1
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Diccianni JB, Hao B, Liu W, Strambeanu II. High-throughput optimization of the C-H arylation of oxetanes via Ni/aldehyde photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39233643 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01271b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Oxetanes are under-explored in medicinal chemistry, despite their favorable physicochemical properties, in part, because of the challenges associated with their syntheses. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) enables the rapid screening of reaction variables, accelerating the reaction development process. Herein we report the use of HTE in the optimization of a mild C-H arylation reaction of oxetanes, and other ethers, using p-cyanobenzaldehyde as a cheap and effective photoexcited hydrogen-atom transfer catalyst, in conjunction with a Ni catalyst. Our optimized conditions enable the use of a modern, reproducible light source as well as sub-solvent quantity oxetane, while eliminating the need for toxic co-solvents and dangerous sources of UV light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Diccianni
- Chemical Capabilities, Analytical and Purification, Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
| | - Bo Hao
- Chemical Capabilities, Analytical and Purification, Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
| | - Wei Liu
- Chemical Capabilities, Analytical and Purification, Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
| | - Iulia I Strambeanu
- Chemical Capabilities, Analytical and Purification, Global Discovery Chemistry, Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Welsh & McKean Roads, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, USA.
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2
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Zhigileva EA, Opryshko VE, Eshtukov-Shcheglov AV, Ivanov DS, Rudik DI, Mikhaylov AA, Ivanov IA, Smirnov AY, Baranov MS. Photochemistry of 2-(2-formylphenyloxy)acetic acid derivatives: synthesis of hydroxychromanones and benzofuranones. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39230072 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob01194e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical transformations of small molecules, such as ortho-substituted benzaldehydes, in the absence of a photocatalyst are significantly underexplored and may reveal unexpected outcomes. In the present paper, we showed that 2-(2-formylphenoxy)acetic acid and its esters undergo photocyclization into chromanone and benzofuranone derivatives under 365 nm irradiation. The reaction occurs exclusively in dimethyl sulfoxide and can be used to efficiently obtain hydroxychromanones in good yields (27-91%). A detailed mechanistic study revealed the clue of the divergent phototransformation with various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Zhigileva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victoria E Opryshko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Artur V Eshtukov-Shcheglov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitrii S Ivanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Daniil I Rudik
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Mikhaylov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Ivanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Yu Smirnov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Mountanea OG, Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Aerobic Upcycling of Polystyrene Plastics via Synergistic Indirect HAT Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401588. [PMID: 38837489 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plastic pollution constitutes an evergrowing urgent environmental problem, since overaccumulation of plastic waste, arising from the immense increase of the production of disposable plastic products, overcame planet's capacity to properly handle them. Chemical upcycling of polystyrene constitutes a convenient method for the conversion of plastic waste into high-added value chemicals, suggesting an attractive perspective in dealing with the environmental crisis. We demonstrate herein a novel, easy-to-perform organocatalytic photoinduced aerobic protocol, which proceeds via synergistic indirect hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis under LED 390 nm Kessil lamps as the irradiation source. The developed method employs a BrCH2CN-thioxanthone photocatalytic system and was successfully applied to a variety of everyday-life plastic products, leading to the isolation of benzoic acid after simple base-acid work up in yields varying from 23-49 %, while a large-scale experiment was successfully performed, suggesting that the photocatalytic step is susceptible to industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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4
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Das A, Justin Thomas KR. Generation and Application of Aryl Radicals Under Photoinduced Conditions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400193. [PMID: 38546345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Photoinduced aryl radical generation is a powerful strategy in organic synthesis that facilitates the formation of diverse carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. The synthetic applications of photoinduced aryl radical formation in the synthesis of complex organic compounds, including natural products, physiologically significant molecules, and functional materials, have received immense attention. An overview of current developments in photoinduced aryl radical production methods and their uses in organic synthesis is given in this article. A generalized idea of how to choose the reagents and approach for the generation of aryl radicals is described, along with photoinduced techniques and associated mechanistic insights. Overall, this article offers a critical assessment of the mechanistic results as well as the selection of reaction parameters for specific reagents in the context of radical cascades, cross-coupling reactions, aryl radical functionalization, and selective C-H functionalization of aryl substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - K R Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
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5
