1
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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Kaur N, Grewal P, Bhardwaj P, Verma Y, Ahlawat N. Synthesis of higher-membered heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2023.2172350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Division of Research and Development, Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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3
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Scharinger F, Pálvölgyi ÁM, Weisz M, Weil M, Stanetty C, Schnürch M, Bica‐Schröder K. Sterically Demanding Flexible Phosphoric Acids for Constructing Efficient and Multi-Purpose Asymmetric Organocatalysts. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202202189. [PMID: 38504771 PMCID: PMC10947075 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel approach for various asymmetric transformations of cyclic enones. The combination of readily accessible chiral diamines and sterically demanding flexible phosphoric acids resulted in a simple and highly tunable catalyst framework. The careful optimization of the catalyst components led to the identification of a particularly powerful and multi-purpose organocatalyst, which was successfully applied for asymmetric epoxidations, aziridinations, aza-Michael-initiated cyclizations, as well as for a novel Robinson-like Michael-initiated ring closure/aldol cyclization. High catalytic activities and excellent stereocontrol was observed for all four reaction types, indicating the excellent versatility of our catalytic system. Furthermore, a simple change in the diamine's configuration provided easy access to both product antipodes in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scharinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Ádám Márk Pálvölgyi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Melanie Weisz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Matthias Weil
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU WienGetreidemarkt 9/1631060WienAustria
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4
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Scharinger F, Pálvölgyi ÁM, Weisz M, Weil M, Stanetty C, Schnürch M, Bica‐Schröder K. Sterically Demanding Flexible Phosphoric Acids for Constructing Efficient and Multi‐Purpose Asymmetric Organocatalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202189. [PMID: 35413147 PMCID: PMC9324080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a novel approach for various asymmetric transformations of cyclic enones. The combination of readily accessible chiral diamines and sterically demanding flexible phosphoric acids resulted in a simple and highly tunable catalyst framework. The careful optimization of the catalyst components led to the identification of a particularly powerful and multi‐purpose organocatalyst, which was successfully applied for asymmetric epoxidations, aziridinations, aza‐Michael‐initiated cyclizations, as well as for a novel Robinson‐like Michael‐initiated ring closure/aldol cyclization. High catalytic activities and excellent stereocontrol was observed for all four reaction types, indicating the excellent versatility of our catalytic system. Furthermore, a simple change in the diamine's configuration provided easy access to both product antipodes in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Scharinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Ádám Márk Pálvölgyi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Melanie Weisz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Matthias Weil
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
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5
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Skrzypczak N, Przybylski P. Structural diversity and biological relevance of benzenoid and atypical ansamycins and their congeners. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1678-1704. [PMID: 35262153 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2011 to 2021The structural division of ansamycins, including those of atypical cores and different lengths of the ansa chains, is presented. Recently discovered benzenoid and atypical ansamycin scaffolds are presented in relation to their natural source and biosynthetic routes realized in bacteria as well as their muta and semisynthetic modifications influencing biological properties. To better understand the structure-activity relationships among benzenoid ansamycins structural aspects together with mechanisms of action regarding different targets in cells, are discussed. The most promising directions for structural optimizations of benzenoid ansamycins, characterized by predominant anticancer properties, were discussed in view of their potential medical and pharmaceutical applications. The bibliography of the review covers mainly years from 2011 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Skrzypczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Przybylski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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6
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Miaskiewicz S, Weibel JM, Pale P, Blanc A. A gold( i)-catalysed approach towards harmalidine an elusive alkaloid from Peganum harmala. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26966-26974. [PMID: 36275169 PMCID: PMC9490519 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05685b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon gold catalysis, the 2,3-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]indole motif, encountered in few but interesting bioactive natural products, was efficiently obtained from N-aryl 2-alkynylazetidine derivatives. In an attempt to apply this methodology to the synthesis of harmalidine, isolated from the seeds of Peganum harmala, advanced amino 2,3-hydropyrrolo[1,2-a]indol(one) derivatives were readily obtained in only 11 steps from but-3-yn-1-ol. While the reported structure of harmalidine could not be reached from these intermediates, a surprising 12-membered diimino dimer was isolated. Extensive comparison of the reported harmalidine NMR data to the experimental and calculated data of our synthetic molecules, harmaline or the synthetised N-methylharmaline show discrepancies with the proposed natural product structure. Upon gold catalysis, the 2,3-dihydropyrrolo[1,2-a]indole motif, encountered in few but interesting bioactive natural products, was efficiently obtained from N-aryl 2-alkynylazetidine derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Miaskiewicz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 - CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Weibel
- Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 - CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 - CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Blanc
- Laboratoire de Synthèse, Réactivité Organiques et Catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177 - CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Rago AJ, Dong G. Synthesis of C3,C4-Disubstituted Indoles via the Palladium/Norbornene-Catalyzed ortho-Amination/ipso-Heck Cyclization. Org Lett 2021; 23:3755-3760. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Rago
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangbin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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8
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Fisusi FA, Akala EO. Drug Combinations in Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharm Nanotechnol 2019; 7:3-23. [PMID: 30666921 PMCID: PMC6691849 DOI: 10.2174/2211738507666190122111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer therapy involves a multidisciplinary approach comprising surgery, radiotherapy, neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Effective therapy of breast cancer requires maximum therapeutic efficacy, with minimal undesirable effects to ensure a good quality of life for patients. The carefully selected combination of therapeutic interventions provides patients with the opportunity to derive maximum benefit from therapy while minimizing or eliminating recurrence, resistance and toxic effects, as well as ensuring that patients have a good quality of life. This review discusses therapeutic options for breast cancer treatments and various combinations that had been previously exploited. The review will also give an insight into the potential application of the nanotechnology platform for codelivery of therapeutics in breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funmilola A Fisusi
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States.,Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Akala
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
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9
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Song W, Li M, He J, Li J, Dong K, Zheng Y. Copper-catalyzed tandem annulation/enol nucleophilic addition to access multisubstituted indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:2663-2669. [PMID: 30766987 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method to access various multisubstituted indoles from propargylic alcohols and readily available enol nucleophiles by copper-catalyzed tandem annulation/enol nucleophilic addition has been developed. Compared to the expensive metal catalysts such as platinum, gold, silver, and palladium used previously, the most economical copper(i) catalyst could achieve this reaction efficiently. The fused heterocyclic compounds, pyrrolo[1,2-a] indoles, could be afforded by further transformation of the products. The allyl cation intermediate may be involved in the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangze Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
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10
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Razmi M, Rabbani-Chadegani A, Hashemi-Niasari F, Ghadam P. Lithium chloride attenuates mitomycin C induced necrotic cell death in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells via HMGB1 and Bax signaling. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 48:87-96. [PMID: 29773200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of potent anticancer drug mitomycin C (MMC) has limited due to side effects and resistance of cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate whether lithium chloride (LiCl), as a mood stabilizer, can affect the sensitivity of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to mitomycin C. The cells were exposed to various concentrations of mitomycin C alone and combined with LiCl and the viability determined by trypan blue and MTT assays. Proteins were analyzed by western blot and mRNA expression of HMGB1 MMP9 and Bcl-2 were analyzed by RT-PCR. Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell cycle arrest and percent of apoptotic and necrotic cells. Concentration of Bax assessed by ELISA. Exposure of the cells to mitomycin C revealed IC50 value of 20 μM, whereas pretreatment of the cells with LiCl induced synergistic cytotoxicity and IC50 value declined to 5 μM. LiCl combined with mitomycin C significantly down-regulated HMGB1, MMP9 and Bcl-2 gene expression but significantly increased the level of Bax protein. In addition, the content of HMGB1 in the nuclei decreased and pretreatment with LiCl reduced the content of HMGB1 release induced by MMC. LiCl increased mitomycin C-induced cell shrinkage and PARP fragmentation suggesting induction of apoptosis in these cells. LiCl prevented mitomycin C-induced necrosis and changed the cell death arrest at G2/M-phase. Taking all together, it is suggested that LiCl efficiently enhances mitomycin C-induced apoptosis and HMGB1, Bax and Bcl-2 expression may play a major role in this process, the findings that provide a new therapeutic strategy for LiCl in combination with mitomycin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Razmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azra Rabbani-Chadegani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Hashemi-Niasari
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Ghadam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Alzahra, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Ye C, Kou X, Xia J, Yang G, Kong L, Wei Q, Zhang W. Pd II -Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem aza-Wacker/Heck Cyclization for the Construction of Fused 5,6-Bicyclic N,O-Heterocycles. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1897-1901. [PMID: 29851272 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A PdII -catalyzed oxidative tandem cyclization was developed for the construction of fused 5,6-bicyclic N, O-heterocycles. This reaction was enabled by the combined use of a 3-methylpyridine ligand and pentafluorobenzoic acid additive. A range of heterocyclic products with different substituents could be prepared in moderate to good yields via this methodology. Several transformations, including a scaled-up preparation of product 2 a, were also carried out showing the good applicability of our methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xuezhen Kou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingzhao Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Li Kong
