1
|
Jevric M, Klepp J, Puschnig J, Lamb O, Sumby CJ, Greatrex BW. Skeletal rearrangement of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-ols promoted by thionyl chloride or Appel conditions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:823-829. [PMID: 38655557 PMCID: PMC11035982 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A skeletal rearrangement of a series of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-ols has been developed using SOCl2 in the presence of pyridine. An oxygen migration from C5 to C4 was observed when the C4 alcohols were treated with SOCl2/pyridine, giving a 2-chloro-3,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring-system via the chlorosulfite intermediate. Analogous allylic alcohols with endocyclic and exocyclic unsaturations underwent chlorination without rearrangement due to formation of allylic cations. The rearrangement was also demonstrated using Appel conditions, which gave similar results via the alkoxytriphenylphosphonium intermediate. Several reactions of the products were investigated to show the utility of the rearrangement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| | - Julian Klepp
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| | - Johannes Puschnig
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| | - Oscar Lamb
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| | - Christopher J Sumby
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Ben W Greatrex
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, 2351, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abd Al Moaty MN, El Kilany Y, Awad LF, Ibrahim NA, Abu-Serie MM, El-Yazbi A, Teleb M. Discovery of novel benzimidazole acyclic C-nucleoside DNA intercalators halting breast cancer growth. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300454. [PMID: 37867206 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer continues to be the most frequent cancer worldwide. In practice, successful clinical outcomes were achieved via targeting DNA. Along with the advances in introducing new DNA-targeting agents, the "sugar approach" design was employed herein to develop new intercalators bearing pharmacophoric motifs tethered to carbohydrate appendages. Accordingly, new benzimidazole acyclic C-nucleosides were rationally designed, synthesized and assayed via MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay to evaluate their cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells compared to normal fibroblasts (Wi-38), compared to doxorubicin. (1S,2R,3S,4R)-2-(1,2,3,4,5-Pentahydroxy)pentyl-1H-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 7 and (1S,2R,3S,4R)-2-(1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxy)pentyl-1H-naphthimidazole 13 were the most potent and selective derivatives against MCF-7 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50 ] = 0.060 and 0.080 µM, selectivity index [SI] = 9.68 and 8.27, respectively) and MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 = 0.299 and 0.166 µM, SI = 1.94 and 3.98, respectively). Thus, they were identified as the study hits for mechanistic studies. Both derivatives induced DNA damage at 0.24 and 0.29 μM, respectively. The DNA damage kinetics were studied compared to doxorubicin, where they both induced faster damage than doxorubicin. This indicated that 7 and 13 showed a more potent DNA-damaging effect than doxorubicin. Docking simulations within the DNA double strands highlighted the role of both the heterocyclic core and the sugar side chain in exhibiting key H-bond interactions with DNA bases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeldez El Kilany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Laila Fathy Awad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nihal Ahmed Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Abu-Serie
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Teleb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sung K, Aswar VR, Song J, Jarhad DB, Jeong LS. Stereoselective Approach for the Synthesis of Diverse 1'-Modified Carbanucleosides. Org Lett 2023; 25:8377-8381. [PMID: 37947427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
We describe an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of 1'-substituted-β-carbocylic nucleosides 5 via gem-dichlorooxirane intermediate 7, which directly condensed with weak nucleophiles such as pyrimidines or purines. The formation of gem-dichlorooxirane 7 and direct nucleobase condensation exclusively proceeded in protic polar solvents like MeOH. This method provides a general and modular route for the late-stage diversification of 1'-modified nucleosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kisu Sung
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Vikas R Aswar
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jiyoon Song
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dnyandev B Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ojeda-Porras AC, Roy V, Bourzikat O, Favetta P, Agrofoglio LA. Cobalt-assisted route to rare carbocyclic C-ribonucleosides. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30777-30786. [PMID: 37869399 PMCID: PMC10587889 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04937j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
(Re)emerging RNA viruses have been major threats to public health in the past years, and from the few drugs available, nucleoside analogues are still at the cornerstone of the antiviral therapy. Among them, the synthesis of carbocyclic C-nucleosides is suffering from long syntheses and poor yields. Herein we report a concise stereoselective synthesis of rare carbocyclic C-nucleosides (11a-l) bearing non-canonical nucleobases through a cobalt-assisted-route as key step starting from the optically pure (-)-cyclopentenone 1. This approach paves the route for novel carbocyclic C-nucleoside discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Ojeda-Porras