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Mabato BG, Li YJ, Huang DD, Chan CK. Aqueous-Phase Photoreactions of Mixed Aromatic Carbonyl Photosensitizers Yield More Oxygenated, Oxidized, and less Light-Absorbing Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) than Single Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7924-7936. [PMID: 38652049 PMCID: PMC11080053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Aromatic carbonyls have been mainly probed as photosensitizers for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) and light-absorbing organic aerosol (i.e., brown carbon or BrC) formation, but due to their organic nature, they can also undergo oxidation to form aqSOA and BrC. However, photochemical transformations of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers, particularly in multicomponent systems, are understudied. This study explored aqSOA formation from the irradiation of aromatic carbonyl photosensitizers in mixed and single systems under cloud/fog conditions. Mixed systems consisting of phenolic carbonyls only (VL + ActSyr + SyrAld: vanillin [VL] + acetosyringone [ActSyr] + syringaldehyde [SyrAld]) and another composed of both nonphenolic and phenolic carbonyls (DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld: 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde [DMB], a nonphenolic carbonyl, + ActSyr + SyrAld) were compared to single systems of VL (VL*) and DMB (DMB*), respectively. In mixed systems, the shorter lifetimes of VL and DMB indicate their diminished capacity to trigger the oxidation of other organic compounds (e.g., guaiacol [GUA], a noncarbonyl phenol). In contrast to the slow decay and minimal photoenhancement for DMB*, the rapid photodegradation and significant photoenhancement for VL* indicate efficient direct photosensitized oxidation (i.e., self-photosensitization). Relative to single systems, the increased oxidant availability promoted functionalization in VL + ActSyr + SyrAld and accelerated the conversion of early generation aqSOA in DMB + ActSyr + SyrAld. Moreover, the increased availability of oxidizable substrates countered by stronger oxidative capacity limited the contribution of mixed systems to aqSOA light absorption. This suggests a weaker radiative effect of BrC from mixed photosensitizer systems than BrC from single photosensitizer systems. Furthermore, more oxygenated and oxidized aqSOA was observed with increasing complexity of the reaction systems (e.g., VL* < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld < VL + ActSyr + SyrAld + GUA). This work offers new insights into aqSOA formation by emphasizing the dual role of organic photosensitizers as oxidant sources and oxidizable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix
Rosette Go Mabato
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Ocean,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- Shanghai
Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School
of Energy and Environment, City University
of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Division
of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah 23955-6900, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
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6
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Kolagkis PX, Galathri EM, Kokotos CG. Green and sustainable approaches for the Friedel-Crafts reaction between aldehydes and indoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:379-426. [PMID: 38410780 PMCID: PMC10896228 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of indoles and their derivatives, more specifically bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs), has been an area of great interest in organic chemistry, since these compounds exhibit a range of interesting biological and pharmacological properties. BIMs are naturally found in cruciferous vegetables and have been shown to be effective antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and even anticancer agents. Traditionally, the synthesis of BIMs has been achieved upon the acidic condensation of an aldehyde with indole, utilizing a variety of protic or Lewis acids. However, due to the increased environmental awareness of our society, the focus has shifted towards the development of greener synthetic technologies, like photocatalysis, organocatalysis, the use of nanocatalysts, microwave irradiation, ball milling, continuous flow, and many more. Thus, in this review, we summarize the medicinal properties of BIMs and the developed BIM synthetic protocols, utilizing the reaction between aldehydes with indoles, while focusing on the more environmentally friendly methods developed over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis X Kolagkis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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7
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Khan SR, Saini S, Naresh K, Kumari A, Aniya V, Khatri PK, Ray A, Jain SL. Reply to the 'Comment on "CO 2 as oxidant: an unusual light-assisted catalyst free oxidation of aldehydes to acids under mild conditions"' by S. R. Khan, S. Saini, K. Naresh, A. Kumari, V. Aniya, P. K. Khatri, A. Ray and S. L. Jain, Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 2208. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14036-14039. [PMID: 37920990 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04389d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Our recent Communication (S. R. Khan et al., Chem. Commun., 2022, 58, 2208) suggested that CO2 can be used as a potential oxidant under light irradiation without using any catalyst for the oxidation of aldehydes to acids at room temperature. The Comment based on the published literature on the catalytic oxidation of aromatic aldehydes by CO2 and thermodynamical data argued on the realism of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafiur Rehman Khan
- Chemical & Material Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Haridwar Road, Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005, India.
| | - Sandhya Saini
- Chemical & Material Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Haridwar Road, Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - K Naresh
- Process Engineering Technology Transfer Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Alka Kumari
- Process Engineering Technology Transfer Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Vineet Aniya
- Process Engineering Technology Transfer Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad-500007, India
| | - Praveen K Khatri
- Chemical & Material Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Haridwar Road, Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005, India.
| | - Anjan Ray
- Director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Haridwar Road, Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005, India
| | - Suman L Jain
- Chemical & Material Sciences Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Haridwar Road, Mohkampur, Dehradun-248005, India.
