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Bernhard LM, Gröger H. Overcoming a Conceptual Limitation of Industrial ε-Caprolactone Production via Chemoenzymatic Synthesis in Organic Medium. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400073. [PMID: 38856824 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The multi-10.000 tons scale manufactured chemical ε-caprolactone attracts high industrial interest due to its favorable biodegradability properties. However, besides being of petrochemical origin yet, its production has a conceptual limitation that is the difficult extraction of this highly water-soluble monomer from the water phase resulting from the aqueous solution of H2O2 applied as reagent. In this contribution, we report a chemoenzymatic cascade starting from bio-based phenol, which makes use of O2 instead of H2O2 and runs in pure organic medium, thus requiring only simply decantation and distillation as work-up. In a first step, phenol is hydrogenated quantitatively to cyclohexanol under solvent-free conditions with a Ru-catalyst. After simple removal of the heterogenous catalyst, cyclohexanol is converted to ε-caprolactone in a biocatalytic double oxidation with very high yields just requiring O2 as reagent. This biocatalytic process proceeds in pure organic medium, thus avoiding tedious extraction to isolate the highly water-soluble ε-caprolactone and enabling a substantially simplified work-up by only centrifugal separation of lyophilized whole cells and solvent removal. This oxidation is accomplished using a tailor-made recombinant whole-cell catalyst containing an alcohol dehydrogenase and a cyclohexanone monooxygenase mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maria Bernhard
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Industrial Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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2
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Perz F, Bormann S, Ulber R, Alcalde M, Bubenheim P, Hollmann F, Holtmann D, Liese A. Enzymatic Oxidation of Butane to 2‐Butanol in a Bubble Column. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Perz
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Bormann
- Industrial BiotechnologyDECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 60486 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess EngineeringUniversity of Kaiserslautern 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Miguel Alcalde
- Department of BiocatalysisInstitute of Catalysis CSIC 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Paul Bubenheim
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical TechnologyUniversity of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen Wiesenstrasse 14 35390 Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical BiocatalysisHamburg University of Technology (TUHH) Denickestr. 15 21073 Hamburg Germany
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3
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Wiltschi B, Cernava T, Dennig A, Galindo Casas M, Geier M, Gruber S, Haberbauer M, Heidinger P, Herrero Acero E, Kratzer R, Luley-Goedl C, Müller CA, Pitzer J, Ribitsch D, Sauer M, Schmölzer K, Schnitzhofer W, Sensen CW, Soh J, Steiner K, Winkler CK, Winkler M, Wriessnegger T. Enzymes revolutionize the bioproduction of value-added compounds: From enzyme discovery to special applications. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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4
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Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Monooxygenation of Nonnative Substrates Catalyzed by Bacterial Cytochrome P450s Facilitated by Decoy Molecules. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.160963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Soussan L, Pen N, Belleville MP, Marcano JS, Paolucci-Jeanjean D. Alkane biohydroxylation: Interests, constraints and future developments. J Biotechnol 2016; 222:117-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Kawakami N, Cong Z, Shoji O, Watanabe Y. Highly efficient hydroxylation of gaseous alkanes at reduced temperature catalyzed by cytochrome P450BM3 assisted by decoy molecules. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450BM3 functions as a small-alkane hydroxylase upon the addition of perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFs) as decoy molecules. The coupling efficiency (product formation rate per NADPH consumption rate) for the hydroxylation of small alkanes was improved by reducing the reaction temperature to 0°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Kawakami
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, 223-8522 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Zhiqi Cong
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Osami Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Watanabe
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Park JH, Lee SH, Cha GS, Choi DS, Nam DH, Lee JH, Lee JK, Yun CH, Jeong KJ, Park CB. Cofactor-free light-driven whole-cell cytochrome P450 catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:969-73. [PMID: 25430544 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 can catalyze various regioselective and stereospecific oxidation reactions of non-functionalized hydrocarbons. Here, we have designed a novel light-driven platform for cofactor-free, whole-cell P450 photo-biocatalysis using eosin Y (EY) as a photosensitizer. EY can easily enter into the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli and bind specifically to the heme domain of P450. The catalytic turnover of P450 was mediated through the direct transfer of photoinduced electrons from the photosensitized EY to the P450 heme domain under visible light illumination. The photoactivation of the P450 catalytic cycle in the absence of cofactors and redox partners is successfully conducted using many bacterial P450s (variants of P450 BM3) and human P450s (CYPs 1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4) for the bioconversion of different substrates, including marketed drugs (simvastatin, lovastatin, and omeprazole) and a steroid (17β-estradiol), to demonstrate the general applicability of the light-driven, cofactor-free system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Science Road, Daejeon 305-701 (Republic of Korea)