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
| | - V Roy
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
| | - O Bourzikat
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
| | - P Favetta
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
| | - L A Agrofoglio
- Université d'Orléans et CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311 F-45067 Orléans France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maria C, Rauter AP. Nucleoside analogues: N-glycosylation methodologies, synthesis of antiviral and antitumor drugs and potential against drug-resistant bacteria and Alzheimer's disease. Carbohydr Res 2023; 532:108889. [PMID: 37517197 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides have gained significant attention since the discovery of the structure of DNA. Nucleoside analogues may be synthesized through multiple synthetic pathways, however the N-glycosylation of a nucleobase is the most common method. Amongst the different classical N-glycosylation methodologies, the Vorbrüggen glycosylation is the most popular method. This review focuses on the synthesis and therapeutic applications of several FDA approved nucleoside analogues as antiviral and anticancer agents. Moreover, this review also focuses on the potential of these compounds as new antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer's disease agents, offering an overview of the most recent research in these fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Maria
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Amélia P Rauter
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dörrenhaus R, Wagner PK, Kath-Schorr S. Two are not enough: synthetic strategies and applications of unnatural base pairs. Biol Chem 2023; 404:883-896. [PMID: 37354104 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid chemistry is a rapidly evolving field, and the need for novel nucleotide modifications and artificial nucleotide building blocks for diagnostic and therapeutic use, material science or for studying cellular processes continues unabated. This review focusses on the development and application of unnatural base pairs as part of an expanded genetic alphabet. Not only recent developments in "nature-like" artificial base pairs are presented, but also current synthetic methods to get access to C-glycosidic nucleotides. Wide-ranging viability in synthesis is a prerequisite for the successful use of unnatural base pairs in a broader spectrum and will be discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
Pfeiffer M, Ribar A, Nidetzky B. A selective and atom-economic rearrangement of uridine by cascade biocatalysis for production of pseudouridine. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2261. [PMID: 37081027 PMCID: PMC10116470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a crucial factor of their therapeutic efficacy, the currently marketed mRNA vaccines feature uniform substitution of uridine (U) by the corresponding C-nucleoside, pseudouridine (Ψ), in 1-N-methylated form. Synthetic supply of the mRNA building block (1-N-Me-Ψ-5'-triphosphate) involves expedient access to Ψ as the principal challenge. Here, we show selective and atom-economic 1N-5C rearrangement of β-D-ribosyl on uracil to obtain Ψ from unprotected U in quantitative yield. One-pot cascade transformation of U in four enzyme-catalyzed steps, via D-ribose (Rib)-1-phosphate, Rib-5-phosphate (Rib5P) and Ψ-5'-phosphate (ΨMP), gives Ψ. Coordinated function of the coupled enzymes in the overall rearrangement necessitates specific release of phosphate from the ΨMP, but not from the intermediary ribose phosphates. Discovery of Yjjg as ΨMP-specific phosphatase enables internally controlled regeneration of phosphate as catalytic reagent. With driving force provided from the net N-C rearrangement, the optimized U reaction yields a supersaturated product solution (∼250 g/L) from which the pure Ψ crystallizes (90% recovery). Scale up to 25 g isolated product at enzyme turnovers of ∼105 mol/mol demonstrates a robust process technology, promising for Ψ production. Our study identifies a multistep rearrangement reaction, realized by cascade biocatalysis, for C-nucleoside synthesis in high efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrej Ribar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukhin EM, Savateev KV, Rusinov VL. Approaches to the synthesis of heterocyclic C-nucleosides. Russ Chem Bull 2023; 72:425-481. [PMID: 37073401 PMCID: PMC10092924 DOI: 10.1007/s11172-023-3810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
This review is focused on the synthetic strategies to heterocyclic C-nucleosides and covers the literature from 2011 to 2021. The main attention is paid to the following three approaches: the direct C-C coupling of a carbohydrate moiety with a preformed aglycon unit, the construction of a (pseudo)sugar residue on a pre-formed aglycon, and the construction of an aglycon on a pre-formed (pseudo)sugar. In each Section, the literature data are categorized in terms of the size of aglycon from simple to complex, the advantages and drawbacks of the reviewed approaches are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Mukhin
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - K. V. Savateev
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - V. L. Rusinov