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8
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Zaitseva ER, Opryshko VE, Ivanov DS, Mikhaylov AA, Smirnov AY, Baranov MS. Synthesis of chroman-annulated cyclopropanols via photoinduced intramolecular [2 + 1]-cycloaddition of 2-allyloxybenzaldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9082-9085. [PMID: 37942901 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01520c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
2-Allyloxybenzaldehydes undergo [2 + 1] cycloadditions under 365 nm LED irradiation to form the corresponding chroman-fused cyclopropanols. The reaction proceeds easily without any catalysts or additives in dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira R Zaitseva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Victoria E Opryshko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dmitrii S Ivanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andrey A Mikhaylov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander Yu Smirnov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997, Moscow, Russia.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianov 1, 117997, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Chen J, Yang X, Huang Y, Zheng Z, Li T. The Development of Aldehyde Catalytic System. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300731. [PMID: 37755436 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Aldehyde catalysts have proven to be highly effective in facilitating and accelerating a wide range of challenging transformations in organic chemistry. This article is structured into three main sections, focusing on the utilization of aldehydes as organocatalysts, the aldehydes/transition metals catalytic systems, and photochemical initiators. Finally, we provide a concise summary of the advancements in this fascinating research field, offering our perspectives and insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University. Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University. Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yixian Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University. Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiguo Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University. Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticides, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University. Huaxi District, Guiyang, 550025, China
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10
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Peng P, Zhong Y, Zhou C, Tao Y, Li D, Lu Q. Unlocking the Nucleophilicity of Strong Alkyl C-H Bonds via Cu/Cr Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:756-762. [PMID: 37122460 PMCID: PMC10141608 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds is one of the most attractive yet challenging strategies for constructing molecules in organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented and Earth abundant Cu/Cr catalytic system in which unreactive alkyl C-H bonds are transformed into nucleophilic alkyl-Cr(III) species at room temperature, enabling carbonyl addition reactions with strong alkyl C-H bonds. Various aryl alkyl alcohols are furnished under mild reaction conditions even on a gram scale. Moreover, this new radical-to-polar crossover approach is further applied to the 1,1-difunctionalization of aldehydes with alkanes and different nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the aldehyde not only acts as a reactant but also serves as a photosensitizer to recycle the Cu and Cr catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials,
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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11
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Stini NA, Poursaitidis ET, Nikitas NF, Kartsinis M, Spiliopoulou N, Ananida-Dasenaki P, Kokotos CG. Light-accelerated "on-water" hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1284-1293. [PMID: 36645430 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates has received a lot of attention lately due to the great importance of acyl hydrazides in organic chemistry. Herein, we report an inexpensive and green photochemical approach, where light irradiation (390 nm) significantly accelerates the reaction between dialkyl azodicarboxylates and aldehydes, while water is employed as the solvent. A variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes were converted into their corresponding acyl hydrazides in good to excellent yields in really short reaction times (15-210 min) and the reaction mechanism was also studied. Applications of this reaction in the syntheses of Vorinostat and Moclobemide were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naya A Stini
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Efthymios T Poursaitidis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Michail Kartsinis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Phoebe Ananida-Dasenaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece.
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12
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Galathri EM, Di Terlizzi L, Fagnoni M, Protti S, Kokotos CG. Friedel-Crafts arylation of aldehydes with indoles utilizing arylazo sulfones as the photoacid generator. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:365-369. [PMID: 36512428 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A versatile, inexpensive and sustainable protocol for the preparation of valuable bis-indolyl methanes via visible light-mediated, metal-free Friedel-Crafts arylation has been developed. The procedure, that exploits the peculiar behavior of arylazo sulfones as non-ionic photoacid generators (PAGs), was applied to the conversion of a variety of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes into diarylmethanes in good to highly satisfactory yields, employing a low-catalyst loading (0.5 mol%) and irradiation at 456 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini M Galathri
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Lorenzo Di Terlizzi
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fagnoni
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Stefano Protti
- PhotoGreen Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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13
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Bhatt S, Saini S, Moses Abraham B, Malik A, Jain SL. Heterostructured Ti-MOF/g-C3N4 driven light assisted reductive carboxylation of aryl aldehydes with CO2 under ambient conditions. J Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Skolia E, Kokotos CG. Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition of Alkenes with Maleimides: Highlighting the Differences between N-Alkyl vs N-Aryl Maleimides. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 3:96-103. [PMID: 37035280 PMCID: PMC10080724 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.2c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the last 15 years, there has been increased research interest in the use of light promoting organic transformations. [2 + 2] Cycloadditions are usually performed photochemically; however, literature precedent on the reaction between olefins and maleimides is limited to a handful of literature examples, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides or using metal catalysts for visible-light driven reactions of N-aromatic maleimides. Herein, we identify the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides. For our optimized protocols, in the case of N-alkyl maleimides, the reaction with alkenes proceeds under 370 nm irradiation in the absence of an external photocatalyst, leading to products in high yields. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, the reaction with olefins requires thioxanthone as the photosensitizer under 440 nm irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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15
