1
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Crawford R, Baumann M. Telescoped Flow Synthesis of Azacyclic Scaffolds Exploiting the Chromoselective Photolysis of Vinyl Azides and Azirines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401491. [PMID: 38716703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
An efficient chromoselective photochemical process is presented for the synthesis of 2H-azirines and 1,3-diazabicylo[3.1.0]hex-3-enes from readily available vinyl azides. The method exploits continuous flow photochemistry to enable the safe consumption of the hazardous azide group and provides uniform irradiation using high-power LEDs at 365-450 nm. Additionally, a scaled telescoped process has been developed providing access to drug-like 1,6-dihydropyrimidines and pyrimidines via integrated ring-expansion and oxidation reactions. Given the prevalence of various azacyclic targets in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and materials applications it is anticipated that this methodology will enable further exploitations of these important scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruairi Crawford
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Baumann
- University College Dublin, School of Chemistry, Science Centre South, D04 N2E5, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Schulz G, George V, Taser D, Kirschning A. Taming Bromine Azide for Use in Organic Solvents─Radical Bromoazidations and Alcohol Oxidations. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3781-3786. [PMID: 36821827 PMCID: PMC10028602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The formation of bromine azide from the bisazidobromate(I) anion or alternatively from Zhdankin's reagent, using a phosphonium bromide salt as a common starting point, is reported. After homolytic cleavage in the presence of alkenes or alcohols either 1,2-functionalization or alternatively the selective oxidation of secondary alcohols in the presence of primary alcohols occur. The scopes and limitations of the use of BrN3 are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincent George
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Daghan Taser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Saleh LY, Altıntaş B, Filiciotto L, Zorlu Y, Luque R, Ülger M, Döndaş HA, Altug C. Structural assessment of novel spiro-naphthalene-1.2'- [1,3,4]oxadiazol-4-ones prepared under batch and flow chemistry with a concise antifungal and anti(myco)bacterial activity. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Sakharov PA, Rostovskii NV, Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS. Copper(II)-Catalyzed (3+2) Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines to Six-Membered Cyclic Enols as a Route to Pyrrolo[3,2- c]quinolone, Chromeno[3,4- b]pyrrole, and Naphtho[1,8- ef]indole Scaffolds. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27175681. [PMID: 36080448 PMCID: PMC9457675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the [2+3] pyrroline annulation to the six-membered non-aromatic enols using 3-aryl-2H-azirines as annulation agents is developed in the current study. The reaction proceeds as a formal (3+2) cycloaddition via the N1-C2 azirine bond cleavage and is catalyzed by both Cu(II) and Cu(I) compounds. The new annulation method can be applied to prepare pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinoline, chromeno[3,4-b]pyrrole, and naphtho[1,8-ef]indole derivatives in good to excellent yields from enols of the quinolin-2-one, 2H-chromen-2-one, and 1H-phenalen-1-one series.
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5
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De A, Majee A. Synthesis of various functionalized
2
H
‐azirines: An
updated library. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aramita De
- Department of Chemistry Visva‐Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan India
| | - Adinath Majee
- Department of Chemistry Visva‐Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan India
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6
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Wang Z, Li H, Wang Z, Suleman M, Wang Y, Lu P. Photocatalytic Approach for Construction of 5,6-Dihydroimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolines and Their Luminescent Properties. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8101-8111. [PMID: 34060831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light-driven photoredox reaction of tetrahydroisoquinoline with 2H-azirines is described. 4,7-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole, a benzothiadiazole (BTD) derived fluorophore, is used as an organic photoredox catalyst, and the reaction offers an efficient access to 5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines with a broad range of functional groups. The resulting 5,6-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines present strong photoluminecence in solutions and powders and could be applied in the fabrication of blue OLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hanjie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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7
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Gambacorta G, Sharley JS, Baxendale IR. A comprehensive review of flow chemistry techniques tailored to the flavours and fragrances industries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1181-1312. [PMID: 34136010 PMCID: PMC8182698 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their intrinsic physical properties, which includes being able to perform as volatile liquids at room and biological temperatures, fragrance ingredients/intermediates make ideal candidates for continuous-flow manufacturing. This review highlights the potential crossover between a multibillion dollar industry and the flourishing sub-field of flow chemistry evolving within the discipline of organic synthesis. This is illustrated through selected examples of industrially important transformations specific to the fragrances and flavours industry and by highlighting the advantages of conducting these transformations by using a flow approach. This review is designed to be a compendium of techniques and apparatus already published in the chemical and engineering literature which would constitute a known solution or inspiration for commonly encountered procedures in the manufacture of fragrance and flavour chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Gambacorta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - James S Sharley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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8
