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Han Z, Feng X, Du H. Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of 2-Substituted Quinoxalines with Regenerable Dihydrophenanthridine. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3666-3671. [PMID: 38357876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoxalines represents one of the most efficient approaches for the synthesis of optically active tetrahyroquinoxalines. In this paper, we demonstrate a metal-free asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of 2-substituted quinoxalines with regenerable dihydrophenanthridine under H2 using a combination of chiral phosphoric acid and achiral borane as catalysts. A wide range of optically active 2-substituted tetrahydroquinoxalines were produced in high yields with ≤98% ee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiqi Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Xiangqing Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Chen Q, Zhu Y, Shi X, Huang R, Jiang C, Zhang K, Liu G. Light-driven redox deracemization of indolines and tetrahydroquinolines using a photocatalyst coupled with chiral phosphoric acid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1715-1723. [PMID: 36819858 PMCID: PMC9930931 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06340a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of oxidation and enantioselective reduction enables a redox deracemization to directly access enantioenriched products from their corresponding racemates. However, the solution of the kinetically microscopic reversibility of substrates used in this oxidation/reduction unidirectional event is a great challenge. To address this issue, we have developed a light-driven strategy to enable an efficient redox deracemization of cyclamines. The method combines a photocatalyst and a chiral phosphoric acid in a toluene/aqueous cyclodextrin emulsion biphasic co-solvent system to drive the cascade out-of-equilibrium. Systemic optimizations achieve a feasible oxidation/reduction cascade sequence, and mechanistic investigations demonstrate a unidirectional process. This single-operation cascade route, which involves initial photocatalyzed oxidation of achiral cyclamines to cyclimines and subsequent chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective reduction of cyclimines to chiral cyclamines, is suitable for constructing optically pure indolines and tetrahydroquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qipeng Chen
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Yuanli Zhu
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Xujing Shi
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Renfu Huang
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Chuang Jiang
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
| | - Guohua Liu
- International Joint Laboratory on Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University Shanghai 200234 P. R. China
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3
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Kochetkov KA, Bystrova NA, Pavlov PA, Oshchepkov MS, Oshchepkov AS. Microfluidic Asymmetrical Synthesis and Chiral Analysis. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Ralbovsky NM, Smith JP. Process analytical technology and its recent applications for asymmetric synthesis. Talanta 2022; 252:123787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Duarte LC, Pereira I, Maciel LIL, Vaz BG, Coltro WKT. 3D printed microfluidic mixer for real-time monitoring of organic reactions by direct infusion mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1190:339252. [PMID: 34857139 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
3D printing is a technology that has revolutionized traditional rapid prototyping methods due to its ability to build microscale structures with customized geometries in a simple, fast, and low-cost way. In this sense, this article describes the development of a microfluidic mixing device to monitor chemical reactions by mass spectrometry (MS). Microfluidic mixers were designed containing 3D serpentine and Y-shaped microchannels, both with a pointed end for facilitating the spray formation. The devices were fabricated entirely by 3D printing with fusion deposition modeling (FDM) technology. As proof-of-concept, micromixers were evaluated through monitoring the Katritzky reaction by injecting simultaneously 2,4,6-triphenylpropyllium (TPP) and amino acid (glycine or alanine) solutions, each through a different reactor inlet. Reaction product was monitored online by MS at different flow rates. Mass spectra showed that the relative abundances of the products obtained with the device containing the 3D serpentine channel were three times greater than those obtained with the Y-channel device due to the turbulence generated by the barriers created inside microchannels. In addition, when compared to the conventional electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) technique, the 3D serpentine mixer offered better performance measured in relation to the relative abundance values for the reaction products. These results as well as the instrumental simplicity indicate that 3D printed microfluidic mixer is a promising tool for monitoring organic reactions via MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C Duarte
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Igor Pereira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lanaia I L Maciel
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, 13084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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6
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Fath V, Lau P, Greve C, Weller P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Simultaneous self-optimisation of yield and purity through successive combination of inline FT-IR spectroscopy and online mass spectrometry in flow reactions. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-021-00140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSelf-optimisation constitutes a very helpful tool for chemical process development, both in lab and in industrial applications. However, research on the application of model-free autonomous optimisation strategies (based on experimental investigation) for complex reactions of high industrial significance, which involve considerable intermediate and by-product formation, is still in an early stage. This article describes the development of an enhanced autonomous microfluidic reactor platform for organolithium and epoxide reactions that incorporates a successive combination of inline FT-IR spectrometer and online mass spectrometer. Experimental data is collected in real-time and used as feedback for the optimisation algorithms (modified Simplex algorithm and Design of Experiments) without time delay. An efficient approach to handle intricate optimisation problems is presented, where the inline FT-IR measurements are used to monitor the reaction’s main components, whereas the mass spectrometer’s high sensitivity permits insights into the formation of by-products. To demonstrate the platform’s flexibility, optimal reaction conditions of two organic syntheses are identified. Both pose several challenges, as complex reaction mechanisms are involved, leading to a large number of variable parameters, and a considerable amount of by-products is generated under non-ideal process conditions. Through multidimensional real-time optimisation, the platform supersedes labor- and cost-intensive work-up procedures, while diminishing waste generation, too. Thus, it renders production processes more efficient and contributes to their overall sustainability.