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 ul. Mira, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Biocatalytic cascade transformations for the synthesis of C-nucleosides and N-nucleoside analogs. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 79:102873. [PMID: 36630750 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosides and their analogs, including those that feature substitution of the canonical N-glycosidic by a C-glycosidic linkage, provide access to potent antiviral, antibacterial, and antitumor drugs. Furthermore, they are key building blocks of m-RNA vaccines and play a crucial role for vaccine therapeutic effectiveness. As the medicinal applications of nucleosides increase in number and importance, there is a growing need for efficiency-enhanced routes of nucleoside synthesis. Cascade biocatalysis, that is, the application of natural or evolved enzymes promoting complex transformations in multiple steps in one pot and without the need of intermediate purification, emerges as a powerful tool to obtain nucleosides from readily available starting materials. Recent efforts in enzyme discovery and protein engineering expand the toolbox of catalysts active toward nucleosides or nucleotides. In this review, we highlight recent applications, and discuss challenges, of cascade biocatalysis for nucleoside synthesis. We focus on C-nucleosides and important analogs of the canonical N-nucleosides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kurahayashi K, Hanaya K, Sugai T, Hirai G, Higashibayashi S. Copper-Catalyzed Stereoselective Borylation and Palladium-Catalyzed Stereospecific Cross-Coupling to Give Aryl C-Glycosides. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203376. [PMID: 36344464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Metabolically stable C-glycosides are an essential family of compounds in bioactive natural products, therapeutic agents, and biological probes. For their application, development of synthetic methods by connecting glycosides and aglycons with strict stereocontrol at the anomeric carbon, as well as with high functional-group compatibility and environmental compatibility is a pivotal issue. Although Suzuki-Miyaura-type C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) cross-coupling using glycosyl boronates is a potential candidate for the construction of C-glycosides, neither the cross-coupling itself nor the facile synthesis of the coupling precursor, glycosyl boronates, have been achieved to date. Herein, it was succeeded to develop a copper-catalyzed stereoselective one-step borylation of glycosyl bromides to glycosyl boronates and palladium-catalyzed stereospecific cross-coupling of β-glycosyl borates with aryl bromides to give aryl β-C-glycosides, in which the β-configuration of the anomeric carbon of the glycosyl trifluoroborates is stereoretentively transferred to that of the resulting aryl C-glycosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kurahayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| | - Go Hirai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shuhei Higashibayashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li W, Girt GC, Radadiya A, Stewart JJP, Richards NGJ, Naismith JH. Experimental and computational snapshots of C-C bond formation in a C-nucleoside synthase. Open Biol 2023; 13:220287. [PMID: 36629016 PMCID: PMC9832568 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.220287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthetic enzyme, ForT, catalyses the formation of a C-C bond between 4-amino-1H-pyrazoledicarboxylic acid and MgPRPP to produce a C-nucleoside precursor of formycin A. The transformation catalysed by ForT is of chemical interest because it is one of only a few examples in which C-C bond formation takes place via an electrophilic substitution of a small, aromatic heterocycle. In addition, ForT is capable of discriminating between the aminopyrazoledicarboxylic acid and an analogue in which the amine is replaced by a hydroxyl group; a remarkable feat given the steric and electronic similarities of the two molecules. Here we report biophysical measurements, structural biology and quantum chemical calculations that provide a detailed molecular picture of ForT-catalysed C-C bond formation and the conformational changes that are coupled to catalysis. Our findings set the scene for employing engineered ForT variants in the biocatalytic production of novel, anti-viral C-nucleoside and C-nucleotide analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0QS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Georgina C. Girt
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0QS, UK
| | - Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | | | - Nigel G. J. Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - James H. Naismith
- Structural Biology, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot OX11 0QS, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Poudel TN, Panda S, Orimoloye M, Hegde P, Aldrich CC. 1'-Cyano Intermediate Enables Rapid and Stereoretentive Access to 1'-Modified Remdesivir Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14452-14462. [PMID: 36223099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
While biochemical, structural, and computational studies have shown the importance of remdesivir's C1'-substituent in its perturbation of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp action, we recognized the paucity of methods to stereoselectively install substituents at this position as an obstacle to rigorous explorations of SAR and mechanism. We report the utilization of an anomerically pure 1'-cyano intermediate as an entry point to a chemically diverse set of substitutions, allowing for 1'diversification while obviating the need for the tedious separation of anomeric mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tej Narayan Poudel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Subhankar Panda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Moyosore Orimoloye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Nucleosides and emerging viruses: A new story. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1945-1953. [PMID: 35189369 PMCID: PMC8856764 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With several US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and high barriers to resistance, nucleoside and nucleotide analogs remain the cornerstone of antiviral therapies for not only herpesviruses, but also HIV and hepatitis viruses (B and C); however, with the exception of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for which vaccines have been developed at unprecedented speed, there are no vaccines or small antivirals yet available for (re)emerging viruses, which are primarily RNA viruses. Thus, herein, we present an overview of ribonucleoside analogs recently developed and acting as inhibitors of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). They are new lead structures that will be exploited for the discovery of new antiviral nucleosides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- ICOA, University of Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, University of Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orléans, France.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The role of the maleimide ring system on the structure-activity relationship of showdomycin. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 237:114342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
15
|
Chemoselective and Diastereoselective Synthesis of
C
‐Aryl Nucleoside Analogues by Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Furanosyl Acetates with Aryl Iodides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Li Y, Wang Z, Li L, Tian X, Shao F, Li C. Chemoselective and Diastereoselective Synthesis of C-Aryl Nucleoside Analogues by Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Furanosyl Acetates with Aryl Iodides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110391. [PMID: 34664354 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Canonical nucleosides are vulnerable to enzymatic and chemical degradation, yet their stable mimics-C-aryl nucleosides-have demonstrated potential utility in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and synthetic biology, although current synthetic methods remain limited in terms of scope and selectivity. Herein, we report a cross-electrophile coupling to prepare C-aryl nucleoside analogues from readily available furanosyl acetates and aryl iodides. This nickel-catalyzed modular approach is characterized by mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, excellent β-selectivity, and high functional-group compatibility. The exclusive chemoselectivity with respect to the aryl iodide enables efficient preparation of a variety of C-aryl halide furanosides suitable for various downstream transformations. The practicality of this transformation is demonstrated through the synthesis of a potent analogue of a naturally occurring NF-κB activator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Luyang Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xiaoying Tian
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Chao Li
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Panda S, Poudel TN, Hegde P, Aldrich CC. Innovative Strategies for the Construction of Diverse 1'-Modified C-Nucleoside Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16625-16640. [PMID: 34756029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Modified C-nucleosides have proven to be enormously successful as chemical probes to understand fundamental biological processes and as small-molecule drugs for cancer and infectious diseases. Historically, the modification of the glycosyl unit has focused on the 2'-, 3'-, and 4'-positions as well as the ribofuranosyl ring oxygen. By contrast, the 1'-position has rarely been studied due to the labile nature of the anomeric position. However, the improved chemical stability of C-nucleosides allows the modification of the 1'-position with substituents not found in conventional N-nucleosides. Herein, we disclose new chemistry for the installation of diverse substituents at the 1'-position of C-nucleosides, including alkyl, alkenyl, difluoromethyl, and fluoromethyl substituents, using the 4-amino-7-(1'-hydroxy-d-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine scaffold as a representative purine nucleoside mimetic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Panda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tej Narayan Poudel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Pooja Hegde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Courtney C Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xia L, Fan W, Yuan XA, Yu S. Photoredox-Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of C-Nucleoside Analogues from Glycosyl Bromides and Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wenjing Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Xiang-Ai Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165 China
| | - Shouyun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zarenezhad E, Behrouz S, Farjam M, Rad MNS. A Mini Review on Discovery and Synthesis of Remdesivir as an Effective and Promising Drug against COVID-19. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021; 47:609-621. [PMID: 34149273 PMCID: PMC8193954 DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a new human coronavirus has begun spreading over Wuhan City/China in December 2019, and then spread rapidly worldwide, causing pneumonia called COVID-19. Up to now, the scientists have extensively attempted to find effective vaccines and drugs for treatment of coronavirus infections. To this end, various pharmaceutical agents are undergoing the clinical studies to assess their potency and efficacy against COVID-19. Based on the new findings, the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) has issued an emergency use authorization for remdesivir as an effective anti-viral for remedying the hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Recently, the European medicines agency has authorized the use of remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19. Remdesivir as a nucleotide prodrug exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activities against RNA viruses. In this short review, we have rendered a brief overview of discovery and synthesis for remdesivir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Zarenezhad