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Tratrat C, Alomair NA, Kochkar H, Jubran al Malih R, Haroun M, Abubshait S, Younas M, Berhault G, Venugopala KN, Nagaraja S, Emeka PM, Elsewedy HS, Nair AB, Kammoun M. Visible-Light-Driven Selective Esterification of Benzaldehyde Derivatives using Strontium-Modified 1D Titanium Dioxide Nanotubes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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16
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Peng R, Luo Y, Cui Q, Zhang H, Li L. Covalent Organic Frameworks as Efficient Photoinitiators and Cross-Linkers To Fabricate Highly Stretchable Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:49254-49263. [PMID: 36257918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two kinds of imine-type covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles are demonstrated as efficient photocatalytic initiators to trigger the free-radical polymerization of acrylamide (AM) to prepare polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels under visible light irradiation, without any assistance from the co-initiator. Simultaneously, the COF nanoparticles bearing vinyl side groups (COF-V) promote covalent cross-linking of the polymer chains, which significantly reinforces the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogel. The obtained PAM/COF-V hydrogel is highly stretchable with an extraordinary elongation up to 3300% strain. On the other hand, the COF nanoparticles modified with methoxy moieties (COF-OMe) endow the resulting PAM/COF-OMe hydrogel with a promising fluorescence feature. In addition, this strategy provides a visible-light-regulated photocatalytic polymerization approach with a simplified recipe to fabricate COF-based nanocomposite hydrogels or resins with diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qianling Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Hean Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
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17
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Baptista E, Borges A, Aymerich T, Alves SP, da Gama LT, Fernandes H, Fernandes MJ, Fraqueza MJ. Pulsed Light Application for Campylobacter Control on Poultry Meat and Its Effect on Colour and Volatile Profile. Foods 2022; 11:2848. [PMID: 36140975 PMCID: PMC9498210 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter on poultry meat needs to be controlled to reduce the risk of infection caused by the consumption of chicken meat. Pulsed light (PL) application on poultry meat was studied to control Campylobacter spp. The effect of this technology was evaluated regarding poultry meat colour and volatile compound changes. Two breast sample groups were prepared: inoculated with Campylobacter (107 bacteria of Campylobacter jejuni strains) and not inoculated. Samples were submitted to PL, five pulses/s of 300 ms, 1 Hz, and 1 J/cm2 in the apparatus, PL Tecum unit (Claranor). A response surface experimental design was applied regarding the factors of voltage (1828 to 3000 W) and distance to the source UV lamp (2.6 to 5.4 cm). The binomial factorial treatment (voltage and distance) with PL induced different energy doses (fluence J/cm2) received by samples, 2.82 to 9.67 J/cm2. Poultry meat pulsed light treated had a significant decrease of Enterobacteriaceae counts. The treatments applied were unable to reduce 1 log Campylobacter cfu/g of poultry meat. The poultry meat PL treated became slightly light, redder, and yellower than those not treated. PL can decrease the proportion of aldehydes on total volatiles in meat, particularly on those associated with chicken-like, chicken skin-like, and sweet odour notes in fresh poultry meat. Further studies of PL with higher energy doses will be necessary to confirm if there are Campylobacter reductions and about poultry meat treated under storage to evaluate if volatile compounds can affect the flavour of PL-treated meat samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Baptista
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Borges
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Teresa Aymerich
- IRTA—Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries, 17121 Monells, Spain
| | - Susana P. Alves
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Telo da Gama
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Fernandes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria José Fernandes
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Fraqueza
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, AL4AnimalS—Associate Laboratory for Animal and Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, Polo Universitário do Alto da Ajuda, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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18
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Gorbachev D, Smith E, Argent SP, Newton GN, Lam HW. Synthesis of New Morphinan Opioids by TBADT-Catalyzed Photochemical Functionalization at the Carbon Skeleton. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201478. [PMID: 35661287 PMCID: PMC9544987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of new morphinan opioids by the addition of photochemically generated carbon-centered radicals to substrates containing an enone in the morphinan C-ring, is described. Using tetrabutylammonium decatungstate (TBADT) as a hydrogen atom transfer photocatalyst, diverse radical donors can be used to prepare a variety of C8-functionalized morphinan opioids. This work demonstrates the late-stage modification of complex, highly functionalized substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Gorbachev
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamJubilee Campus, Triumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Elliot Smith
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamJubilee Campus, Triumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Graham N. Newton
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamJubilee Campus, Triumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamJubilee Campus, Triumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamUniversity ParkNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
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19
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Hong JE, Jung Y, Min D, Jang M, Kim S, Park J, Park Y. Visible-Light-Induced Organophotocatalytic Difunctionallization: Open-Air Hydroxysulfurization of Aryl Alkenes with Aryl Thiols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7378-7391. [PMID: 35561230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a regioselective visible-light-induced organophotoredox catalytic difunctionalization method to prepare β-hydroxysulfides using aryl alkenes and aryl thiols as substrates. The reaction provides a wide substrate scope of aryl alkenes (from simple styrene to complex bioactive compounds) and aryl thiols (from diverse heteroaromatic thiols to nonheteroaromatic thiols) (total 45 examples, up to 88% yield). Based on the combined experimental and computational studies, we demonstrate that in situ generated hydroperoxyl radicals from O2 in air react with benzylic radicals, which restrains the reaction between benzylic radicals and the acidic form of thiols in a classical thiol-ene radical reaction. We show that difunctionalization is possible due to the choice of bases, diluted substrate concentrations, increment in catalyst loading, and selection of suitable aryl thiols under aerobic conditions. Considering the biological importance of heteroaromatic thiols and the lack of methods to install them, our approach offers a platform to derive various β-hydroxysulfides that contain aromatic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Eun Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Min