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Park JH, Lee SH, Cha GS, Choi DS, Nam DH, Lee JH, Lee JK, Yun CH, Jeong KJ, Park CB. Cofactor-Free Light-Driven Whole-Cell Cytochrome P450 Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Application of engineered cytochrome P450 mutants as biocatalysts for the synthesis of benzylic and aromatic metabolites of fenamic acid NSAIDs. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5613-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Müller CA, Dennig A, Welters T, Winkler T, Ruff AJ, Hummel W, Gröger H, Schwaneberg U. Whole-cell double oxidation of n-heptane. J Biotechnol 2014; 191:196-204. [PMID: 24925696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biocascades allow one-pot synthesis of chemical building blocks omitting purification of reaction intermediates and expenses for downstream processing. Here we show the first whole cell double oxidation of n-heptane to produce chiral alcohols and heptanones. The concept of an artificial operon for co-expression of a monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium (P450 BM3) and an alcohol dehydrogenase (RE-ADH) from Rhodococcus erythropolis is reported and compared to the widely used two-plasmid or Duet-vector expression systems. Both catalysts are co-expressed on a polycistronic constructs (single mRNA) that reduces recombinant DNA content and metabolic burden for the host cell, therefore increasing growth rate and expression level. Using the artificial operon system, the expression of P450 BM3 reached 81mgg(-1) cell dry weight. In addition, in situ cofactor regeneration through the P450 BM3/RE-ADH couple was enhanced by coupling to glucose oxidation by E. coli. Under optimized reaction conditions the artificial operon system displayed a product formation of 656mgL(-1) (5.7mM) of reaction products (heptanols+heptanones), which is 3-fold higher than the previously reported values for an in vitro oxidation cascade. In conjunction with the high product concentrations it was possible to obtain ee values of >99% for (S)-3-heptanol. Coexpression of a third alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis (Lb-ADH) in the same host yielded complete oxidation of all heptanol isomers. Introduction of a second ADH enabled further to utilize both cofactors in the host cell (NADH and NADPH) which illustrates the simplicity and modular character of the whole cell oxidation concept employing an artificial operon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Müller
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dennig
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Welters
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Till Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Anna Joelle Ruff
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Hummel
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology at the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Research Centre Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Evaluation of coumarin-based fluorogenic P450 BM3 substrates and prospects for competitive inhibition screenings. Anal Biochem 2014; 456:70-81. [PMID: 24708937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based assays for the cytochrome P450 BM3 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium address an attractive biotechnological challenge by facilitating enzyme engineering and the identification of potential substrates of this highly promising biocatalyst. In the current study, we used the scarcity of corresponding screening systems as an opportunity to evaluate a novel and continuous high-throughput assay for this unique enzyme. A set of nine catalytically diverse P450 BM3 variants was constructed and tested toward the native substrate-inspired fluorogenic substrate 12-(4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-7-yloxy)dodecanoic acid. Particularly high enzyme-mediated O-dealkylation yielding the fluorescent product 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin was observed with mutants containing the F87V substitution, with A74G/F87V showing the highest catalytic efficiency (0.458 min(-1)μM(-1)). To simplify the assay procedure and show its versatility, different modes of application were successfully demonstrated, including (i) the direct use of NADPH or its oxidized form NADP(+) along with diverse NADPH recycling systems for electron supply, (ii) the use of cell-free lysates and whole-cell preparations as the biocatalyst source, and (iii) its use for competitive inhibition screens to identify or characterize substrates and inhibitors. A detailed comparison with known, fluorescence-based P450 BM3 assays finally emphasizes the relevance of our contribution to the ongoing research.
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Müller CA, Akkapurathu B, Winkler T, Staudt S, Hummel W, Gröger H, Schwaneberg U. In VitroDouble Oxidation ofn-Heptane with Direct Cofactor Regeneration. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direktoxidation von Cycloalkanen zu Cycloalkanonen mit Sauerstoff in Wasser. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Staudt S, Burda E, Giese C, Müller CA, Marienhagen J, Schwaneberg U, Hummel W, Drauz K, Gröger H. Direct Oxidation of Cycloalkanes to Cycloalkanones with Oxygen in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:2359-63. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Catalytic, Mild, and Selective Oxyfunctionalization of Linear Alkanes: Current Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10712-23. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bordeaux M, Galarneau A, Drone J. Katalytische, milde und selektive Oxyfunktionalisierung von linearen Alkanen: aktuelle Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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