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - S. Behrouz
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Shiraz University of Technology, 71555-313 Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Farjam
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - M. N. Soltani Rad
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Shiraz University of Technology, 71555-313 Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhu M, Messaoudi S. Diastereoselective Decarboxylative Alkynylation of Anomeric Carboxylic Acids Using Cu/Photoredox Dual Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Zhu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay, Malabry, France
| | - Samir Messaoudi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 92290, Châtenay, Malabry, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Arcile G, Retailleau P, Ouazzani J, Betzer J. Total Synthesis of the Fungal Metabolite Trienylfuranol A through Nucleophilic Diastereodivergent Additions to Oxocarbenium Ions. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Arcile
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jamal Ouazzani
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Jean‐Francois Betzer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 Université Paris-Saclay 1 avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Matyugina ES, Kochetkov SN, Khandazhinskaya AL. SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AZA- AND DEAZA-ANALOGS OF PURINE NUCLEOSIDES. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Synthesis and evaluation of a collection of purine-like C-nucleosides as antikinetoplastid agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113101. [PMID: 33385837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The kinetoplastid parasites Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are the causative agents of neglected tropical diseases with a serious burden in several parts of the world. These parasites are incapable of synthesizing purines de novo, and therefore rely on ingenious purine salvage pathways to acquire and process purines from their host. Purine nucleoside analogs that may interfere with these pathways therefore constitute a privileged source of new antikinetoplastid agents. In this study, we synthetized a collection of C-nucleosides employing five different heterocyclic nucleobase surrogates. C-nucleosides are chemically and enzymatically stable and allow for extensive structural modification. Inspired by earlier 7-deazaadenosine nucleosides and known antileishmanial C-nucleosides, we introduced different modifications tailored towards antikinetoplastid activity. Both adenosine and inosine analogs were synthesized with the aim of discovering new antikinetoplastid hits and expanding knowledge of structure-activity relationships. Several promising hits with potent activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum were discovered, and the nature of the nucleobase surrogate was found to have a profound influence on the selectivity profile of the compounds.
Collapse
|
24
|
An efficient synthesis tetrazole and oxadiazole analogues of novel 2'-deoxy-C-nucleosides and their antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127612. [PMID: 33098969 PMCID: PMC7576186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Various tetrazole and oxadiazole C-nucleoside analogues were synthesized starting from pure α- or β-glycosyl-cyanide. The synthesis of glycosyl-cyanide as key precursor was optimized on gram-scale to furnish crystalline starting material for the assembly of C-nucleosides. Oxadizole C-nucleosides were synthesized via two independent routes. First, the glycosyl-cyanide was converted into an amidoxime which upon ring closure offered an alternative pathway for the assembly of 1,2,4-oxadizoles in an efficient manner. Second, both anomers of glycosyl-cyanide were transformed into tetrazole nucleosides followed by acylative rearrangement to furnish 1,3,4-oxadiazoles in high yields. These protocols offer an easy access to otherwise difficult to synthesize C-nucleosides in good yield and protecting group compatibility. These C-nucleosides were evaluated for their antitumor activity. This work paves a path for facile assembly of library of new chemical entities useful for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
25
|
Pfeiffer M, Nidetzky B. Reverse C-glycosidase reaction provides C-nucleotide building blocks of xenobiotic nucleic acids. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6270. [PMID: 33293530 PMCID: PMC7722734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-Analogues of the canonical N-nucleosides have considerable importance in medicinal chemistry and are promising building blocks of xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNA) in synthetic biology. Although well established for synthesis of N-nucleosides, biocatalytic methods are lacking in C-nucleoside synthetic chemistry. Here, we identify pseudouridine monophosphate C-glycosidase for selective 5-β-C-glycosylation of uracil and derivatives thereof from pentose 5-phosphate (D-ribose, 2-deoxy-D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-xylose) substrates. Substrate requirements of the enzymatic reaction are consistent with a Mannich-like addition between the pyrimidine nucleobase and the iminium intermediate of enzyme (Lys166) and open-chain pentose 5-phosphate. β-Elimination of the lysine and stereoselective ring closure give the product. We demonstrate phosphorylation-glycosylation cascade reactions for efficient, one-pot synthesis of C-nucleoside phosphates (yield: 33 - 94%) from unprotected sugar and nucleobase. We show incorporation of the enzymatically synthesized C-nucleotide triphosphates into nucleic acids by RNA polymerase. Collectively, these findings implement biocatalytic methodology for C-nucleotide synthesis which can facilitate XNA engineering for synthetic biology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Han J, Funk C, Eyberg J, Bailer S, Richert C. An AZT Analog with Strongly Pairing Ethynylpyridone Nucleobase and Its Antiviral Activity against HSV1. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000937. [PMID: 33270983 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Challenges resulting from novel viruses or new strains of known viruses call for new antiviral agents. Nucleoside analogs that act as inhibitors of viral polymerases are an attractive class of antivirals. For nucleosides containing thymine, base pairing is weak, making it desirable to identify nucleobase analogs that pair more strongly with adenine, in order to compete successfully with the natural substrate. We have recently described a new class of strongly binding thymidine analogs that contain an ethynylmethylpyridone as base and a C-nucleosidic linkage to the deoxyribose. Here we report the synthesis of the 3'-azido-2',3'-deoxyribose derivative of this compound, dubbed AZW, both as free nucleoside and as ProTide phosphoramidate. As a proof of principle, we studied the activity against Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1). Whereas the ProTide phosphoramidate suffered from low solubility, the free nucleoside showed a stronger inhibitory effect than that of AZT in a plaque reduction assay. This suggests that strongly pairing C-nucleoside analogs of pyrimidines have the potential to become active pharmaceutical ingredients with antiviral activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Han
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Eyberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Clemens Richert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, DE-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bouton J, Van Calenbergh S, Hullaert J. Sydnone Ribosides as a Platform for the Synthesis of Pyrazole C-Nucleosides: A Unified Synthesis of Formycin B and Pyrazofurin. Org Lett 2020; 22:9287-9291. [PMID: 33210930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The C-nucleoside natural products formycin B and pyrazofurin were synthesized in seven steps employing a sydnone riboside as common intermediate. Sydnone ribosides were synthesized via a direct Lewis acid catalyzed dehydrative glycosylation reaction. We demonstrated that these can be used for the diversity-oriented synthesis of pyrazole C-nucleoside analogues via thermal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with various alkynes, giving access to the pyrazole C-nucleoside natural products, as well as opening new avenues for exploring nucleoside chemical space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Bouton
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Hullaert
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Q, Duan J, Tang P, Chen G, He G. Synthesis of non-classical heteroaryl C-glycosides via Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes with 4-glycosyl-dihydropyridines. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
29
|
Li Q, Groaz E, Persoons L, Daelemans D, Herdewijn P. Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of C-7-Alkynylated and Arylated Pyrrolotriazine C-Ribonucleosides. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1605-1610. [PMID: 32832030 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of biologically active nucleoside analogues contain the adenine isostere 4-amino-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine connected to various sugar moieties through a C-C anomeric linkage. We employed palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling chemistry to promptly functionalize the 7-position of such a heterocyclic scaffold with various alkynyl and aryl groups starting from a common 7-iodo-pyrrolotriazine C-ribonucleoside intermediate. Analogues bearing a 7-cyclopropyl-, 7-propyl-, and 7-butylacetylene moiety displayed potent cytotoxic activity, with the latest being the most selective of this series toward cancer cells. Further insights revealed that such C-nucleosides could exert their antiproliferative action by causing dose-dependent DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Li
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49−box
1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49−box
1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leentje Persoons
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49−box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49−box 1043, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Herestraat 49−box
1041, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fortuna A, Costa PJ, Piedade MFM, Conceição Oliveira M, Xavier NM. Synthesis of Triazole-Containing Furanosyl Nucleoside Analogues and Their Phosphate, Phosphoramidate or Phoshonate Derivatives as Potential Sugar Diphosphate or Nucleotide Mimetics. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1676-1691. [PMID: 32757384 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of stable and potentially bioactive xylofuranosyl nucleoside analogues and potential sugar diphosphate or nucleotide mimetics comprising a 1,2,3-triazole moiety is reported. 3'-O-Methyl-branched N-benzyltriazole isonucleosides were accessed in 5-7 steps and 42-54 % overall yields using a Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition of 3-O-propargyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-D-xylofuranose with benzyl azide as key step. Related isonucleotides were obtained by 5-O-phosphorylation of acetonide-protected 3-O-propargyl xylofuranose and further "click" cycloaddition or by Staudinger-phosphite reaction of a 5-azido N-benzyltriazole isonucleoside. Hydroxy-, amino- or bromomethyl triazole 5'-isonucleosides were synthesized by thermal cycloaddition of 5-azido 3-O-benzyl/dodecyl xylofuranoses with propargyl alcohol, propargylamine or propargyl bromide. Better yields (82-85 %) were obtained when using propargyl alcohol and a high 1,4-regioselectivity was attained with propargyl bromide. Further O/N-phosphorylation or Arbuzov reaction led to (triazolyl)methyl phosphates, phosphoramidates or phosphonates. The latter were converted into uracil nucleoside 5'-(triazolyl)methyl phosphonates as prospective nucleoside diphosphate mimetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Fortuna