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Kösel T, Dräger G, Kirschning A. Oxidative azidations of phenols and ketones using iodine azide after release from an ion exchange resin. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2907-2911. [PMID: 33734263 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative oligoazidation of phenols and ketones using iodine azide (IN3) provided by its release from an ion exchange resin is reported. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate a previously unknown reactivity of iodine azide toward phenols and ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kösel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
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9
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Plumet J. 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrile Oxides under "Non-Conventional" Conditions: Green Solvents, Irradiation, and Continuous Flow. Chempluschem 2021; 85:2252-2271. [PMID: 33044044 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions (DCs) of nitrile oxides (NOs) to alkenes and alkynes are useful methods for the synthesis of 2-isoxazolines and isoxazoles respectively, which are important classes of heterocyclic compounds in organic and medicinal chemistry. Most of these reactions are carried out in organic solvents and under thermal activation. Nevertheless the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2 ) and ionic liquids (Ils) as alternative solvents and the application of microwave (MW) and ultrasound (US) as alternative activation procedures have evident advantages from the "Green Chemistry" point of view. The critical discussion on the applications of these "unconventional" activation methods and reaction conditions in the 1,3-DCs of NOs is the objective of the present Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Plumet
- Department of Organic Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Jamieson C, Livingstone K, Little G. Recent Advances in the Generation of Nitrilium Betaine 1,3-Dipoles. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1389-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNitrilium betaine 1,3-dipoles are ubiquitous reagents in organic chemistry, with applications ranging from natural product synthesis to materials science. Given the high reactivity of these zwitterionic motifs, they are invariably generated in situ from a suitable precursor, prior to use. This short review summarises the recent progress in the development of modern approaches towards the formation of these 1,3-dipoles, and their applications within a diverse range of fields.1 Introduction2 Nitrile Ylides2.1 2H-Azirine Rearrangement2.2 Addition of Nitriles to Carbenes3 Nitrile Imines3.1 2,5-Tetrazole Thermolysis3.2 2,5-Tetrazole Photolysis3.3 Diaryl Sydnone Photolysis4 Nitrile Oxides4.1 Hypervalent Iodine4.2 The Nitroso Radical4.3 Green Chemistry Approaches4.4 Other Approaches5 Conclusions
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11
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Andresini M, Degannaro L, Luisi R. A sustainable strategy for the straightforward preparation of 2 H-azirines and highly functionalized NH-aziridines from vinyl azides using a single solvent flow-batch approach. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:203-209. [PMID: 33564330 PMCID: PMC7849244 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The reported flow-batch approach enables the easy preparation of 2H-azirines and their stereoselective transformation into highly functionalized NH-aziridines, starting from vinyl azides and organolithium compounds. The protocol has been developed using cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) as an environmentally benign solvent, resulting into a sustainable, safe and potentially automatable method for the synthesis of interesting strained compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Andresini
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degannaro
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology FLAME-Lab, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro", Via E. Orabona 4, Bari, 70125, Italy
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12
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Vuillermet F, Bourret J, Pelletier G. Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: Triflic Anhydride-Mediated Annulation of 2H-Azirines with 2-Chloropyridines. J Org Chem 2020; 86:388-402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Vuillermet
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 avenue Marie-Curie, Saint-Laurent, Québec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Joanick Bourret
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 avenue Marie-Curie, Saint-Laurent, Québec H4S 2E1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Pelletier
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Paraza Pharma Inc., 2525 avenue Marie-Curie, Saint-Laurent, Québec H4S 2E1, Canada
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13
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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Kösel T, Schulz G, Dräger G, Kirschning A. Photochemical Transformations with Iodine Azide after Release from an Ion-Exchange Resin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12376-12380. [PMID: 32208548 PMCID: PMC7384096 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This report discloses the photochemical homolytic cleavage of iodine azide after its formation following release from polymer-bound bisazido iodate(I) anions. A series of radical reactions are reported including the 1,2-functionlization of alkenes and the unprecedented chemoselective oxidation of secondary alcohols in the presence of primary alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kösel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Göran Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Drug Research (BMWZ)Leibniz Universität HannoverSchneiderberg 1B30167HannoverGermany
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15
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Kösel T, Schulz G, Dräger G, Kirschning A. Photochemische Transformationen mit Iodazid nach Freisetzung von einem Ionenaustauscherharz. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kösel
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ) Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Göran Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ) Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Gerald Dräger
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ) Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Deutschland
| | - Andreas Kirschning
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Biomolekulares Wirkstoffzentrum (BMWZ) Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Deutschland