Graphical abstract
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7
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Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
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8
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Kim AN, Stoltz BM. Recent Advances in Homogeneous Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Heteroarenes. ACS Catal 2020; 10:13834-13851. [PMID: 34567830 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydrogenation of heteroarenes has recently emerged as an effective strategy for the direct access to enantioenriched, saturated heterocycles. Although several homogeneous catalyst systems have been extensively developed for the hydrogenation of heteroarenes with high levels of chemo- and stereoselectivity, the development of mild conditions that allow for efficient and stereoselective hydrogenation of a broad range of substrates remains a challenge. This Perspective highlights recent advances in homogeneous catalysis of heteroarene hydrogenation as inspiration for the further development of asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts, and addresses underdeveloped areas and limitations of the current technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia N. Kim
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Morodo
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Pauline Bianchi
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
| | - Jean‐Christophe M. Monbaliu
- Center for Integrated Technology and Organic Synthesis MolSys Research Unit University of Liège B‐4000 Liège (Sart Tilman) Belgium
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10
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Krištofíková D, Modrocká V, Mečiarová M, Šebesta R. Green Asymmetric Organocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2828-2858. [PMID: 32141177 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric organocatalysis is becoming one of the main tools for the synthesis of chiral compounds that are needed as medicines, crop protection agents, and other bioactive molecules. It can be effectively combined with various green chemistry methodologies. Intensification techniques, such as ball milling, flow, high pressure, or light, bring not only higher yields, faster reactions, and easier product isolation, but also new reactivities. More sustainable reaction media, such as ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, green solvent alternatives, and water, also considerably enhance the sustainability profile of many organocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krištofíková
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viktória Modrocká
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mária Mečiarová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radovan Šebesta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovakia
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11
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Lefebvre Q, Porta R, Millet A, Jia J, Rueping M. One Amine-3 Tasks: Reductive Coupling of Imines with Olefins in Batch and Flow. Chemistry 2020; 26:1363-1367. [PMID: 31777987 PMCID: PMC7027816 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their wide range of biological properties, γ-aminobutyric acid derivatives (GABA) have been extensively studied and found noteworthy industrial applications. However, atom-economical and efficient processes for their production are scarce and would greatly benefit from further investigations. Herein, we demonstrate that an iridium-based photocatalyst promotes the direct reductive cross-coupling of imines with olefins upon irradiation with visible light to give GABA derivatives in good yields and selectivities. We also stress the enabling triple role of tributylamine additive in this process, discuss the advantages of strategies based on proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and demonstrate the scale-up of this reaction in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lefebvre
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Riccardo Porta
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di MilanoVia Golgi 1920133MilanoItaly
| | - Anthony Millet
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institut of Organic ChemistryRWTH AachenLandoltweg 152074AachenGermany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
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12
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Development of heterogeneous catalyst systems for the continuous synthesis of chiral amines via asymmetric hydrogenation. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Fath V, Szmais S, Lau P, Kockmann N, Röder T. Model-Based Scale-Up Predictions: From Micro- to Millireactors Using Inline Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Lau
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Str. 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Str. 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
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14
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Crifar C, Dücker FL, Nguyen Thanh S, Kairouz V, Lubell WD. Heumann Indole Flow Chemistry Process. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10929-10937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Crifar
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Fenja L. Dücker
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sacha Nguyen Thanh
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Vanessa Kairouz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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15
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Fath V, Kockmann N, Röder T. In Situ Reaction Monitoring of Unstable Lithiated Intermediates through Inline FTIR Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Fath
