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Hansen T, Nin-Hill A, Codée JDC, Hamlin TA, Rovira C. Rational Tuning of the Reactivity of Three-Membered Heterocycle Ring Openings via S N 2 Reactions. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201649. [PMID: 35896443 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of small-molecule covalent inhibitors and probes continuously pushes the rapidly evolving field of chemical biology forward. A key element in these molecular tool compounds is the "electrophilic trap" that allows a covalent linkage with the target enzyme. The reactivity of this entity needs to be well balanced to effectively trap the desired enzyme, while not being attacked by off-target nucleophiles. Here we investigate the intrinsic reactivity of substrates containing a class of widely used electrophilic traps, the three-membered heterocycles with a nitrogen (aziridine), phosphorus (phosphirane), oxygen (epoxide) or sulfur atom (thiirane) as heteroatom. Using quantum chemical approaches, we studied the conformational flexibility and nucleophilic ring opening of a series of model substrates, in which these electrophilic traps are mounted on a cyclohexene scaffold (C6 H10 Y with Y=NH, PH, O, S). It was revealed that the activation energy of the ring opening does not necessarily follow the trend that is expected from C-Y leaving-group bond strength, but steeply decreases from Y=NH, to PH, to O, to S. We illustrate that the HOMONu -LUMOSubstrate interaction is an all-important factor for the observed reactivity. In addition, we show that the activation energy of aziridines and phosphiranes can be tuned far below that of the corresponding epoxides and thiiranes by the addition of proper electron-withdrawing ring substituents. Our results provide mechanistic insights to rationally tune the reactivity of this class of popular electrophilic traps and can guide the experimental design of covalent inhibitors and probes for enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Alba Nin-Hill
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden (The, Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam (The, Netherlands
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica (Secció de Química Orgànica) &, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08020, Barcelona, Spain
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Hansen T, Vermeeren P, Yoshisada R, Filippov DV, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Hamlin TA. How Lewis Acids Catalyze Ring-Openings of Cyclohexene Oxide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3565-3573. [PMID: 33538169 PMCID: PMC7901664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have quantum chemically studied the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reaction of cyclohexene epoxide by MeZH (Z = O, S, and NH) using relativistic dispersion-corrected density functional theory. We found that the reaction barrier of the Lewis acid-catalyzed epoxide ring-opening reactions decreases upon ascending in group 1 along the series Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+ > H+. Our activation strain and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital analyses reveal that the enhanced reactivity of the Lewis acid-catalyzed ring-opening reaction is caused by the reduced steric (Pauli) repulsion between the filled orbitals of the epoxide and the nucleophile, as the Lewis acid polarizes the filled orbitals of the epoxide more efficiently away from the incoming nucleophile. Furthermore, we established that the regioselectivity of these ring-opening reactions is, aside from the "classical" strain control, also dictated by a hitherto unknown mechanism, namely, the steric (Pauli) repulsion between the nucleophile and the substrate, which could be traced back to the asymmetric orbital density on the epoxide. In all, this work again demonstrates that the concept of Pauli-lowering catalysis is a general phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ryoji Yoshisada
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden
University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The
Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam
Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMSS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
(ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081
HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Hansen T, Vermeeren P, Haim A, van Dorp MJH, Codée JDC, Bickelhaupt FM, Hamlin TA. Regioselectivity of Epoxide Ring-Openings via SN
2 Reactions Under Basic and Acidic Conditions. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anissa Haim
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. H. van Dorp
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Einsteinweg 55 2333 CC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A. Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS); Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Abstract
Lyconadins A-C are important members of the Lycopodium alkaloid family with challenging structural features and interesting biological profile. Herein, various synthetic strategies and methods for their preparation are summarized with the focus on constructive bond formation and our efficient and divergent synthesis based on functional group pairing (FGP) strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Cornwall RG, Shi Y. Organocatalytic asymmetric epoxidation and aziridination of olefins and their synthetic applications. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8199-256. [PMID: 24785198 DOI: 10.1021/cr500064w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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Yang Y, Haskins CW, Zhang W, Low PL, Dai M. Divergent total syntheses of lyconadins A and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3922-5. [PMID: 24596132 PMCID: PMC4113559 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201400416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Divergent and concise total syntheses of two lycopodium alkaloids, lyconadins A and C have been developed. The synthesis of lyconadin A, having potent neurotrophic activity, features an efficient one-pot ketal removal and formal aza-[4+2] cyclization to form the cagelike core structure. A tandem ketal removal/Mannich reaction was developed to build the tricyclic structure of lyconadin C. Both lyconadins A and C were synthesized from a pivotal intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Christopher W. Haskins
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Wandi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Pui Leng Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
| | - Mingji Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 (USA), Homepage: http://www.chem.purdue.edu/dai/
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Yang Y, Haskins CW, Zhang W, Low PL, Dai M. Divergent Total Syntheses of Lyconadins A and C. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201400416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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