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyong Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Inje-ro, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 50834, Republic of Korea
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20
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Bonciolini S, Noël T, Capaldo L. Synthetic Applications of Photocatalyzed Halogen‐radical mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for C−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciolini
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Timothy Noël
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Luca Capaldo
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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21
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Spiliopoulou N, Gkizis PL, Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Batsika CS, Bisticha A, Kokotos CG. A Unified Mechanism for the PhCOCOOH-mediated Photochemical Reactions: Revisiting its Action and Comparison to Known Photoinitiators. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200023. [PMID: 35137984 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since 2014, we have introduced in literature the use of phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH), a small and commercially available organic molecule, as a potent promoter in a variety of photochemical processes. Although PhCOCOOH has a broad scope of photochemical reactions that can promote, the understanding of its mode of action in our early contributions was moderate. Herein, we are restudying and revisiting the mechanism of action of PhCOCOOH in most of these early contributions, providing a unified mechanism of action. Furthermore, the understanding of its action as a photoinitiator opened a new comparison study with known and commercially available photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Batsika
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bisticha
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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22
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Schmidt‐Räntsch T, Verplancke H, Lienert JN, Demeshko S, Otte M, Van Trieste GP, Reid KA, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C-H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202115626. [PMID: 34905281 PMCID: PMC9305406 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
C-H amination and amidation by catalytic nitrene transfer are well-established and typically proceed via electrophilic attack of nitrenoid intermediates. In contrast, the insertion of (formal) terminal nitride ligands into C-H bonds is much less developed and catalytic nitrogen atom transfer remains unknown. We here report the synthesis of a formal terminal nitride complex of palladium. Photocrystallographic, magnetic, and computational characterization support the assignment as an authentic metallonitrene (Pd-N) with a diradical nitrogen ligand that is singly bonded to PdII . Despite the subvalent nitrene character, selective C-H insertion with aldehydes follows nucleophilic selectivity. Transamidation of the benzamide product is enabled by reaction with N3 SiMe3 . Based on these results, a photocatalytic protocol for aldehyde C-H trimethylsilylamidation was developed that exhibits inverted, nucleophilic selectivity as compared to typical nitrene transfer catalysis. This first example of catalytic C-H nitrogen atom transfer offers facile access to primary amides after deprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Schmidt‐Räntsch
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jonas N. Lienert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | - Matthias Otte
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
| | | | - Kaleb A. Reid
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University3255 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA
| | | | - David C. Powers
- Department of ChemistryTexas A&M University3255 TAMUCollege StationTX 77843USA
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-UniversitätMax-von-Laue-Straße 760438Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieUniversität GöttingenTammannstraße 437077GöttingenGermany
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23
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Triandafillidi I, Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Spiliopoulou N, Kokotos CG. Hexafluoroisopropanol-Promoted or Brønsted Acid-Mediated Photochemical [2+2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Maleimides. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102441. [PMID: 34978379 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the use of light stimulating organic transformations has been known for more than a century, there is an increasing research interest on expanding the established knowledge. While [2+2] cycloadditions are promoted photochemically, literature precedent on the reaction between alkynes and maleimides is limited and only a handful of examples exist, focusing mainly on N-aliphatic maleimides. Herein, the differences in reactivity between N-alkyl and N-aryl maleimides were identified, and the use of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) or trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) as viable solutions was proposed in order to achieve high yields. In the case of N-alkyl maleimides, both HFIP-mediated or TFA-promoted reactions were established using LED 370 nm irradiation, without the use of an external photocatalyst. In the case of N-aryl maleimides, thioxanthone (THX) was employed as the energy transfer photocatalyst along with LED 427 nm irradiation and HFIP. Mechanistic studies were performed, supporting the pivotal role of HFIP or TFA, in acquiring good to high yields in both classes of maleimides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ierasia Triandafillidi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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24
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Skolia E, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Aerobic Photocatalysis: Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200008. [PMID: 35199489 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sulfoxides constitute one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry found in numerous pharmaceuticals and natural products. Sulfoxides are usually obtained from the oxidation of the corresponding sulfides. Among various oxidants, oxygen or air are considered the greenest and most sustainable reagent. Photochemistry and photocatalysis is increasingly applied in new, as well as traditional, yet demanding, reaction, like the aerobic oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, since photocatalysis has provided the means to access them in mild and effective ways. In this review, we will summarize the photochemical protocols that have been developed for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides, employing air or oxygen as the oxidant. The aim of this review is to present: i) a historical overview, ii) the key mechanistic studies and proposed mechanisms and iii) categorize the different catalytic systems in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Chistoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis 15771, Athens, Greece
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25