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- TU Dortmund University, st>Emil-Figge-Strasse 70Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Equipment Design 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Thorsten Röder
- Mannheim University of Applied SciencesInstitute of Chemical Process Engineering Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10 68163 Mannheim Germany
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16
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Thölke S, Zhu H, Jansen D, Octa‐Smolin F, Thiele M, Kaupmees K, Leito I, Grimme S, Niemeyer J. Cooperative Organocatalysis: A Systematic Investigation of Covalently Linked Organophosphoric Acids for the Stereoselective Transfer Hydrogenation of Quinolines. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Thölke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Hui Zhu
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Dennis Jansen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Frescilia Octa‐Smolin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Maike Thiele
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu 14a Ravila str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- Institute of Chemistry University of Tartu 14a Ravila str 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry Rheinische Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐Universität Bonn Beringstraße 4 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Jochen Niemeyer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg‐Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg‐Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45117 Essen Germany
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17
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Kokel A, Schäfer C, Török B. Organic Synthesis Using Environmentally Benign Acid Catalysis. Curr Org Synth 2019; 16:615-649. [PMID: 31984932 PMCID: PMC7432199 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666190206141028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the application of environmentally benign acid catalysts in organic synthesis are reviewed. The work includes three main parts; (i) description of environmentally benign acid catalysts, (ii) synthesis with heterogeneous and (iii) homogeneous catalysts. The first part provides a brief overview of acid catalysts, both solid acids (metal oxides, zeolites, clays, ion-exchange resins, metal-organic framework based catalysts) and those that are soluble in green solvents (water, alcohols) and at the same time could be regenerated after reactions (metal triflates, heteropoly acids, acidic organocatalysts etc.). The synthesis sections review a broad array of the most common and practical reactions such as Friedel-Crafts and related reactions (acylation, alkylations, hydroxyalkylations, halogenations, nitrations etc.), multicomponent reactions, rearrangements and ring transformations (cyclizations, ring opening). Both the heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic synthesis parts include an overview of asymmetric acid catalysis with chiral Lewis and Brønsted acids. Although a broad array of catalytic processes are discussed, emphasis is placed on applications with commercially available catalysts as well as those of sustainable nature; thus individual examples are critically reviewed regarding their contribution to sustainable synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kokel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Blvd., Boston, MA02125, USA
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Blvd., Boston, MA02125, USA
| | - Béla Török
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morissey Blvd., Boston, MA02125, USA
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18
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Sagmeister P, Williams JD, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Laboratory of the future: a modular flow platform with multiple integrated PAT tools for multistep reactions. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of a modular microreactor platform, real-time inline analysis by IR and NMR, and online UPLC, leads to efficient optimization of a multistep organolithium transformation to a given product without the need for human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Institute of Chemistry
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19
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Hock KJ, Koenigs RM. The Generation of Diazo Compounds in Continuous-Flow. Chemistry 2018; 24:10571-10583. [PMID: 29575129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Toxic, cancerogenic and explosive-these attributes are typically associated with diazo compounds. Nonetheless, diazo compounds are nowadays a highly demanded class of reagents for organic synthesis, yet the concerns with regards to safe and scalable transformations of these compounds are still exceptionally high. Lately, the research area of the continuous-flow synthesis of diazo compounds attracted significant interest and a whole variety of protocols for their "on-demand" preparation have been realized to date. This concept article focuses on the recent developments using continuous-flow technologies to access diazo compounds; thus minimizing risks and hazards when working with this particular class of compounds. In this article we discuss these concepts and highlight different pre-requisites to access and to perform downstream functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina J Hock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene M Koenigs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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20