- 6th People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 6600 Nanfeng Hwy, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Quhao Wei
- 6th People's Hospital South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 6600 Nanfeng Hwy, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
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12
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Wang X, Li M, Yang Y, Guo M, Tang X, Wang G. One-pot Construction of Difluorinated Pyrrolizidine and Indolizidine Scaffolds via Copper-Catalyzed Radical Cascade Annulation. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201701643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science; Department of Chemistry; School of Science; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China
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13
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Bruzaca EES, Lopes IC, Silva EHC, Carvalho PAV, Tanaka AA. Electrochemical oxidation of the antitumor antibiotic mitomycin C and in situ evaluation of its interaction with DNA using a DNA-electrochemical biosensor. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Chakrabarty I, Inamdar SM, Akram MO, Gade AB, Banerjee S, Bera S, Patil NT. [3+2]-Annulation of platinum-bound azomethine ylides with distal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds of N-allenamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:196-199. [PMID: 27917422 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07874e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A Pt-catalyzed, highly regioselective reaction between N-allenamides and imino-alkynes leading to pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles is described. This represents the first example of [3+2]-annulation of Pt-bound azomethine ylides with the distal C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond of N-allenamides. The mechanism of the reaction was established by computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradweep Chakrabarty
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Suleman M Inamdar
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India.
| | - Manjur O Akram
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Amol B Gade
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Subhrashis Banerjee
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Saibal Bera
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India
| | - Nitin T Patil
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune - 411008, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi - 110025, India
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15
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Šarlauskas J, Tamulienė J, Čėnas N. Aziridinyl-substituted benzo-1,4-quinones: A preliminary investigation on the theoretical and experimental studies of their structure and spectroscopic properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 178:136-141. [PMID: 28182983 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The detailed structure, chemical and spectroscopic properties of the derivatives of the selected 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-benzo-1,4-quinone conformers were studied by applying quantum chemical and experimental methods. The relationship between the structure and chemical activity of the selected 3 bifunctional bioreductive quinonic anticancer agents - aziridinyl benzoquinones (AzBQ compounds) was obtained. The results obtained showed that the position of aziridine rings influenced by the chemical activity of the investigated compound were more significant than the substitutions of the benzene ring of the AzBQ compounds. The solvents influencing this activity were obtained, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Šarlauskas
- Vilnius University, Instituteof Biochemistry, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius LT-10222, Lithuania.
| | - Jelena Tamulienė
- Vilnius University, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, LT-10222, Lithuania.
| | - Narimantas Čėnas
- Vilnius University, Instituteof Biochemistry, Sauletekio av. 7, Vilnius LT-10222, Lithuania
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16
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Gu QS, Yang D. Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Mitomycin K by a Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P.R. China
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17
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Gu QS, Yang D. Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-Mitomycin K by a Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Tandem Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5886-5889. [PMID: 28425184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mitomycins, a family of bioactive natural products, feature a compact 6/5/5-fused polycyclic ring structure densely decorated with highly reactive and/or fragile quinone, amino ketal, and aziridine as well as carbamate moieties. It is this striking feature that has defeated numerous synthetic attempts towards these apparently small molecules, rendering them one of the most formidable targets for total synthesis. We herein report the first enantioselective synthesis of (+)-mitomycin K, a representative of G series mitomycins. The key step of this synthesis is an enantioselective oxidative cyclization catalyzed by a palladium/(+)-sparteine system that had previously been developed by our group. The robustness of this method bodes well for further applications in the asymmetric total synthesis of natural products, particularly those with characteristic 6/5/5-fused pyrroloindole skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Shuai Gu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P.R. China
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18