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Schmidt‐Räntsch T, Verplancke H, Lienert JN, Demeshko S, Otte M, Van Trieste GP, Reid KA, Reibenspies JH, Powers DC, Holthausen MC, Schneider S. Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C−H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Schmidt‐Räntsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Hendrik Verplancke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jonas N. Lienert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Serhiy Demeshko
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Matthias Otte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | | | - Kaleb A. Reid
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University 3255 TAMU College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Goethe-Universität Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Sven Schneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstraße 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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26
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Xie D, Li S, Yang W, Fan S, Feng Y. Selective Photocatalytic Conversion of Benzyl Alcohol to Benzaldehyde by Antimony(V) Porphyrin Metal‐Organic Frameworks under Visible‐Light Irradiation. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Shihao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Shilu Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yi‐Si Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advance Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei 230009, P. R. China
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27
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Wang Y, Lang Y, Li CJ, Zeng H. Visible-light-induced transition metal and photosensitizer free decarbonylative addition of amino-arylaldehydes to ketones. Chem Sci 2022; 13:698-703. [PMID: 35173934 PMCID: PMC8768876 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The decarbonylative-coupling reaction is generally promoted by transition metals (via organometallic complexes) or peroxides (via radical intermediates), often at high temperatures to facilitate the CO release. Herein, a visible-light-induced, transition metal and external photosensitizer free decarbonylative addition of benzaldehydes to ketones/aldehydes at room temperature is reported. Tertiary/secondary alcohols were obtained in moderate to excellent yields promoted by using CsF under mild conditions. The detailed mechanistic investigation showed that the reaction proceeded through photoexcitation–decarbonylation of the aldehyde to generate an aromatic anion, followed by its addition to ketones/aldehydes. The reaction mechanism was verified by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A visible-light-induced, transition-metal and external photosensitizer free decarbonylative addition of benzaldehydes to ketones/aldehydes via anion intermediates at room temperature is developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yatao Lang
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FQRNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Huiying Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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28
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Wang YH, Yang Q, Walsh PJ, Schelter EJ. Light-mediated aerobic oxidation of C(sp 3)–H bonds by a Ce( iv) hexachloride complex. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00362g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A photochemical C(sp3)–H oxygenation of arene and alkane substrates (including methane) catalyzed by [NEt4]2[CeIVCl6] under mild conditions (1 atm, 25 °C) is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Qiaomu Yang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Eric J. Schelter
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Ye Z, Lei Z, Ye X, Zhou L, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Gao F, Britton R. Decatungstate Catalyzed Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthioesters from Aldehydes via a Radical Process. J Org Chem 2021; 87:765-775. [PMID: 34882428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a mild and general method for the trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehydes using N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin as the CF3S radical source and sodium decatungstate (NaDT) as the photocatalyst. This reaction proceeds via hydrogen atom abstraction by photoactivated DT and features good functional groups and substrate tolerance. Generally, electron-rich aldehydes demonstrate better reactivity than electron-deficient ones and good selectivity is observed for the trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehydic C-H bonds over tertiary and benzylic C-H bonds. Preliminary mechanistic studies have shown that a free radical process is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhegao Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Ziran Lei
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Xiaodong Ye
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Liejin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Zheliang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Research Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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30
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García-Santos WH, Ordóñez-Hernández J, Farfán-Paredes M, Castro-Cruz HM, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Farfán N, Cordero-Vargas A. Dibromo-BODIPY as an Organic Photocatalyst for Radical-Ionic Sequences. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16315-16326. [PMID: 34726403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new dibrominated 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) is reported as a new metal-free photocatalyst. This BODIPY showed similar optoelectronic, electrochemical, and performance properties to those of Ru(bpy)3Cl2, one of the most common photocatalysts in a known radical-ionic transformation, such as the formation of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds. Moreover, additional sequences in which the generated oxonium ion is trapped by an internal nucleophile were developed using this BODIPY photocatalyst. These new sequences allowed the straightforward preparation of γ-alkoxylactones, monoprotected 1,4-ketoaldehydes, and dihydrofurans. This new catalyst, the methodology, and the forged functional groups could be important tools in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H García-Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Javier Ordóñez-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
| | - Mónica Farfán-Paredes
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Hiram M Castro-Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Norma A Macías-Ruvalcaba
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Norberto Farfán
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Alejandro Cordero-Vargas
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P., México, D.F. 04510, México
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31
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Photochemical C-H acetalization of O-heterocycles utilizing phenylglyoxylic acid as the photoinitiator. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 21:687-694. [PMID: 34750786 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00126-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel, mild, metal-free and easy-to-execute procedure for the C-H acetalization of O-heterocycles via visible light activation is presented, utilizing phenylglyoxylic acid as the photoinitiator. Biomass-derived O-heterocycles, like THF, can be employed, while primary, secondary alcohols and alcohols bearing a variety of functionalities were succesfully employed, affording the desired acetals in high yields. Facile acidic deprotection was also performed.