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Cui L, Zhu G, Liu S, Bao X, Zhao X, Qu J, Wang B. Construction of indolenine-substituted spiro[pyrrolidine-2,3′-oxindoles] from 2-alkenylindolenines and isatin-derived azomethine ylides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Addition and Correction to Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10608-10620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Liu S, Zhou Y, Sui Y, Liu H, Zhou H. B2(OH)4-mediated one-pot synthesis of tetrahydroquinoxalines from 2-amino(nitro)anilines and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds in water. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00604g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A practical one-pot synthesis of tetrahydroquinoxalines from readily available 2-amino(nitro)anilines and 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds mediated by diboronic acid with water as both a solvent and a hydrogen donor under metal-free conditions has been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- China
| | - Yanmei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- China
| | - Yuebo Sui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- China
| | - Huan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- China
| | - Haifeng Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- China Three Gorges University
- Yichang 443002
- China
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23
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Porta R, Benaglia M, Puglisi A. Flow Chemistry: Recent Developments in the Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Products. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Porta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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24
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Zhang Y, Zhao R, Bao RLY, Shi L. Highly Enantioselective SPINOL-Derived Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Diverse C=N-Containing Heterocycles. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Henry C, Bolien D, Ibanescu B, Bloodworth S, Harrowven DC, Zhang X, Craven A, Sneddon HF, Whitby RJ. Generation and Trapping of Ketenes in Flow. European J Org Chem 2015; 2015:1491-1499. [PMID: 26097406 PMCID: PMC4464552 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ketenes were generated by the thermolysis of alkoxyalkynes under flow conditions, and then trapped with amines and alcohols to cleanly give amides and esters. For a 10 min reaction time, temperatures of 180, 160, and 140 °C were required for >95 % conversion of EtO, iPrO, and tBuO alkoxyalkynes, respectively. Variation of the temperature and flow rate with inline monitoring of the output by IR spectroscopy allowed the kinetic parameters for the conversion of 1-ethoxy-1-octyne to be easily estimated (Ea = 105.4 kJ/mol). Trapping of the in-situ-generated ketenes by alcohols to give esters required the addition of a tertiary amine catalyst to prevent competitive [2+2] addition of the ketene to the alkoxyalkyne precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Henry
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David Bolien
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Bogdan Ibanescu
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sally Bloodworth
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David C Harrowven
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xunli Zhang
- Bioengineering Group, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Andy Craven
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd., Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, HERTS, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D Ltd., Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, HERTS, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Richard J Whitby
- Chemistry, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, HANTS, SO17 1BJ, UK
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26
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Atodiresei I, Vila C, Rueping M. Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Continuous Flow: Opportunities for Impacting Industrial Catalysis. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Atodiresei
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carlos Vila
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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27
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Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Organocatalysis on Tap: Enantioselective Continuous Flow Processes Mediated by Solid-Supported Chiral Organocatalysts. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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28
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Finelli FG, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA. Expanding the toolbox of asymmetric organocatalysis by continuous-flow process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:3708-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08748h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite all the organic chemistry reaction methodologies already developed for the continuous-flow process, asymmetric synthesis is one that has gained less attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda G. Finelli
- Institute of Natural Products Research
- Center of Health Sciences
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941902
- Brazil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group
- Chemistry Institute
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941909
- Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group
- Chemistry Institute
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
- CEP 21941909
- Brazil
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29
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Kamptmann SB, Ley SV. Facilitating Biomimetic Syntheses of Borrerine Derived Alkaloids by Means of Flow-Chemical Methods. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flow chemistry is widely used nowadays in synthetic chemistry and has increasingly been applied to complex natural product synthesis. However, to date flow chemistry has not found a place in the area of biomimetic synthesis. Here we show the syntheses of borrerine derived alkaloids, indicating that we can use biomimetic principles in flow to prepare complex architectures in a single step.