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Ye L, Lo KY, Gu Q, Yang D. Pd-Catalyzed Intramolecular Aminoalkylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Access to Diverse N-Heterocycles. Org Lett 2017; 19:308-311. [PMID: 28045266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient palladium-catalyzed intramolecular aminoalkylation of unactivated alkenes in the absence of an external ligand and oxidant is described. New C-N and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds are formed simultaneously. This general transformation allows for construction of diverse N-heterocycles. Mechanistic studies show that the process may involve a four-membered Pd(alkyl)amido intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ye
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Yip Lo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Qiangshuai Gu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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20
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Tejeda JEC, Landschoot BK, Kerr MA. Radical Cyclizations for the Synthesis of Pyrroloindoles: Progress toward the Flinderoles. Org Lett 2016; 18:2142-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E. Curiel Tejeda
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A
5B7
| | - Bryan K. Landschoot
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A
5B7
| | - Michael A. Kerr
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A
5B7
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21
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Allegretti PA, Huynh K, Ozumerzifon TJ, Ferreira EM. Lewis Acid Mediated Vinylogous Additions of Enol Nucleophiles into an α,β-Unsaturated Platinum Carbene. Org Lett 2015; 18:64-7. [PMID: 26652926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A variety of substituted indoles and benzofurans are accessed via a platinum catalyzed annulation and vinylogous addition of enol nucleophiles. Several β-dicarbonyl compounds participate in the reaction, as do α-nitro and α-cyano carbonyl species. Subjecting the indole products to acidic conditions results in the formation of fused heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Allegretti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Khoi Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Tarik J Ozumerzifon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Eric M Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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22
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Hussaini SR, Chamala RR, Wang Z. The Eschenmoser sulfide contraction method and its application in the synthesis of natural products. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Eastabrook AS, Wang C, Davison EK, Sperry J. A procedure for transforming indoles into indolequinones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:1006-17. [PMID: 25525818 DOI: 10.1021/jo502509s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A procedure that converts a series of structurally diverse, readily available indole derivatives to their corresponding indolequinones is described. The three-step route commences with an iridium catalyzed C-H borylation to give a 7-borylindole that upon oxidation-hydrolysis affords the 7-hydroxyindole. Subsequent oxidation provides the indolequinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Eastabrook
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Site-directed delivery of nitric oxide to cancers. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:8-16. [PMID: 25124221 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a reactive gaseous free radical which mediates numerous biological processes. At elevated levels, NO is found to be toxic to cancers and hence, a number of strategies for site-directed delivery of NO to cancers are in development during the past two decades. More recently, the focus of research has been to, in conjunction with other cancer drugs deliver NO to cancers for its secondary effects including inhibition of cellular drug efflux pumps. Among the various approaches toward site-selective delivery of exogenous NO sources, enzyme activated nitric oxide donors belonging to the diazeniumdiolate category afford unique advantages including exquisite control of rates of NO generation and selectivity of NO production. For this prodrug approach, enzymes including esterase, glutathione/glutathione S-transferase, DT-diaphorase, and nitroreductase are utilized. Here, we review the design and development of various approaches to enzymatic site-directed delivery of NO to cancers and their potential.
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25
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Zheng Z, Touve M, Barnes J, Reich N, Zhang L. Synthesis-Enabled Probing of Mitosene Structural Space Leads to Improved IC50over Mitomycin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Zheng Z, Touve M, Barnes J, Reich N, Zhang L. Synthesis-enabled probing of mitosene structural space leads to improved IC₅₀ over mitomycin C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9302-5. [PMID: 25044229 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A DNA crosslinking approach, which is distinct but related to the double alkylation by mitomycin C, involving a novel electrophilic spiro-cyclopropane intermediate is hypothesized. Rational design and substantial structural simplification permitted the expedient chemical synthesis and rapid discovery of MTSB-6, a mitomycin C analogue which is twice as potent as mitomycin C against the prostate cancer cells. MTSB-6 shows improvements in its selective action against noncancer prostate cells over mitomycin C. This hypothesis-driven discovery opens novel yet synthetically accessible mitosene structural space for discovering more potent and less toxic therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA (USA) http://www.chem.ucsb.edu/∼zhang/index.html
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27
