [PMID: 30216690 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequence-control in synthetic polymers is an important contemporary research area because it provides the opportunity to create completely novel materials for structure-function studies. This is especially relevant for biomimetic polymers, bioactive and information security materials. The level of control is strongly dependent and inherent upon the polymerization technique utilized. Today, the most established method yielding monodispersity and monomer sequence-definition is solid-phase synthesis. This Focus Review highlights recent advances in solid-phase strategies to access synthetic, sequence-defined macromolecules. Alternatives strategies towards sequence-defined macromolecules are also briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Hill
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Gerke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Halami B, Shahsavari S, Nelson Z, Prehoda L, Eriyagama DNAM, Fang S. Incorporation of Sensitive Ester and Chloropurine Groups into Oligodeoxynucleotides through Solid Phase Synthesis. ChemistrySelect 2018; 3:8857-8862. [PMID: 30886889 PMCID: PMC6420219 DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides containing ester groups that are sensitive to nucleophiles were incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) through solid phase chemical synthesis. The sensitive esters are located on a purine nucleobase. They are the esters of ethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 4-methoxyphenyl and phenyl groups, and a thioester. These esters cannot survive the deprotection and cleavage conditions used in known ODN synthesis technologies, which involve strong nucleophiles such as ammonium hydroxide and potassium methoxide (potassium carbonate in anhydrous methanol). To incorporate these sensitive groups into ODNs, the Dmoc phosphoramidites and linker were used for solid phase synthesis, which allowed ODN deprotection and cleavage to be carried out under non-nucleophilic oxidative conditions. Sixteen ODN sequences containing these groups were synthesized and characterized with MALDI MS. In addition, the synthesis and characterization of three ODNs containing a nucleophile sensitive 6-chloropurine using the same strategy are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Halami
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Shahien Shahsavari
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Zack Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Lucas Prehoda
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | | | - Shiyue Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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22
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Suchsland R, Appel B, Müller S. Preparation of trinucleotide phosphoramidites as synthons for the synthesis of gene libraries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520304 PMCID: PMC5827815 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of protein libraries is a key issue in protein engineering and biotechnology. Such libraries can be prepared by a variety of methods, starting from the respective gene library. The challenge in gene library preparation is to achieve controlled total or partial randomization at any predefined number and position of codons of a given gene, in order to obtain a library with a maximum number of potentially successful candidates. This purpose is best achieved by the usage of trinucleotide synthons for codon-based gene synthesis. We here review the strategies for the preparation of fully protected trinucleotides, emphasizing more recent developments for their synthesis on solid phase and on soluble polymers, and their use as synthons in standard DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Suchsland
- Institut für Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bettina Appel
- Institut für Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- Institut für Biochemie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, D-17489 Greifswald, Germany
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23
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Probst N, Lartia R, Théry O, Alami M, Defrancq E, Messaoudi S. Efficient Buchwald-Hartwig-Migita Cross-Coupling for DNA Thioglycoconjugation. Chemistry 2018; 24:1795-1800. [PMID: 29205564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An efficient method for the thioglycoconjugation of iodinated oligonucleotides by Buchwald-Hartwig-Migita cross-coupling under mild conditions is reported. The method enables divergent synthesis of many different functionalized thioglycosylated ODNs in good yields, without affecting the integrity of the other A, C, and G nucleobases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Probst
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rémy Lartia
- University Grenoble-Alpes, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Océane Théry
- University Grenoble-Alpes, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Mouâd Alami
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- University Grenoble-Alpes, DCM, CS 40700, 38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- BioCIS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, University Paris-Saclay, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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