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16
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Krell K, Harijan D, Ganz D, Doll L, Wagenknecht HA. Postsynthetic Modifications of DNA and RNA by Means of Copper-Free Cycloadditions as Bioorthogonal Reactions. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:990-1011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Krell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ganz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Angyal A, Demjén A, Wölfling J, Puskás LG, Kanizsai I. Acid-Catalyzed 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 2 H-Azirines with Nitrones: An Unexpected Access to 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Imidazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3587-3595. [PMID: 32020808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The first 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 2H-azirines with nitrones, a straightforward approach toward the regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetrasubstituted imidazoles, is reported. This trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed protocol tolerates a broad range of aliphatic and aromatic substrates, offering an efficient access to highly diverse, multisubstituted imidazoles in isolated yields up to 83% under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Angyal
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.,Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Demjén
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Iván Kanizsai
- AVIDIN Ltd., Alsó kikötő sor 11/D, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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18
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Khlebnikov AF, Novikov MS, Rostovskii NV. Advances in 2H-azirine chemistry: A seven-year update. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Clark CA, Lee DS, Pickering SJ, Poliakoff M, George MW. UV PhotoVap: Demonstrating How a Simple and Versatile Reactor Based on a Conventional Rotary Evaporator Can Be Used for UV Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael W. George
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo 315100, China
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20
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Rossa TA, Suveges NS, Sá MM, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous multistep synthesis of 2-(azidomethyl)oxazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018. [PMID: 29520312 PMCID: PMC5827817 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient three-step protocol was developed to produce 2-(azidomethyl)oxazoles from vinyl azides in a continuous-flow process. The general synthetic strategy involves a thermolysis of vinyl azides to generate azirines, which react with bromoacetyl bromide to provide 2-(bromomethyl)oxazoles. The latter compounds are versatile building blocks for nucleophilic displacement reactions as demonstrated by their subsequent treatment with NaN3 in aqueous medium to give azido oxazoles in good selectivity. Process integration enabled the synthesis of this useful moiety in short overall residence times (7 to 9 min) and in good overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís A Rossa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Departamento de Quıímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Nícolas S Suveges
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 22941-909
| | - Marcus M Sá
- Departamento de Quıímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C Oliver Kappe
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
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21
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Fu J, Zanoni G, Anderson EA, Bi X. α-Substituted vinyl azides: an emerging functionalized alkene. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:7208-7228. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00017k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl azides are highly versatile synthons that provide access to numerous N-heterocycles and other functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pavia
- 10-27100 Pavia
- Italy
| | | | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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22
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Mizuno K, Nishiyama Y, Ogaki T, Terao K, Ikeda H, Kakiuchi K. Utilization of microflow reactors to carry out synthetically useful organic photochemical reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Elliott LD, Berry M, Harji B, Klauber D, Leonard J, Booker-Milburn KI. A Small-Footprint, High-Capacity Flow Reactor for UV Photochemical Synthesis on the Kilogram Scale. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Elliott
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Berry
- GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnels
Wood Road, Stevenage SG1
2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Bashir Harji
- Cambridge Reactor Design Ltd., Unit D2, Brookfield Business Centre, Twentypence Road, Cottenham CB24 8PS, United Kingdom
| | - David Klauber
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - John Leonard
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin I. Booker-Milburn
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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24
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Rodrigues N, Boiaryna L, Vercouillie J, Guilloteau D, Suzenet F, Buron F, Routier S. Tandem Silver-Catalyzed Cyclization/Nucleophilic Functionalization of 2-Alkynylindole-3-carbaldehyde Oximes to Afford New 2,4-Disubstituted γ-Carbolines. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Johnny Vercouillie
- UMR Inserm U930; Université François Rabelais de Tours, CHRU de Tours; Tours France
| | - Denis Guilloteau
- UMR Inserm U930; Université François Rabelais de Tours, CHRU de Tours; Tours France
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25
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Cambié D, Bottecchia C, Straathof NJW, Hessel V, Noël T. Applications of Continuous-Flow Photochemistry in Organic Synthesis, Material Science, and Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:10276-341. [PMID: 26935706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photochemistry in microreactors receives a lot of attention from researchers in academia and industry as this technology provides reduced reaction times, higher selectivities, straightforward scalability, and the possibility to safely use hazardous intermediates and gaseous reactants. In this review, an up-to-date overview is given of photochemical transformations in continuous-flow reactors, including applications in organic synthesis, material science, and water treatment. In addition, the advantages of continuous-flow photochemistry are pointed out and a thorough comparison with batch processing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cambié
