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Yang Y, Geng T, Samara A, Olstad OK, He J, Agger AE, Skallerud BH, Landin MA, Heyward CA, Pullisaar H, Reseland JE. Recombinant irisin enhances the extracellular matrix formation, remodeling potential, and differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells cultured in 3D. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:336-349. [PMID: 36625247 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irisin is expressed in human periodontal ligament (hPDL), and its administration enhances growth, migration and matrix deposition in hPDL cells cultured in monolayers in vitro. OBJECTIVES To identify whether irisin affects the gene expression patterns directing the morphology, mechanical properties, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, osteogenic activity and angiogenic potential in hPDL cell spheroids cultured in 3D. MATERIALS AND METHODS Spheroids of primary human hPDL cells were generated in a rotational 3D culture system and treated with or without irisin. The gene expression patterns were evaluated by Affymetrix microarrays. The morphology of the spheroids was characterized using histological staining. Mechanical properties were quantified by nanoindentation. The osteogenic and angiogenic potential of spheroids were assessed through immunofluorescence staining for collagen type I, periostin fibronectin and von Willebrand factor (vWF), and mRNA expression of osteogenic markers. The secretion of multiple myokines was evaluated using Luminex immunoassays. RESULTS Approximately 1000 genes were differentially expressed between control and irisin-treated groups by Affymetrix. Several genes related to ECM organization were differentially expressed, and multiple deubiquitinating enzymes were upregulated in the irisin-exposed samples analyzed. These represent cellular and molecular mechanisms indicative of a role for irisin in tissue remodeling. Irisin induced a rim-like structure on the outer region of the hPDL spheroids, ECM-related protein expression and the stiffness of the spheroids were enhanced by irisin. The expression of osteogenic and angiogenetic markers was increased by irisin. CONCLUSIONS Irisin altered the morphology in primary hPDL cell-derived spheroids, enhanced its ECM deposition, mechanical properties, differentiation and remodeling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tianxiang Geng
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Athina Samara
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jianying He
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Eriksson Agger
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Helge Skallerud
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maria A Landin
- Oral Research Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Helen Pullisaar
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Anthon SG, Valente KP. Vascularization Strategies in 3D Cell Culture Models: From Scaffold-Free Models to 3D Bioprinting. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:14582. [PMID: 36498908 PMCID: PMC9737506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The discrepancies between the findings in preclinical studies, and in vivo testing and clinical trials have resulted in the gradual decline in drug approval rates over the past decades. Conventional in vitro drug screening platforms employ two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models, which demonstrate inaccurate drug responses by failing to capture the three-dimensional (3D) tissue microenvironment in vivo. Recent advancements in the field of tissue engineering have made possible the creation of 3D cell culture systems that can accurately recapitulate the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, as well as replicate the intricate microarchitectures observed in native tissues. However, the lack of a perfusion system in 3D cell cultures hinders the establishment of the models as potential drug screening platforms. Over the years, multiple techniques have successfully demonstrated vascularization in 3D cell cultures, simulating in vivo-like drug interactions, proposing the use of 3D systems as drug screening platforms to eliminate the deviations between preclinical and in vivo testing. In this review, the basic principles of 3D cell culture systems are briefly introduced, and current research demonstrating the development of vascularization in 3D cell cultures is discussed, with a particular focus on the potential of these models as the future of drug screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamapto Guha Anthon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
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Urbanczyk M, Layland SL, Schenke-Layland K. The role of extracellular matrix in biomechanics and its impact on bioengineering of cells and 3D tissues. Matrix Biol 2019; 85-86:1-14. [PMID: 31805360 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cells and tissues of the human body are constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous forces that are referred to as biomechanical cues. They guide and impact cellular processes and cell fate decisions on the nano-, micro- and macro-scale, and are therefore critical for normal tissue development and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Alterations in the extracellular matrix composition of a tissue combined with abnormal mechanosensing and mechanotransduction can aberrantly activate signaling pathways that promote disease development. Such processes are therefore highly relevant for disease modelling or when aiming for the development of novel therapies. In this mini review, we describe the main biomechanical cues that impact cellular fates. We highlight their role during development, homeostasis and in disease. We also discuss current techniques and tools that allow us to study the impact of biomechanical cues on cell and tissue development under physiological conditions, and we point out directions, in which in vitro biomechanics can be of use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Urbanczyk
