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Zhang KX, Liu MY, Yao BY, Zhou QL, Xiao LJ. Stereoconvergent and Enantioselective Synthesis of Z-Homoallylic Alcohols via Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Z/ E-1,3-Dienes with Aldehydes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22157-22165. [PMID: 39102638 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Stereoconvergent reactions enable the transformation of mixed stereoisomers into well-defined, chiral products─a crucial strategy for handling Z/E-mixed olefins, which are common but challenging substrates in organic synthesis. Herein, we report a stereoconvergent and highly enantioselective method for synthesizing Z-homoallylic alcohols via the nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of Z/E-mixed 1,3-dienes with aldehydes. This process is enabled by an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand characterized by C2-symmetric backbone chirality and bulky 2,6-diisopropyl N-aryl substituents. Our method achieves excellent stereocontrol over both enantioselectivity and Z-selectivity in a single step, producing chiral Z-homoallylic alcohols that are valuable in natural products and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Mei-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo-Ying Yao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Lee CF, Brown CE, Nielsen AJ, Kim C, Livne-Bar I, Parsons PJ, Boldron C, Autelitano F, Weaver DF, Sivak JM, Reed MA. A Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Lipoxin B4 and its Biological Activity as a Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediator of Neuroinflammation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200360. [PMID: 35491534 PMCID: PMC9891714 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Two stereocontrolled, efficient, and modular syntheses of eicosanoid lipoxin B4 (LXB4 ) are reported. One features a stereoselective reduction followed by an asymmetric epoxidation sequence to set the vicinal diol stereocentres. The dienyne was installed via a one-pot Wittig olefination and base-mediated epoxide ring opening cascade. The other approach installed the diol through an asymmetric dihydroxylation reaction followed by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination to afford the common dienyne intermediate. Finally, a Sonogashira coupling and an alkyne hydrosilylation/proto-desilylation protocol furnished LXB4 in 25 % overall yield in just 10 steps. For the first time, LXB4 has been fully characterized spectroscopically with its structure confirmed as previously reported. We have demonstrated that the synthesized LXB4 showed similar biological activity to commercial sources in a cellular neuroprotection model. This synthetic route can be employed to synthesize large quantities of LXB4 , enable synthesis of new analogs, and chemical probes for receptor and pathway characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Frank Lee
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carla E. Brown
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander J. Nielsen
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Changmo Kim
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Izhar Livne-Bar
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J. Parsons
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Donald F. Weaver
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Fundamental Neurobiology Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy M. Sivak
- Donald K. Johnson Eye Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark A. Reed
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ferreira I, Falcato F, Bandarra N, Rauter AP. Resolvins, Protectins, and Maresins: DHA-Derived Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators, Biosynthetic Pathways, Synthetic Approaches, and Their Role in Inflammation. Molecules 2022; 27:1677. [PMID: 35268778 PMCID: PMC8912121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms are an important source of natural products with unique and diverse chemical structures that may hold the key for the development of novel drugs. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid marine natural product playing a crucial regulatory role in the resolution of inflammation and acting as a precursor for the biosynthesis of the anti-inflammatory specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) resolvins, protectins, and maresins. These metabolites exert many beneficial actions including neuroprotection, anti-hypertension, or anti-tumorigenesis. As dysregulation of SPMs is associated with diseases of prolonged inflammation, the disclosure of their bioactivities may be correlated with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving capabilities, offering new targets for drug design. The availability of these SPMs from natural resources is very low, but the evaluation of their pharmacological properties requires their access in larger amounts, as achieved by synthetic routes. In this report, the first review of the total organic syntheses carried out for resolvins, protectins, and maresins is presented. Recently, it was proposed that DHA-derived pro-resolving mediators play a key role in the treatment of COVID-19. In this work we also review the current evidence on the structures, biosynthesis, and functional and new-found roles of these novel lipid mediators of disease resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Filipa Falcato
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Narcisa Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-006 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amélia P. Rauter
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Piso 5, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Reinertsen AF, Primdahl KG, De Matteis R, Dalli J, Hansen TV. Stereoselective Synthesis, Configurational Assignment and Biological Evaluations of the Lipid Mediator RvD2 n-3 DPA. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103857. [PMID: 34890076 PMCID: PMC9305452 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the first total synthesis of RvD2n-3 DPA , an endogenously formed mediator biosynthesized from the omega-3 fatty acid n-3 docosapentaenoic acid. The key steps are the Midland Alpine borane reduction, Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, and a Z-selective alkyne reduction protocol, yielding RvD2n-3 DPA methyl ester in 13 % yield over 12 steps (longest linear sequence). The physical property data (UV chromophore, chromatography and MS/MS fragmentation) of the synthetic lipid mediator matched those obtained from biologically produced material. Moreover, synthetic RvD2n-3 DPA also carried the potent biological activities of enhancing macrophage uptake of Staphylococcus aureus and zymosan A bioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalie F. Reinertsen
- Department of PharmacySection for Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10680316OsloNorway
| | - Karoline G. Primdahl
- Department of PharmacySection for Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10680316OsloNorway
| | - Roberta De Matteis
- Lipid Mediator UnitCenter for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Lipid Mediator UnitCenter for Biochemical PharmacologyWilliam Harvey Research InstituteBarts and The London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonCharterhouse SquareLondonEC1M 6BQUnited Kingdom
| | - Trond V. Hansen
- Department of PharmacySection for Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of OsloP.O. Box 10680316OsloNorway