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32
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Li M, Liu T, Li J, He H, Dai H, Xie J. Visible-Light-Mediated Deoxyalkynylation of Activated Tertiary Alcohols. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12386-12393. [PMID: 34378932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, visible-light-induced deoxyalkynylation of activated tertiary alcohols has been successfully performed under mild reaction conditions with ethynylbenziodoxole as the readily available alkynylation reagent. The desired C(sp3)-C(sp) coupling can smoothly occur with 4-CzIPN as a photocatalyst, affording a wide range of valuable alkynylation products bearing quaternary carbon centers in 37-84% yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hengchi He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haotian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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33
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Psarrou M, Kothri MG, Vamvakaki M. Photo- and Acid-Degradable Polyacylhydrazone-Doxorubicin Conjugates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152461. [PMID: 34372064 PMCID: PMC8348397 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-mediated polymer degradation has attracted considerable attention in various applications, including photo-patterning, tissue engineering and photo-triggered drug delivery. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new, linear, main-chain photo- and acid-degradable copolymer based on acylhydrazone linkages. The polymer was synthesized via a step-growth copolymerization of adipic acid dihydrazide with a bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) bearing benzaldehyde end-groups, under mild acidic conditions, to afford a hydrophilic PEG-alt-adipic acid (PEG-alt-AA) alternating copolymer. The synthesized polymer was characterized by size exclusion chromatography, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies. The main-chain photo- and acid-induced degradation of the copolymer in dimethylsulfoxide and water, respectively, was verified by UV-vis spectroscopy at light intensities as low as 0.1 mW cm−2 at λ = 254 nm. Next, a model anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was chemically linked to the polymer chain end(s) via acylhydrazone bond(s), resulting in amphiphilic PEG-alt-adipic acid-DOX (PEG-alt-AA-DOX) polymer–drug conjugates. The conjugates were self-assembled in water to form spherical nanoparticles, as evidenced by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The irradiation of the self-assembled PEG-alt-AA-DOX conjugates with UV light and the decrease of the solution pH resulted in the disruption of the assemblies due to the photolysis and acidolysis of the acylhydrazone bonds, and the release of the therapeutic cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Psarrou
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Martha Georgia Kothri
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Vasilika Vouton, 700 13 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810-545019
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34
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Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
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35
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Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Thioxanthone: a powerful photocatalyst for organic reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5237-5253. [PMID: 34047729 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoorganocatalysis has been recognised by the organic chemistry community as an important part of photochemistry and catalysis. In general, aromatic ketones constitute key players in this type of catalysis as they are involved in a plethora of examples in the literature. Among the various aromatic ketones, thioxanthone (TX) seems to play a unique role in photochemistry. In comparison with other aromatic ketones, TX has a high triplet energy and a relatively long triplet lifetime, while it has the ability to participate successfully in merger reactions with metal complexes. In this review, we will discuss the photophysical properties of this small organic molecule, as well as the numerous examples of photochemical reactions, where it is employed as a mediator and more specifically in polymerisation reactions, and organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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36
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Nikitas NF, Apostolopoulou MK, Skolia E, Tsoukaki A, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Activation of Aromatic Aldehydes: Synthesis of Amides, Hydroxamic Acids and Esters. Chemistry 2021; 27:7915-7922. [PMID: 33772903 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A cheap, facile and metal-free photochemical protocol for the activation of aromatic aldehydes has been developed. Utilizing thioxanthen-9-one as the photocatalyst and cheap household lamps as the light source, a variety of aromatic aldehydes have been activated and subsequently converted in a one-pot reaction into amides, hydroxamic acids and esters in good to high yields. The applicability of this method was highlighted in the synthesis of Moclobemide, a drug against depression and social anxiety. Extended and detailed mechanistic studies have been conducted, in order to determine a plausible mechanism for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Mary K Apostolopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Tsoukaki
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimioupolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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37
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Paul S, Guin J. A General Approach to Intermolecular Olefin Hydroacylation through Light-Induced HAT Initiation: An Efficient Synthesis of Long-Chain Aliphatic Ketones and Functionalized Fatty Acids. Chemistry 2021; 27:4412-4419. [PMID: 33350515 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an operationally simple, environmentally benign and effective method for intermolecular radical hydroacylation of unactivated substrates by employing photo-induced hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) initiation is described. The use of commercially available and inexpensive photoinitiators (Ph2 CO and NHPI) makes the process attractive. The olefin hydroacylation protocol applies to a wide array of substrates bearing numerous functional groups and many complex structural units. The reaction proves to be scalable (up to 5 g). Different functionalized fatty acids, petrochemicals and naturally occurring alkanes can be synthesized with this protocol. A radical chain mechanism is implicated in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasis Paul
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Joyram Guin
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India
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38
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Nikitas NF, Theodoropoulou MA, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Reaction of
N
,
N
‐Dimethylanilines with N‐Substituted Maleimides Utilizing Benzaldehyde as the Photoinitiator. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F. Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Maria A. Theodoropoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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39
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Metal‐free Photochemical Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) of BrCCl
3
to Alkenes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Cannalire R, Pelliccia S, Sancineto L, Novellino E, Tron GC, Giustiniano M. Visible light photocatalysis in the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:766-897. [PMID: 33350402 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00493f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The late stage functionalization (LSF) of complex biorelevant compounds is a powerful tool to speed up the identification of structure-activity relationships (SARs) and to optimize ADME profiles. To this end, visible-light photocatalysis offers unique opportunities to achieve smooth and clean functionalization of drugs by unlocking site-specific reactivities under generally mild reaction conditions. This review offers a critical assessment of current literature, pointing out the recent developments in the field while emphasizing the expected future progress and potential applications. Along with paragraphs discussing the visible-light photocatalytic synthetic protocols so far available for LSF of drugs and drug candidates, useful and readily accessible synoptic tables of such transformations, divided by functional groups, will be provided, thus enabling a useful, fast, and easy reference to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy.
