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Development of a Vitrification Preservation Process for Bioengineered Epithelial Constructs. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071115. [PMID: 35406679 PMCID: PMC8998050 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for human bioengineered tissue constructs is growing in response to the worldwide movement away from the use of animals for testing of new chemicals, drug screening and household products. Presently, constructs are manufactured and delivered just in time, resulting in delays and high costs of manufacturing. Cryopreservation and banking would speed up delivery times and permit cost reduction due to larger scale manufacturing. Our objective in these studies was development of ice-free vitrification formulations and protocols using human bioengineered epithelial constructs that could be scaled up from individual constructs to 24-well plates. Initial experiments using single EpiDerm constructs in vials demonstrated viability >80% of untreated control, significantly higher than our best freezing strategy. Further studies focused on optimization and evaluation of ice-free vitrification strategies. Vitrification experiments with 55% (VS55) and 70% (VS70) cryoprotectant (CPA) formulations produced constructs with good viability shortly after rewarming, but viability decreased in the next days, post-rewarming in vitro. Protocol changes contributed to improved outcomes over time in vitro. We then transitioned from using glass vials with 1 construct to deep-well plates holding up to 24 individual constructs. Construct viability was maintained at >80% post-warming viability and >70% viability on days 1−3 in vitro. Similar viability was demonstrated for other related tissue constructs. Furthermore, we demonstrated maintenance of viability after 2−7 months of storage below −135 °C.
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Hosmer J, Nasreen M, Dhouib R, Essilfie AT, Schirra HJ, Henningham A, Fantino E, Sly P, McEwan AG, Kappler U. Access to highly specialized growth substrates and production of epithelial immunomodulatory metabolites determine survival of Haemophilus influenzae in human airway epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010209. [PMID: 35085362 PMCID: PMC8794153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) infections are associated with recurring acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases in children and adults including otitis media, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Here, we show that persistence and recurrence of Hi infections are closely linked to Hi metabolic properties, where preferred growth substrates are aligned to the metabolome of human airway epithelial surfaces and include lactate, pentoses, and nucleosides, but not glucose that is typically used for studies of Hi growth in vitro. Enzymatic and physiological investigations revealed that utilization of lactate, the preferred Hi carbon source, required the LldD L-lactate dehydrogenase (conservation: 98.8% of strains), but not the two redox-balancing D-lactate dehydrogenases Dld and LdhA. Utilization of preferred substrates was directly linked to Hi infection and persistence. When unable to utilize L-lactate or forced to rely on salvaged guanine, Hi showed reduced extra- and intra-cellular persistence in a murine model of lung infection and in primary normal human nasal epithelia, with up to 3000-fold attenuation observed in competitive infections. In contrast, D-lactate dehydrogenase mutants only showed a very slight reduction compared to the wild-type strain. Interestingly, acetate, the major Hi metabolic end-product, had anti-inflammatory effects on cultured human tissue cells in the presence of live but not heat-killed Hi, suggesting that metabolic endproducts also influence HI-host interactions. Our work provides significant new insights into the critical role of metabolism for Hi persistence in contact with host cells and reveals for the first time the immunomodulatory potential of Hi metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Hosmer
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Marufa Nasreen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Rabeb Dhouib
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | - Anna Henningham
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Peter Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alastair G. McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Ulrike Kappler
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
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Helena Macedo M, Baião A, Pinto S, Barros AS, Almeida H, Almeida A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. Mucus-producing 3D cell culture models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113993. [PMID: 34619286 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based models have been used for a long time since they are normally easily obtained and have an advantageous cost-benefit. Besides, they can serve a variety of ends, from studying drug absorption and metabolism to disease modeling. However, some in vitro models are too simplistic, not accurately representing the living tissues. It has been shown, mainly in the last years, that fully mimicking a tissue composition and architecture can be paramount for cellular behavior and, consequently, for the outcomes of the studies using such models. Because of this, 3D in vitro cell models have been gaining much attention, since they are able to better replicate the in vivo environment. In this review we focus on 3D models that contain mucus-producing cells, as mucus can play a pivotal role in drug absorption. Being frequently overlooked, this viscous fluid can have an impact on drug delivery. Thus, the aim of this review is to understand to which extent can mucus affect mucosal drug delivery and to provide a state-of-the-art report on the existing 3D cell-based mucus models.