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Costa
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Oliveira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Xavier
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5° Piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hardy M, Wright BA, Bachman JL, Boit TB, Haley HMS, Knapp RR, Lusi RF, Okada T, Tona V, Garg NK, Sarpong R. Treating a Global Health Crisis with a Dose of Synthetic Chemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1017-1030. [PMID: 32719821 PMCID: PMC7336722 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has prompted scientists from many disciplines to work collaboratively toward an effective response. As academic synthetic chemists, we examine how best to contribute to this ongoing effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa
A. Hardy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brandon A. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - J. Logan Bachman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Timothy B. Boit
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hannah M. S. Haley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel R. Knapp
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Robert F. Lusi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Taku Okada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Veronica Tona
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gao S, Radadiya A, Li W, Liu H, Zhu W, de Crécy-Lagard V, Richards NGJ, Naismith JH. Uncovering the chemistry of C-C bond formation in C-nucleoside biosynthesis: crystal structure of a C-glycoside synthase/PRPP complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7617-7620. [PMID: 32515440 PMCID: PMC8183095 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02834g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme ForT catalyzes C-C bond formation between 5'-phosphoribosyl-1'-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and 4-amino-1H-pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxylate to make a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of formycin A 5'-phosphate by Streptomyces kaniharaensis. We report the 2.5 Å resolution structure of the ForT/PRPP complex and locate active site residues critical for PRPP recognition and catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Gao
- Research Complex at Harwell, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK and BSRC, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Ashish Radadiya
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Wenbo Li
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Huanting Liu
- BSRC, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Wen Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Nigel G J Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK and Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK. and The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paudel RR, Ridenour JN, Rath NP, Spilling CD. Synthesis of Phosphonomethyl Tetrahydrofurans via the Mori-Tamaru Reaction of Phosphonodienes. Org Lett 2020; 22:3830-3834. [PMID: 32330059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive addition of phosphonodienes to aldehydes (the Mori-Tamaru reaction) gives hydroxy vinyl phosphonates in good yields with excellent control of the relative stereochemistry. Base-induced cyclization of the vinyl phosphonates yields phosphonomethyl-substituted tetrahydrofurans. Inversion of the hydroxyl stereochemistry by Mitsunobu reaction and then cyclization yields a different set of phosphonomethyl-substituted tetrahydrofuran diastereoisomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Paudel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Jeremy N Ridenour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Nigam P Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, Groaz E, Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Herdewijn P. Anti-norovirus activity of C7-modified 4-amino-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine C-nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 195:112198. [PMID: 32294613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic nucleoside analogues characterized by a C-C anomeric linkage form a family of promising therapeutics against infectious and malignant diseases. Herein, C-nucleosides comprising structural variations at the sugar and nucleobase moieties were examined for their ability to inhibit both murine and human norovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). We have found that the combination of 4-amino-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine and its 7-halogenated congeners with either a d-ribose or 2'-C-methyl-d-ribose unit resulted in analogues with good antiviral activity against murine norovirus (MNV), albeit coupled with a significant cytotoxicity. Among this series, 4-aza-7,9-dideazaadenosine notably retained a strong antiviral effect in a human norovirus (HuNoV) replicon assay with an EC50 = 0.015 μM. This study demonstrates that C-nucleosides can be used as viable starting scaffolds for further optimization towards the development of nucleoside-based inhibitors of norovirus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Li
