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Steiner MR, Schmallegger M, Donner L, Hlina JA, Marschner C, Baumgartner J, Slugovc C. Using the phospha-Michael reaction for making phosphonium phenolate zwitterions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:41-51. [PMID: 38230356 PMCID: PMC10790659 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The reactions of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(diphenylphosphino)phenol and various Michael acceptors (acrylonitrile, acrylamide, methyl vinyl ketone, several acrylates, methyl vinyl sulfone) yield the respective phosphonium phenolate zwitterions at room temperature. Nine different zwitterions were synthesized and fully characterized. Zwitterions with the poor Michael acceptors methyl methacrylate and methyl crotonate formed, but could not be isolated in pure form. The solid-state structures of two phosphonium phenolate molecules were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The bonding situation in the solid state together with NMR data suggests an important contribution of an ylidic resonance structure in these molecules. The phosphonium phenolates are characterized by UV-vis absorptions peaking around 360 nm and exhibit a negative solvatochromism. An analysis of the kinetics of the zwitterion formation was performed for three Michael acceptors (acrylonitrile, methyl acrylate, and acrylamide) in two different solvents (chloroform and methanol). The results revealed the proton transfer step necessary to stabilize the initially formed carbanion as the rate-determining step. A preorganization of the carbonyl bearing Michael acceptors allowed for reasonable fast direct proton transfer from the phenol in aprotic solvents. In contrast, acrylonitrile, not capable of forming a similar preorganization, is hardly reactive in chloroform solution, while in methanol the corresponding phosphonium phenolate is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias R Steiner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Max Schmallegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Larissa Donner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johann A Hlina
- Institute of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Marschner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Baumgartner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ratzenböck K, Fischer SM, Slugovc C. Poly(ether)s derived from oxa-Michael polymerization: a comprehensive review. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPoly(ether)s represent an important class of polymers and are typically formed by ring-opening polymerization, Williamson ether synthesis, or self-condensation of alcohols. The oxa-Michael reaction presents another method to form poly(ether)s with additional functional groups in the polymer backbone starting from di- or triols and electron deficient olefins such as acrylates, sulfones, or acrylamides. However, research on oxa-Michael polymerization is still limited. Herein, we outline the principles of the oxa-Michael polymerization and focus on the synthesis and preparation of poly(ether-sulfone)s, poly(ether-ester)s, poly(ether)s, and poly(ether-amide)s. Further, challenges as well as future perspectives of the oxa-Michael polymerization are discussed.
Graphical abstract
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Šebesta R. New advances in asymmetric organocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:240-242. [PMID: 35330781 PMCID: PMC8919419 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Fischer SM, Kaschnitz P, Slugovc C. Tris(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)phosphine – a Lewis base able to compete with phosphazene bases in catalysing oxa-Michael reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01335e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the fairly airstable and commercially available “Lewis base beast” TTMPP in catalysing oxa-Michael reactions and the control of its activity by dilution and solvent choice are disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M. Fischer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Petra Kaschnitz
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ratzenböck K, Ud Din MM, Fischer SM, Žagar E, Pahovnik D, Boese AD, Rettenwander D, Slugovc C. Water as a monomer: synthesis of an aliphatic polyethersulfone from divinyl sulfone and water. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6920-6928. [PMID: 35774179 PMCID: PMC9200112 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using water as a monomer in polymerization reactions presents a unique and exquisite strategy towards more sustainable chemistry. Herein, the feasibility thereof is demonstrated by the introduction of the oxa-Michael polyaddition of water and divinyl sulfone. Upon nucleophilic or base catalysis, the corresponding aliphatic polyethersulfone is obtained in an interfacial polymerization at room temperature in high yield (>97%) within an hour. The polyethersulfone is characterized by relatively high molar mass averages and a dispersity around 2.5. The polymer was tested as a solid polymer electrolyte with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as the salt. Free-standing amorphous membranes were prepared by a melt process in a solvent-free manner. The polymer electrolyte containing 15 wt% LiTFSI featured an oxidative stability of up to 5.5 V vs. Li/Li+ at 45 °C and a conductivity of 1.45 × 10−8 S cm−1 at room temperature. This study describes the first example of the polymerization of water as one of two monomers. The obtained polymer allows for a solvent-free preparation of polymer electrolyte membranes exhibiting a high oxidative stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Ratzenböck
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mir Mehraj Ud Din
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- International Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Susanne M. Fischer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ema Žagar
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- National Institute of Chemistry, Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - A. Daniel Boese
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Daniel Rettenwander
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
- International Christian Doppler Laboratory for Solid-State Batteries, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands vei 12, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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