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Maruthachalam BV, Zwolak A, Lin-Schmidt X, Keough E, Tamot N, Venkataramani S, Geist B, Singh S, Ganesan R. Discovery and characterization of single-domain antibodies for polymeric Ig receptor-mediated mucosal delivery of biologics. MAbs 2021; 12:1708030. [PMID: 31906797 PMCID: PMC6973331 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1708030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is dominated by secretory IgA and IgM, although these are less favorable compared to IgG molecules for therapeutic development. Polymeric IgA and IgM are actively transported across the epithelial barrier via engagement of the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), but IgG molecules lack a lumen-targeted active transport mechanism, resulting in poor biodistribution of IgG therapeutics in mucosal tissues. In this work, we describe the discovery and characterization of single-domain antibodies (VHH) that engage pIgR and undergo transepithelial transport across the mucosal epithelium. The anti-pIgR VHH panel displayed a broad range of biophysical characteristics, epitope diversity, IgA competition profiles and transcytosis activity in cell and human primary lung tissue models. Making use of this diverse VHH panel, we studied the relationship between biophysical and functional properties of anti-pIgR binders targeting different domains and epitopes of pIgR. These VHH molecules will serve as excellent tools for studying pIgR-mediated transport of biologics and for delivering multispecific IgG antibodies into mucosal lumen, where they can target and neutralize mucosal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Zwolak
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Xiefan Lin-Schmidt
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Edward Keough
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Ninkka Tamot
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sathya Venkataramani
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Brian Geist
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Sanjaya Singh
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Rajkumar Ganesan
- Janssen BioTherapeutics, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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Dual and Triple Epithelial Coculture Model Systems with Donor-Derived Microbiota and THP-1 Macrophages To Mimic Host-Microbe Interactions in the Human Sinonasal Cavities. mSphere 2020; 5:5/1/e00916-19. [PMID: 31941815 PMCID: PMC6968656 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00916-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the relevance of the resident microbiota in sinonasal health and disease and the need for cross talk between immune and epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract, these parameters have not been combined in a single in vitro model system. We have developed a coculture system of differentiated respiratory epithelium and natural nasal microbiota and incorporated an immune component. As indicated by absence of cytotoxicity and stable cytokine profiles and epithelial integrity, nasal microbiota from human origin appeared to be well tolerated by host cells, while microbial community composition remained representative for that of the human (sino)nasal cavity. Importantly, the introduction of macrophage-like cells enabled us to obtain a differential readout from the epithelial cells dependent on the donor microbial background to which the cells were exposed. We conclude that both model systems offer the means to investigate host-microbe interactions in the upper respiratory tract in a more representative way. The epithelium of the human sinonasal cavities is colonized by a diverse microbial community, modulating epithelial development and immune priming and playing a role in respiratory disease. Here, we present a novel in vitro approach enabling a 3-day coculture of differentiated Calu-3 respiratory epithelial cells with a donor-derived bacterial community, a commensal species (Lactobacillus sakei), or a pathobiont (Staphylococcus aureus). We also assessed how the incorporation of macrophage-like cells could have a steering effect on both epithelial cells and the microbial community. Inoculation of donor-derived microbiota in our experimental setup did not pose cytotoxic stress on the epithelial cell layers, as demonstrated by unaltered cytokine and lactate dehydrogenase release compared to a sterile control. Epithelial integrity of the differentiated Calu-3 cells was maintained as well, with no differences in transepithelial electrical resistance observed between coculture with donor-derived microbiota and a sterile control. Transition of nasal microbiota from in vivo to in vitro conditions maintained phylogenetic richness, and yet a decrease in phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity was noted. Additional inclusion and coculture of THP-1-derived macrophages did not alter phylogenetic diversity, and yet donor-independent shifts toward higher Moraxella and Mycoplasma abundance were observed, while phenotypic diversity was also increased. Our results demonstrate that coculture of differentiated airway epithelial cells with a healthy donor-derived nasal community is a viable strategy to mimic host-microbe interactions in the human upper respiratory tract. Importantly, including an immune component allowed us to study host-microbe interactions in the upper respiratory tract more in depth. IMPORTANCE Despite the relevance of the resident microbiota in sinonasal health and disease and the need for cross talk between immune and epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract, these parameters have not been combined in a single in vitro model system. We have developed a coculture system of differentiated respiratory epithelium and natural nasal microbiota and incorporated an immune component. As indicated by absence of cytotoxicity and stable cytokine profiles and epithelial integrity, nasal microbiota from human origin appeared to be well tolerated by host cells, while microbial community composition remained representative for that of the human (sino)nasal cavity. Importantly, the introduction of macrophage-like cells enabled us to obtain a differential readout from the epithelial cells dependent on the donor microbial background to which the cells were exposed. We conclude that both model systems offer the means to investigate host-microbe interactions in the upper respiratory tract in a more representative way.