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30
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Tian Y, Wang X, Xiao Q, Sun C, Yin D. Synthesis of Dihydrobenzoheterocycles through Al(OTf)3-Mediated Cascade Cyclization and Ionic Hydrogenation. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9678-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501824z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and
Functions of Natural
Medicines, and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and
Functions of Natural
Medicines, and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and
Functions of Natural
Medicines, and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Chenbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and
Functions of Natural
Medicines, and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
| | - Dali Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and
Functions of Natural
Medicines, and ‡Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability
Evaluation, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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31
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Parmar D, Sugiono E, Raja S, Rueping M. Complete field guide to asymmetric BINOL-phosphate derived Brønsted acid and metal catalysis: history and classification by mode of activation; Brønsted acidity, hydrogen bonding, ion pairing, and metal phosphates. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9047-153. [PMID: 25203602 DOI: 10.1021/cr5001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1482] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dixit Parmar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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32
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Ayats C, Henseler AH, Dibello E, Pericàs MA. Continuous Flow Enantioselective Three-Component anti-Mannich Reactions Catalyzed by a Polymer-Supported Threonine Derivative. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs5006037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Ayats
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea H. Henseler
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Estefanía Dibello
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Miquel A. Pericàs
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament
de Química Orgànica, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Grabow K, Bentrup U. Homogeneous Catalytic Processes Monitored by Combined in Situ ATR-IR, UV–Vis, and Raman Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs500363n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Grabow
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ursula Bentrup
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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34
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Osorio-Planes L, Rodríguez-Escrich C, Pericàs MA. Enantioselective Continuous-Flow Production of 3-Indolylmethanamines Mediated by an Immobilized Phosphoric Acid Catalyst. Chemistry 2014; 20:2367-72. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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35
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Fabry DC, Sugiono E, Rueping M. Self-Optimizing Reactor Systems: Algorithms, On-line Analytics, Setups, and Strategies for Accelerating Continuous Flow Process Optimization. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Sugiono E, Rueping M. A combined continuous microflow photochemistry and asymmetric organocatalysis approach for the enantioselective synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:2457-62. [PMID: 24367413 PMCID: PMC3869216 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A continuous-flow asymmetric organocatalytic photocyclization-transfer hydrogenation cascade reaction has been developed. The new protocol allows the synthesis of tetrahydroquinolines from readily available 2-aminochalcones using a combination of photochemistry and asymmetric Brønsted acid catalysis. The photocylization and subsequent reduction was performed with catalytic amount of chiral BINOL derived phosphoric acid diester and Hantzsch dihydropyridine as hydrogen source providing the desired products in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Sugiono
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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37
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Lefebvre Q, Jentsch M, Rueping M. Continuous flow photocyclization of stilbenes - scalable synthesis of functionalized phenanthrenes and helicenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1883-90. [PMID: 24062857 PMCID: PMC3778414 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A continuous flow oxidative photocyclization of stilbene derivatives has been developed which allows the scalable synthesis of backbone functionalized phenanthrenes and helicenes of various sizes in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lefebvre
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marc Jentsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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38
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Hamlin TA, Leadbeater NE. Raman spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: Equipment interface and assessment in four medicinally-relevant reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1843-52. [PMID: 24062851 PMCID: PMC3778413 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An apparatus is reported for real-time Raman monitoring of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Its capability is assessed by studying four reactions, all involving formation of products bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties; synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin, Knoevenagel and Claisen–Schmidt condensations, and a Biginelli reaction. In each case it is possible to monitor the reactions and also in one case, by means of a calibration curve, determine product conversion from Raman spectral data as corroborated by data obtained using NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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39
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Otvös SB, Georgiádes A, Mándity IM, Kiss L, Fülöp F. Efficient continuous-flow synthesis of novel 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivatives with gram-scale production. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1508-16. [PMID: 23946850 PMCID: PMC3740622 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The preparation of novel multi-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-modified β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid derivatives in a simple and efficient continuous-flow procedure is reported. The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions were performed with copper powder as a readily accessible Cu(I) source. Initially, high reaction rates were achieved under high-pressure/high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, the reaction temperature was lowered to room temperature by the joint use of both basic and acidic additives to improve the safety of the synthesis, as azides were to be handled as unstable reactants. Scale-up experiments were also performed, which led to the achievement of gram-scale production in a safe and straightforward way. The obtained 1,2,3-triazole-substituted β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylates can be regarded as interesting precursors for drugs with possible biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B Otvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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40