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Wiedner SD, Vedejs E. Reactivity of aziridinomitosene derivatives related to FK317 in the presence of protic nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1045-55. [PMID: 22208619 PMCID: PMC3264803 DOI: 10.1021/jo202286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and reactivity of N-TBDPS and N-trityl protected derivatives of an aziridinomitosene corresponding to FK317 are described. New reactivity patterns were observed for these highly sensitive and functionally dense heterocycles under mild nucleophilic conditions approaching the threshold for degradation. Thus, the silyl or trityl protected aziridinomitosene reacted with Cs(2)CO(3)/CD(3)OD to give isomeric products where substitution occurred at C(10) and C(9a) (mitomycin numbering) providing a CD(3) ether and a CD(3) hemiaminal, respectively. These findings show that heterolysis at C(10) is faster than at aziridine C(1), in contrast to the behavior of typical aziridinomitosenes in the mitomycin series. The labile N-TBDPS hemiaminal and the more stable N-trityl hemiaminal resemble the mitomycin K substitution pattern. A reagent consisting of CsF in CF(3)CH(2)OH/CH(3)CN desilylated a simple N-TBDPS aziridine but caused nucleophilic cleavage at C(1) as well as C(10) without cleavage of the N-TBPDS group in the fully functionalized penultimate aziridinomitosene. The high reactivity of the C(10) carbamate with nucleophiles precludes the use of deprotection methodology that requires N-protonation for fully functionalized aziridinomitosenes in the FK317 series.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Vedejs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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28
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Bueren-Calabuig JA, Negri A, Morreale A, Gago F. Rationale for the opposite stereochemistry of the major monoadducts and interstrand crosslinks formed by mitomycin C and its decarbamoylated analogue at CpG steps in DNA and the effect of cytosine modification on reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:1543-52. [PMID: 22222915 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06675g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC) is a potent antitumour agent that forms a covalent bond with the 2-amino group of selected guanines in the minor groove of double-stranded DNA following intracellular reduction of its quinone ring and opening of its aziridine moiety. At some 5'-CG-3' (CpG) steps the resulting monofunctional adduct can evolve towards a more deleterious bifunctional lesion, which is known as an interstrand crosslink (ICL). MMC reactivity is enhanced when the cytosine bases are methylated (5 MC) and decreased when they are replaced with 5-F-cytosine (5FC) whereas the stereochemical preference of alkylation changes upon decarbamoylation. We have studied three duplex oligonucleotides of general formula d(CGATAAXGCTAACG) in which X stands for C, 5MC or 5FC. Using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations in aqueous solution, quantum mechanics and continuum electrostatics, we have been able to (i) obtain a large series of snapshots that facilitate an understanding in atomic detail of the distinct stereochemistry of monoadduct and ICL formation by MMC and its decarbamoylated analogue, (ii) provide an explanation for the altered reactivity of MMC towards DNA molecules containing 5MC or 5FC, and (iii) show the distinct accommodation in the DNA minor groove of the different covalent modifications, particularly the most cytotoxic C1α and C1β ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Bueren-Calabuig
- Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Paz MM, Pritsos CA. The Molecular Toxicology of Mitomycin C. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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30
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Bonham S, O'Donovan L, Carty MP, Aldabbagh F. First synthesis of an aziridinyl fused pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole and toxicity evaluation towards normal and breast cancer cell lines. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:6700-6. [PMID: 21808774 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05694h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Anionic aromatic ipso-substitution has allowed an aziridine ring to be fused onto pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole. This diazole analogue of aziridinomitosene, and N-[(aziridinyl)methyl]-1H-benzimidazole are shown to be significantly more cytotoxic towards the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and HCC1937 than towards a human normal fibroblast cell line (GM00637). The aziridinyl fused pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole is less cytotoxic than the non-ring fused aziridinyl analogue towards all three cell lines. The BRCA1-deficient HCC1937 cells are more sensitive to mitomycin C (MMC) compared to GM00637 and MCF-7 cells. The evidence provided indicates that different pathways may mediate cellular response to benzimidazole-containing aziridine compounds compared to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonham
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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31
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Takaya J, Miyashita Y, Kusama H, Iwasawa N. [3+2] Cycloaddition of metal-containing azomethine ylides for highly efficient synthesis of mitosene skeleton. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Srinivasan JM, Mathew PA, Williams AL, Huffman JC, Johnston JN. Stereoselective synthesis of complex polycyclic aziridines: use of the Brønsted acid-catalyzed aza-Darzens reaction to prepare an orthogonally protected mitomycin C intermediate with maximal convergency. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:3975-7. [PMID: 21347494 DOI: 10.1039/c0cc05734g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise synthesis of a highly functionalized intermediate lacking only C10 of the mitomycin backbone is described. The key to this development is the Brønsted acid-catalyzed aza-Darzens reaction used to forge the cis-aziridine. Additionally an oxidative ketalization fortuitously occurs during the quinone-enamine coupling step, leading to an orthogonally protected hydroquinone.
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Abstract
Bioactive natural products often possess uniquely functionalized structures with unusual modes of action; however, the natural product itself is not always the active species. We discuss molecules that draw on protecting group chemistry or else require activation to unmask reactive centers, illustrating that nature is not only a source of complex structures but also a guide for elegant chemical transformations which provides ingenious chemical solutions for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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