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Crystal Structure of VapBC-1 from Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and the Effect of PIN Domain Mutations on Survival during Infection. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00026-19. [PMID: 30936373 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00026-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) gene pairs have been identified in nearly all bacterial genomes sequenced to date and are thought to facilitate persistence and antibiotic tolerance. TA loci are classified into various types based upon the characteristics of their antitoxins, with those in type II expressing proteic antitoxins. Many toxins from type II modules are ribonucleases that maintain a PilT N-terminal (PIN) domain containing conserved amino acids considered essential for activity. The vapBC (virulence-associated protein) TA system is the largest subfamily in this class and has been linked to pathogenesis of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). In this study, the crystal structure of the VapBC-1 complex from NTHi was determined to 2.20 Å resolution. Based on this structure, aspartate-to-asparagine and glutamate-to-glutamine mutations of four conserved residues in the PIN domain of the VapC-1 toxin were constructed and the effects of the mutations on protein-protein interactions, growth of Escherichia coli, and pathogenesis ex vivo were tested. Finally, a novel model system was designed and utilized that consists of an NTHi ΔvapBC-1 strain complemented in cis with the TA module containing a mutated or wild-type toxin at an ectopic site on the chromosome. This enabled the analysis of the effect of PIN domain toxin mutants in tandem with their wild-type antitoxin under the control of the vapBC-1 native promoter and in single copy. This is the first report of a system facilitating the study of TA mutant operons in the background of NTHi during infections of primary human tissues ex vivo IMPORTANCE Herein the crystal structure of the VapBC-1 complex from nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is described. Our results show that some of the mutations in the PIN domain of the VapC-1 toxin were associated with decreased toxicity in E. coli, but the mutants retained the ability to homodimerize and to heterodimerize with the wild-type cognate antitoxin, VapB-1. A new system was designed and constructed to quantify the effects of these mutations on NTHi survival during infections of primary human tissues ex vivo Any mutation to a conserved amino acid in the PIN domain significantly decreased the number of survivors compared to that of the in cis wild-type toxin under the same conditions.
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Sedláková V, Kloučková M, Garlíková Z, Vašíčková K, Jaroš J, Kandra M, Kotasová H, Hampl A. Options for modeling the respiratory system: inserts, scaffolds and microfluidic chips. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:971-982. [PMID: 30877077 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory system is continuously exposed to varying levels of hazardous substances ranging from environmental toxins to purposely administered drugs. If the noxious effects exceed the inherent regenerative capacity of the respiratory system, injured tissue undergoes complex remodeling that can significantly affect lung function and lead to various diseases. Advanced near-to-native in vitro lung models are required to understand the mechanisms involved in pulmonary damage and repair and to reliably test the toxicity of compounds to lung tissue. This review is an overview of the development of in vitro respiratory system models used for study of lung diseases. It includes discussion of using these models for environmental toxin assessment and pulmonary toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sedláková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa K1Y 4W7, Canada.