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Dragone V, Sans V, Rosnes MH, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. 3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:951-9. [PMID: 23766811 PMCID: PMC3678713 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study in which the versatility of 3D-printing is combined with the processing advantages of flow chemistry for the synthesis of organic compounds. Robust and inexpensive 3D-printed reactionware devices are easily connected using standard fittings resulting in complex, custom-made flow systems, including multiple reactors in a series with in-line, real-time analysis using an ATR-IR flow cell. As a proof of concept, we utilized two types of organic reactions, imine syntheses and imine reductions, to show how different reactor configurations and substrates give different products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Dragone
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Web: http://www.croninlab.com
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41
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Protasova LN, Bulut M, Ormerod D, Buekenhoudt A, Berton J, Stevens CV. Latest Highlights in Liquid-Phase Reactions for Organic Synthesis in Microreactors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Protasova
- Department of Separation and
Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J. Berton
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - C. V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Bayer Technology & Engineering (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 82 Mu Hua Road, Shanghai Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai 201507, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuiling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic
Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032,
People’s Republic of China
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43
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Mathieson JS, Rosnes MH, Sans V, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. Continuous parallel ESI-MS analysis of reactions carried out in a bespoke 3D printed device. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 4:285-91. [PMID: 23766951 PMCID: PMC3678396 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present an approach for the rapid, straightforward and economical preparation of a tailored reactor device using three-dimensional (3D) printing, which can be directly linked to a high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) for real-time, in-line observations. To highlight the potential of the setup, supramolecular coordination chemistry was carried out in the device, with the product of the reactions being recorded continuously and in parallel by ESI-MS. Utilising in-house-programmed computer control, the reactant flow rates and order were carefully controlled and varied, with the changes in the pump inlets being mirrored by the recorded ESI-MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mali H Rosnes
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Sans
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Kitson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Leroy Cronin
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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44
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Hu J, Wang D, Zheng Z, Hu X. Ir-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of 2H-1,4-Benzoxazines with a Chiral 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine Derived Phosphine-aminophosphine Ligand. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201200944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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45
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Yue J, Schouten JC, Nijhuis TA. Integration of Microreactors with Spectroscopic Detection for Online Reaction Monitoring and Catalyst Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie301258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yue
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap C. Schouten
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. Alexander Nijhuis
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology,
P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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46
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Sadler S, Moeller AR, Jones GB. Microwave and continuous flow technologies in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2012; 7:1107-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2012.727393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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47
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Browne DL, Wright S, Deadman BJ, Dunnage S, Baxendale IR, Turner RM, Ley SV. Continuous flow reaction monitoring using an on-line miniature mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:1999-2010. [PMID: 22847699 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE A recently developed miniature electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer has been coupled to a preparative flow chemistry system in order to monitor reactive intermediates and competing reaction paths, screen starting materials, and optimise reaction conditions. Although ideally suited to the application, mass spectrometers have rarely been used in this way, as traditional instruments are too bulky to be conveniently coupled to flow chemistry platforms. METHODS A six-port switching valve fitted with a 5 μL loop was used to periodically sample the flow stream leaving the reactor coil. Mass spectra corresponding to the sample loop contents were observed approximately 10 s after activating the valve. High fluidic pressure was maintained throughout to ensure that gaseous products remained in solution. As an illustrative example of how this apparatus can be employed, the generation of benzyne and its subsequent reaction with furan were investigated. Benzyne was prepared via diazotisation of anthranilic acid using tert-butyl nitrite. RESULTS Unexpectedly, the explosive diazotised intermediate was detected by the mass spectrometer at low coil temperatures or short residence times. The optimum reactor temperature and residence time for production of the desired Diels-Alder product are 50 °C and 3-5 min, respectively. There are competing reaction pathways leading to the formation of acridone and several other by-products. CONCLUSIONS On-line mass spectrometry allowed the flow conditions to be quickly tuned for safe operation and optimal generation of the desired product. The validity of this approach was corroborated by off-line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of flow samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan L Browne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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