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Bottecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Natan J W Straathof
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Micro Flow Chemistry and Process Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology , Den Dolech 2, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S4), 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. Continuous photochemistry: the flow synthesis of ibuprofen via a photo-Favorskii rearrangement. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new enabling technology for performing photochemical reactions in a continuous fashion is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Baumann
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Durham
- Durham
- UK
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27
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Hu B, DiMagno SG. Reactivities of vinyl azides and their recent applications in nitrogen heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3844-55. [PMID: 25731154 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00099h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are abundant in natural products and pharmaceuticals. An emerging interest among synthetic chemists is to apply vinyl azides as a pivotal three-atom synthon for the construction of structurally complex and diverse N-heterocyclic skeletons. The unique features of the azide group connected to an alkene moiety permit vinyl azides to function as electrophiles, nucleophiles, or radical acceptors; their access to diverse reaction pathways provides great opportunities to generate highly reactive intermediates with often unusual or unconventional reactivities. This tutorial review will systematically illustrate the reactivities of vinyl azides and describe recent breakthroughs in the development of new transformations that create N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Hu
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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28
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) using continuous flow chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:1194-219. [PMID: 26425178 PMCID: PMC4578405 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of continuous flow processing as a key enabling technology has transformed the way we conduct chemistry and has expanded our synthetic capabilities. As a result many new preparative routes have been designed towards commercially relevant drug compounds achieving more efficient and reproducible manufacture. This review article aims to illustrate the holistic systems approach and diverse applications of flow chemistry to the preparation of pharmaceutically active molecules, demonstrating the value of this strategy towards every aspect ranging from synthesis, in-line analysis and purification to final formulation and tableting. Although this review will primarily concentrate on large scale continuous processing, additional selected syntheses using micro or meso-scaled flow reactors will be exemplified for key transformations and process control. It is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the innovative technology and transformational nature that flow chemistry can leverage to an overall process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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29
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Wang F, Zhu N, Chen P, Ye J, Liu G. Copper-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylazidation of Alkynes: Efficient Access to CF3-Substituted Azirines and Aziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Wang F, Zhu N, Chen P, Ye J, Liu G. Copper-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylazidation of Alkynes: Efficient Access to CF3-Substituted Azirines and Aziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9356-60. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Mel’nik OY, Chornous VA, Vovk MV. Polyfunctional imidazoles: IX. Synthesis of 1-aryl-5-(2-aryl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-4-yl)-4-chloro-1H-imidazoles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428015020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Ötvös SB, Fülöp F. Flow chemistry as a versatile tool for the synthesis of triazoles. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review surveys the continuous-flow strategies for the synthesis of triazoles by means of copper-catalyzed and catalyst-free cycloadditions between azides and various dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- and MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-6720 Szeged
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Szeged
- and MTA-SZTE Stereochemistry Research Group
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- H-6720 Szeged
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33
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Donthiri RR, Pappula V, Reddy NNK, Bairagi D, Adimurthy S. Copper-Catalyzed C–H Functionalization of Pyridines and Isoquinolines with Vinyl Azides: Synthesis of Imidazo Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11277-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5021618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandra Reddy Donthiri
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Venkatanarayana Pappula
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - N. Naresh Kumar Reddy
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Dipayan Bairagi
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Subbarayappa Adimurthy
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
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34
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Chaudhuri SR, Hartwig J, Kupracz L, Kodanek T, Wegner J, Kirschning A. Oxidations of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols under Inductively-Heated Flow Conditions with Gold-Doped Superparamagnetic Nanostructured Particles as Catalyst and Oxygen as Oxidant. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Elliott LD, Knowles JP, Koovits PJ, Maskill KG, Ralph MJ, Lejeune G, Edwards LJ, Robinson RI, Clemens IR, Cox B, Pascoe DD, Koch G, Eberle M, Berry MB, Booker-Milburn KI. Batch versus Flow Photochemistry: A Revealing Comparison of Yield and Productivity. Chemistry 2014; 20:15226-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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36
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