| | - Michaela Kloučková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Garlíková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Vašíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jaroš
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kandra
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kotasová
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 664/53, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Salade L, Wauthoz N, Goole J, Amighi K. How to characterize a nasal product. The state of the art of in vitro and ex vivo specific methods. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:47-65. [PMID: 30822505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasal delivery offers many benefits over other conventional routes of delivery (e.g. oral or intravenous administration). Benefits include, among others, a fast onset of action, non-invasiveness and direct access to the central nervous system. The nasal cavity is not only limited to local application (e.g. rhinosinusitis) but can also provide direct access to other sites in the body (e.g. the central nervous system or systemic circulation). However, both the anatomy and the physiology of the nose impose their own limitations, such as a small volume for delivery or rapid mucociliary clearance. To meet nasal-specific criteria, the formulator has to complete a plethora of tests, in vitro and ex vivo, to assess the efficacy and tolerance of a new drug-delivery system. Moreover, depending on the desired therapeutic effect, the delivery of the drug should target a specific pathway that could potentially be achieved through a modified release of this drug. Therefore, this review focuses on specific techniques that should be performed when a nasal formulation is developed. The review covers both the tests recommended by regulatory agencies (e.g. the Food and Drug Administration) and other complementary experiments frequently performed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Salade
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Wauthoz
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Goole
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Amighi
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Galénique et de Biopharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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De Rudder C, Calatayud Arroyo M, Lebeer S, Van de Wiele T. Modelling upper respiratory tract diseases: getting grips on host-microbe interactions in chronic rhinosinusitis using in vitro technologies. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:75. [PMID: 29690931 PMCID: PMC5913889 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammation of the mucosa of the nose and paranasal sinuses affecting approximately 11% of the adult population in Europe. Inadequate immune responses, as well as a dysbiosis of the sinonasal microbiota, have been put forward as aetiological factors of the disease. However, despite the prevalence of this disease, there is no consensus on the aetiology and mechanisms of pathogenesis of CRS. Further research requires in vitro models mimicking the healthy and diseased host environment along with the sinonasal microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of CRS model systems and proposes in vitro modelling strategies to conduct mechanistic research in an ecological framework on the sinonasal microbiota and its interactions with the host in health and CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte De Rudder
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Calatayud Arroyo
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Research Group of Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Zavala J, O'Brien B, Lichtveld K, Sexton KG, Rusyn I, Jaspers I, Vizuete W. Assessment of biological responses of EpiAirway 3-D cell constructs versus A549 cells for determining toxicity of ambient air pollution. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 28:251-9. [PMID: 27100558 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1157227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT EpiAirway™ 3-D constructs are human-derived cell cultures of differentiated airway epithelial cells that may represent a more biologically relevant model of the human lung. However, limited information is available on their utility for exposures to air pollutants at the air-liquid interface (ALI). OBJECTIVE To assess the biological responses of EpiAirway™ cells in comparison to the responses of A549 human alveolar epithelial cells after exposure to air pollutants at ALI. METHODS Cells were exposed to filtered air, 400 ppb of ozone (O3) or a photochemically aged Synthetic Urban Mixture (SynUrb54) consisting of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, O3 and other secondary oxidation products for 4 h. Basolateral supernatants and apical washes were collected at 9 and 24 h post-exposure. We assessed cytotoxicity by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release into the culture medium and apical surface. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) proteins were measured in the culture medium and in the apical washes to determine the inflammatory response after exposure. RESULTS Both O3 and SynUrb54 significantly increased basolateral levels of LDH and IL-8 in A549 cells. No significant changes in LDH and IL-8 levels were observed in the EpiAirway™ cells, however, IL-6 in the apical surface was significantly elevated at 24 h after O3 exposure. CONCLUSION LDH and IL-8 are robust endpoints for assessing toxicity in A549 cells. The EpiAirway™ cells show minimal adverse effects after exposure suggesting that they are more toxicologically resistant compared to A549 cells. Higher concentrations or longer exposure times are needed to induce effects on EpiAirway™ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Zavala
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Bridget O'Brien
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kim Lichtveld
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Kenneth G Sexton
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA .,b Department of Pediatrics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA , and.,c Center for Environmental Medicine and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
| | - William Vizuete
- a Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC, USA
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11