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Yi JJ, Heo SY, Ju JH, Oh BR, Son WS, Seo JW. Synthesis of two new lipid mediators from docosahexaenoic acid by combinatorial catalysis involving enzymatic and chemical reaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18849. [PMID: 33139849 PMCID: PMC7606508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been known to have beneficial effects in the prevention of various diseases. Recently, it was identified that the bioactivities of omega-3 are related to lipid mediators, called pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), converted from PUFAs, so they have attracted much attention as potential pharmaceutical targets. Here, we aimed to build an efficient production system composed of enzymatic and chemical catalysis that converts docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into lipid mediators. The cyanobacterial lipoxygenase, named Osc-LOX, was identified and characterized, and the binding poses of enzyme and substrates were predicted by ligand docking simulation. DHA was converted into three lipid mediators, a 17S-hydroxy-DHA, a 7S,17S-dihydroxy-DHA (RvD5), and a 7S,15R-dihydroxy-16S,17S-epoxy-DPA (new type), by an enzymatic reaction and deoxygenation. Also, two lipid mediators, 7S,15R,16S,17S-tetrahydroxy-DPA (new type) and 7S,16R,17S-trihydroxy-DHA (RvD2), were generated from 7S,15R-dihydroxy-16S,17S-epoxy-DPA by a chemical reaction. Our study suggests that discovering new enzymes that have not been functionally characterized would be a powerful strategy for producing various lipid mediators. Also, this combination catalysis approach including biological and chemical reactions could be an effective production system for the manufacturing lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Jae Yi
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si, 56212, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Yeon Heo
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Ju
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Rock Oh
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sung Son
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 11160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Woo Seo
- Microbial Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-Si, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Urbitsch F, Elbert BL, Llaveria J, Streatfeild PE, Anderson EA. A Modular, Enantioselective Synthesis of Resolvins D3, E1, and Hybrids. Org Lett 2020; 22:1510-1515. [PMID: 32031820 PMCID: PMC7146891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Resolvins D3 and E1 are important signaling molecules in the resolution of inflammation. Here, we report a convergent and flexible strategy to prepare these natural products using Hiyama-Denmark coupling of five- and six-membered cyclic alkenylsiloxanes to connect three resolvin fragments, and control the stereochemistry of the natural product (Z)-alkenes. The modular nature of this approach enables the synthesis of novel resolvin hybrids, opening up opportunities for more-extensive investigations of resolvin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Urbitsch
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Bryony L. Elbert
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Josep Llaveria
- UCB
Pharma, Ltd., 216 Bath
Road, Slough, SL1 3WE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
We studied the synthesis of RvD1, a pro-resolving mediator. The intermediate containing vic-diol and enal functional groups was prepared via the oxidation of the γ,δ-epoxy alcohol followed by the epoxide ring opening in one pot. The C11-aldehyde in the resulting enal was converted to the trans iodo-olefin by reaction with TMSC(N2)Li and subsequent hydrozirconation using in situ generated Cp2Zr(H)Cl followed by iodination. The trans enynyl alcohol was synthesized by the reaction of the TMS-containing epoxy alcohol with lithium TMS-acetylide. Finally, two fragments were joined by the Sonogashira coupling, and the triple bond was reduced to afford RvD1 stereoselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Morita
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-52, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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Ogawa N, Kobayashi Y. Synthesis of Unsaturated Lipid Mediators having Anti-inflammatory Actions. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuichi Kobayashi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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9
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Goto T, Urabe D, Masuda K, Isobe Y, Arita M, Inoue M. Total Synthesis of Four Stereoisomers of (4Z,7Z,10Z,12E,16Z,18E)-14,20-Dihydroxy-4,7,10,12,16,18-docosahexaenoic Acid and Their Anti-inflammatory Activities. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7713-26. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Goto
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Daisuke Urabe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yosuke Isobe
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory
for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Makoto Arita
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory
for Metabolomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masayuki Inoue
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Al-Zaubai N, Johnstone CN, Leong MM, Li J, Rizzacasa M, Stewart AG. Resolvin D2 supports MCF-7 cell proliferation via activation of estrogen receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 351:172-80. [PMID: 25077525 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been implicated in tumor initiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis, and linked to the development of more aggressive, therapy-resistant estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Resolvin D2 (RvD2) is a potent anti-inflammatory lipid mediator. As RvD2 may be synthesized within breast tumors by both tumor cells and the surrounding stroma cells and is present in plasma at bioactive concentrations, we sought to characterize the impact of RvD2 on cell processes underlying breast tumor growth and spread. Trypan-blue exclusion, transfection with estrogen response element (ERE) reporter, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, competitive radioligand binding assays, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence were the techniques used. Unexpectedly, whereas RvD2 (10-1000 nM) supported the proliferation of the ER-positive breast tumor (MCF-7) cells, it did not affect the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 cell number. The proliferative effect of RvD2 in MCF-7 cells was attenuated by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 (7α-[9-[(4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl]nonyl]estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17β-diol). Furthermore, RvD2 increased ERE transcriptional activity in a number of ER-positive breast and ovarian tumor cell lines. This activation was also inhibited by ICI 182,780. RvD2 altered the expression of a subset of estrogen-responsive genes. Although binding experiments showed that RvD2 did not directly compete with [(3)H]17β-estradiol for ER binding, prior exposure of MCF-7 cells to RvD2 resulted in a significant reduction in the apparent cytosolic ER density. Confocal immunocytochemistry and Western blotting studies showed that RvD2 promoted nuclear localization of ERα. These observations indicate that RvD2 displays significant but indirect estrogenic properties and has the potential to play a role in estrogen-dependent breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Al-Zaubai
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cameron N Johnstone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - May May Leong
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Rizzacasa
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (N.A.-Z., A.G.S.), Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (C.N.J.), School of Chemistry, the Bio21 Institute (M.M.L., J.L., M.R.), Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology (C.N.J.), and Department of Pathology (C.N.J.), University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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