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41
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Skolia E, Apostolopoulou MK, Nikitas NF, Kokotos CG. Photochemical Synthesis of Benzimidazoles from Diamines and Aldehydes. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elpida Skolia
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Mary K. Apostolopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Nikolaos F. Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
| | - Christoforos G. Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Panepistimiopolis 15771 Athens Greece
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42
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Das A, Thomas KRJ. Facile Thiol–Ene Click Protocol Using Benzil as Sensitizer and White LED as Light Source. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Das
- Organic Materials Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee – India
| | - K. R. Justin Thomas
- Organic Materials Laboratory Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee 247667 Roorkee – India
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43
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Papadopoulos GN, Kokotou MG, Spiliopoulou N, Nikitas NF, Voutyritsa E, Tzaras DI, Kaplaneris N, Kokotos CG. Phenylglyoxylic Acid: An Efficient Initiator for the Photochemical Hydrogen Atom Transfer C-H Functionalization of Heterocycles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5934-5944. [PMID: 32833347 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
C-H functionalization at the α-position of heterocycles has become a rapidly growing area of research. Herein, a cheap and efficient photochemical method was developed for the C-H functionalization of heterocycles. Phenylglyoxylic acid (PhCOCOOH) could behave as an alternative to metal-based catalysts and organic dyes and provided a very general and wide array of photochemical C-H alkylation, alkenylation, and alkynylation, as well as C-N bond forming reaction methodologies. This novel, mild, and metal-free protocol was successfully employed in the functionalization of a wide range of C-H bonds, utilizing not only O- or N-heterocycles, but also the less studied S-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos N Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Spiliopoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Errika Voutyritsa
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios I Tzaras
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771, Athens, Greece
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44
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Yuan Z, Liao J, Jiang H, Cao P, Li Y. Aldehyde catalysis - from simple aldehydes to artificial enzymes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:35433-35448. [PMID: 35515689 PMCID: PMC9056934 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemists have been learning and mimicking enzymatic catalysis in various aspects of organic synthesis. One of the major goals is to develop versatile catalysts that inherit the high catalytic efficiency of enzymatic processes, while being effective for a broad scope of substrates. In this field, the study of aldehyde catalysts has achieved significant progress. This review summarizes the application of aldehydes as sustainable and effective catalysts in different reactions. The fields, in which the aldehydes successfully mimic enzymatic systems, include light energy absorption/transfer, intramolecularity introduction through tether formation, metal binding for activation/orientation and substrate activation via aldimine formation. Enantioselective aldehyde catalysis has been achieved with the development of chiral aldehyde catalysts. Direct simplification of aldehyde-dependent enzymes has also been investigated for the synthesis of noncanonical chiral amino acids. Further development in aldehyde catalysis is expected, which might also promote exploration in fields related to prebiotic chemistry, early enzyme evolution, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqin Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Jun Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Undisclosed Pharmaceutical Company Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University Chengdu 610068 China
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45
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Behm K, Fazekas E, Paterson MJ, Vilela F, McIntosh RD. Discrete Ti-O-Ti Complexes: Visible-Light-Activated, Homogeneous Alternative to TiO 2 Photosensitisers. Chemistry 2020; 26:9486-9494. [PMID: 32428304 PMCID: PMC7496837 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bimetallic TiIV amine bis(phenolate) complexes was synthesised and fully characterised. X-ray crystallography studies revealed distorted octahedral geometries around the Ti centres with single or double oxo-bridges connecting the two metals. These robust, air- and moisture-stable complexes were employed as photosensitisers generating singlet oxygen following irradiation with visible light (420 nm) LED module in a commercial flow reactor. All five complexes showed high activity in the photo-oxygenation of α-terpinene and achieved complete conversion to ascaridole in four hours at ambient temperature. The excellent selectivity of these photosensitisers towards ascaridole (vs. transformation to p-cymene) was demonstrated with control experiments using a traditional TiO2 catalyst. Further comparative studies employing the free pro-ligands as well as a monometallic analogue highlighted the importance of the 'TiO2 -like' moiety in the polymetallic catalysts. Computational studies were used to determine the nature of the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) states and singlet-triplet gaps for each complex, the calculated trends in the UV-vis absorption spectra across the series agreed well with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behm
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Eszter Fazekas
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | | | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
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