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Prevalidation of the ex-vivo model PCLS for prediction of respiratory toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 32:347-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Deval J, Hong J, Wang G, Taylor J, Smith LK, Fung A, Stevens SK, Liu H, Jin Z, Dyatkina N, Prhavc M, Stoycheva AD, Serebryany V, Liu J, Smith DB, Tam Y, Zhang Q, Moore ML, Fearns R, Chanda SM, Blatt LM, Symons JA, Beigelman L. Molecular Basis for the Selective Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus RNA Polymerase by 2'-Fluoro-4'-Chloromethyl-Cytidine Triphosphate. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004995. [PMID: 26098424 PMCID: PMC4476725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe lower respiratory tract infections, yet no vaccines or effective therapeutics are available. ALS-8176 is a first-in-class nucleoside analog prodrug effective in RSV-infected adult volunteers, and currently under evaluation in hospitalized infants. Here, we report the mechanism of inhibition and selectivity of ALS-8176 and its parent ALS-8112. ALS-8176 inhibited RSV replication in non-human primates, while ALS-8112 inhibited all strains of RSV in vitro and was specific for paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses. The antiviral effect of ALS-8112 was mediated by the intracellular formation of its 5'-triphosphate metabolite (ALS-8112-TP) inhibiting the viral RNA polymerase. ALS-8112 selected for resistance-associated mutations within the region of the L gene of RSV encoding the RNA polymerase. In biochemical assays, ALS-8112-TP was efficiently recognized by the recombinant RSV polymerase complex, causing chain termination of RNA synthesis. ALS-8112-TP did not inhibit polymerases from host or viruses unrelated to RSV such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), whereas structurally related molecules displayed dual RSV/HCV inhibition. The combination of molecular modeling and enzymatic analysis showed that both the 2'F and the 4'ClCH2 groups contributed to the selectivity of ALS-8112-TP. The lack of antiviral effect of ALS-8112-TP against HCV polymerase was caused by Asn291 that is well-conserved within positive-strand RNA viruses. This represents the first comparative study employing recombinant RSV and HCV polymerases to define the selectivity of clinically relevant nucleotide analogs. Understanding nucleotide selectivity towards distant viral RNA polymerases could not only be used to repurpose existing drugs against new viral infections, but also to design novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (LB)
| | - Jin Hong
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guangyi Wang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Josh Taylor
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lucas K. Smith
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Amy Fung
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah K. Stevens
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Zhinan Jin
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Natalia Dyatkina
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Marija Prhavc
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Antitsa D. Stoycheva
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Serebryany
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jyanwei Liu
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David B. Smith
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuen Tam
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sushmita M. Chanda
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence M. Blatt
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julian A. Symons
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Leo Beigelman
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (LB)
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Jiang D, Wenzel SE, Wu Q, Bowler RP, Schnell C, Chu HW. Human neutrophil elastase degrades SPLUNC1 and impairs airway epithelial defense against bacteria. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64689. [PMID: 23741370 PMCID: PMC3669426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a significant cause of mortality of COPD patients, and pose a huge burden on healthcare. One of the major causes of AECOPD is airway bacterial (e.g. nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae [NTHi]) infection. However, the mechanisms underlying bacterial infections during AECOPD remain poorly understood. As neutrophilic inflammation including increased release of human neutrophil elastase (HNE) is a salient feature of AECOPD, we hypothesized that HNE impairs airway epithelial defense against NTHi by degrading airway epithelial host defense proteins such as short palate, lung, and nasal epithelium clone 1 (SPLUNC1). Methodology/Main Results Recombinant human SPLUNC1 protein was incubated with HNE to confirm SPLUNC1 degradation by HNE. To determine if HNE-mediated impairment of host defense against NTHi was SPLUNC1-dependent, SPLUNC1 protein was added to HNE-treated primary normal human airway epithelial cells. The in vivo function of SPLUNC1 in NTHi defense was investigated by infecting SPLUNC1 knockout and wild-type mice intranasally with NTHi. We found that: (1) HNE directly increased NTHi load in human airway epithelial cells; (2) HNE degraded human SPLUNC1 protein; (3) Recombinant SPLUNC1 protein reduced NTHi levels in HNE-treated human airway epithelial cells; (4) NTHi levels in lungs of SPLUNC1 knockout mice were increased compared to wild-type mice; and (5) SPLUNC1 was reduced in lungs of COPD patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that SPLUNC1 degradation by neutrophil elastase may increase airway susceptibility to bacterial infections. SPLUNC1 therapy likely attenuates bacterial infections during AECOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jiang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sally E. Wenzel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Russell P. Bowler
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christina Schnell
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Ren D, Nelson KL, Uchakin PN, Smith AL, Gu XX, Daines DA. Characterization of extended co-culture of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae with primary human respiratory tissues. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2012; 237:540-7. [PMID: 22569032 PMCID: PMC3369423 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2012.011377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that comprise part of the normal flora of the human upper airway, but are also responsible for a number of mucosal infections such as otitis media and bronchitis. These infections often recur and can become chronic. To characterize the effect of long-term co-culture of NTHi with human tissues, we infected primary respiratory epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface with three NTHi strains over a range of 1-10 days. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of tissues confirmed that intact NTHi were persisting paracellularly, while organisms observed in intracellular vacuoles appeared degraded. Furthermore, the apical surface and tight junctions of the infected tissues were undisturbed, with high transepithelial electrical resistances, while the basal cell layer displayed more junctional disorganization and wider intercellular spaces than the uninfected control tissues. Although the tissues elaborated the cytokine profile reported for NTHi-caused otitis media in vivo, there was little change in the dynamics of cytokine secretion over the time points tested. Finally, we report that NTHi strains released outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during extended co-culture with the tissues, and show that these OMVs directly interact with host cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabin Ren
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA
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