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Herestraat 49 - Box 1041, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kojić V, Popsavin M, Spaić S, Jakimov D, Kovačević I, Svirčev M, Aleksić L, Zelenović BS, Popsavin V. Structure based design, synthesis and in vitro antitumour activity of tiazofurin stereoisomers with nitrogen functions at the C-2' or C-3' positions. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111712. [PMID: 31557614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Three novel tiazofurin analogues having d-arabino stereochemistry and nitrogen functionalities at the C-2' position (5-7) have been designed and synthesized in multistep sequences, starting from d-glucose. The known d-xylo stereoisomer of 1 (compound 2) along with two new analogues bearing nitrogen functions at the C-3' (3 and 4) has also been synthesized from the same sugar precursor. The synthetic sequence consisted of the following three stages: (i) the multistep synthesis of suitably protected pentofuranosyl cyanides, (ii) the construction of ethyl thiazole-4-carboxylate part by cyclocondensation of thus obtained glycofuranosyl cyanides with l-cysteine ethyl ester followed by dehydrogenation, and (iii) the final transformation of the ethyl thiazole-4-carboxylates into the target tiazofurin analogues using the esters ammonolysis. The tiazofurin analogues were evaluated for their antitumour activities in cell-culture-based assays. Compounds 3, 4 (d-xylo) and 7 (d-arabino), showed remarkable antitumour activities, with IC50 values in the range of 4-7 nM. Preliminary structure-activity relationship allowed identification of two analogues with antiproliferative activities exceeding that of the parent compound 1 for several orders of magnitude (e.g. 4: 1354-fold against Raji, 7: 309-fold against K562). Flow cytometry data and Western blot analysis suggested that cytotoxic effects of d-xylo stereoisomers in the culture of K562 cells caused changes in the cell cycle distribution, as well as the induction of apoptosis in caspase-dependent way. The increase of apoptotic cells percentage in treated samples is also confirmed with fluorescent double-staining method. Genotoxicity testing showed that the analogues with the xylo-configuration (2-4) are far less genotoxic than tiazofurin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Kojić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Saša Spaić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dimitar Jakimov
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Ivana Kovačević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Miloš Svirčev
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Lidija Aleksić
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Put Dr Goldmana 4, 21204, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Bojana Srećo Zelenović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Velimir Popsavin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, Novi Sad, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Knez Mihajlova 35, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yates MK, Seley-Radtke KL. The evolution of antiviral nucleoside analogues: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part II: Complex modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2019; 162:5-21. [PMID: 30529089 PMCID: PMC6349489 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the second of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. As with the first paper, rather than providing a chronological account, we have chosen to examine particular examples of structural modifications made to nucleoside analogues that have proven fruitful as various antiviral, anticancer, and other therapeutics. The first review covered the more common, and in most cases, single modifications to the sugar and base moieties of the nucleoside scaffold. This paper focuses on more recent developments, especially nucleoside analogues that contain more than one modification to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these two articles will provide an informative historical perspective of some of the successfully designed analogues, as well as many candidate compounds that encountered obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Yates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Pseudouridine (1) was synthesized by functional group interconversions of the Heck adduct11from 2,4-dimethoxy-5-iodopyrimidine (8) and ribofuranoid glycal4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ping Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yun Chang
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
| | - Tun-Cheng Chien
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei 11677
- Taiwan
- Faculty of Pharmacy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ma Y, Liu S, Xi Y, Li H, Yang K, Cheng Z, Wang W, Zhang Y. Highly stereoselective synthesis of aryl/heteroaryl-C-nucleosides via the merger of photoredox and nickel catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14657-14660. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07184a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox/nickel dual-catalyzed decarboxylative cross-coupling reaction of anomeric ribosyl/deoxyribosyl acids with aryl/heteroaryl bromides has been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Shihui Liu
- College of Medicine
- Jiaxing University
- Jiaxing 314033
- P. R. China
| | - Yifan Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Hongrui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Kai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor and School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nie P, Groaz E, De Jonghe S, Andrei G, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of a 3′-Deoxy- C-Nucleoside Phosphonate Bearing 9-Deazaadenine as Base Moiety. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Jonghe
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry; Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Herestraat 49 3000 Leuven Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|