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute of Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence IFIT (EXC 2180), "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany; Dept. of Medicine/Cardiology, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wang Z, Xing H, Hu H, Dai T, Wang Y, Li Z, An R, Xu H, Liu Y, Liu B. Intraglandular transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells combined with platelet-rich fibrin extract for the treatment of irradiation-induced salivary gland damage. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:795-805. [PMID: 29434684 PMCID: PMC5772943 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) combined with heterologous platelet-rich fibrin extract (PRFe) on irradiation-induced salivary gland (SG) damage. ADSCs were isolated from C3H mice, whereas PRFe was obtained from New Zealand rabbits. Twelve weeks post irradiation, the ADSCs or PRFe or their combination were transplanted into the submandibular glands of C3H mice with irradiation-induced damage. The salivary flow rate (SFR) was determined and histopathological analysis was performed at 12 weeks post transplantation. Immunofluorescence, microvessel density measurements and transmission electron microscopy were performed to assess α-amylase (AMY) production, apoptosis and microstructural changes in the cells. The administration of ADSCs combined with PRFe increased the SFR at 12 weeks post transplantation, whereas ADSCs alone or PRFe alone failed to do so. The ADSCs+PRFe-treated, irradiated SGs had fewer damaged and atrophied acinar cells, higher AMY levels and an increased microvessel density compared with the untreated irradiated SGs. Moreover, SG tissue from the ADSCs+PRFe group also showed decreased apoptotic and increased proliferative activity compared to that from the irradiated group. In conclusion, ADSCs or PRFe alone did not restore permanent, irradiation-induced damage of SG tissue when used alone, but when used together, they provided effective treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifa Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Xing
- Department of Stomatology, Xinzhou 2nd People's Hospital, Xinzhou, Shaanxi 034100, P.R. China
| | - Hanqing Hu
- Department of Stomatology, The 94th Hospital of PLA, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Taiqiang Dai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhijin Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ran An
- Laboratory Animal Center, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yanpu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Gardner JK, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Three-Dimensional Rotating Wall Vessel-Derived Cell Culture Models for Studying Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110304. [PMID: 27834891 PMCID: PMC5127018 DOI: 10.3390/v8110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The key to better understanding complex virus-host interactions is the utilization of robust three-dimensional (3D) human cell cultures that effectively recapitulate native tissue architecture and model the microenvironment. A lack of physiologically-relevant animal models for many viruses has limited the elucidation of factors that influence viral pathogenesis and of complex host immune mechanisms. Conventional monolayer cell cultures may support viral infection, but are unable to form the tissue structures and complex microenvironments that mimic host physiology and, therefore, limiting their translational utility. The rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor was designed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to model microgravity and was later found to more accurately reproduce features of human tissue in vivo. Cells grown in RWV bioreactors develop in a low fluid-shear environment, which enables cells to form complex 3D tissue-like aggregates. A wide variety of human tissues (from neuronal to vaginal tissue) have been grown in RWV bioreactors and have been shown to support productive viral infection and physiological meaningful host responses. The in vivo-like characteristics and cellular features of the human 3D RWV-derived aggregates make them ideal model systems to effectively recapitulate pathophysiology and host responses necessary to conduct rigorous basic science, preclinical and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Fasano A, Sztein MB. Development of a Multicellular Three-dimensional Organotypic Model of the Human Intestinal Mucosa Grown Under Microgravity. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500889 DOI: 10.3791/54148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., flasks or dishes). In fact, it is widely recognized that cells grown in flasks or dishes tend to de-differentiate and lose specialized features of the tissues from which they were derived. Currently, there are mainly two types of 3-D culture systems where the cells are seeded into scaffolds mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM): (a) static models and (b) models using bioreactors. The first breakthrough was the static 3-D models. 3-D models using bioreactors such as the rotating-wall-vessel (RWV) bioreactors are a more recent development. The original concept of the RWV bioreactors was developed at NASA's Johnson Space Center in the early 1990s and is believed to overcome the limitations of static models such as the development of hypoxic, necrotic cores. The RWV bioreactors might circumvent this problem by providing fluid dynamics that allow the efficient diffusion of nutrients and oxygen. These bioreactors consist of a rotator base that serves to support and rotate two different formats of culture vessels that differ by their aeration source type: (1) Slow Turning Lateral Vessels (STLVs) with a co-axial oxygenator in the center, or (2) High Aspect Ratio Vessels (HARVs) with oxygenation via a flat, silicone rubber gas transfer membrane. These vessels allow efficient gas transfer while avoiding bubble formation and consequent turbulence. These conditions result in laminar flow and minimal shear force that models reduced gravity (microgravity) inside the culture vessel. Here we describe the development of a multicellular 3-D organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa composed of an intestinal epithelial cell line and primary human lymphocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts cultured under microgravity provided by the RWV bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine
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Nash C, Hanby AM, Speirs V. Modelling the Molecular Pathology of Breast Cancer Initiation. MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY LIBRARY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2886-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mellor LF, Baker TL, Brown RJ, Catlin LW, Oxford JT. Optimal 3D culture of primary articular chondrocytes for use in the rotating wall vessel bioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 85:798-804. [PMID: 25199120 DOI: 10.3357/asem.3905.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reliable culturing methods for primary articular chondrocytes are essential to study the effects of loading and unloading on joint tissue at the cellular level. Due to the limited proliferation capacity of primary chondrocytes and their tendency to dedifferentiate in conventional culture conditions, long-term culturing conditions of primary chondrocytes can be challenging. The goal of this study was to develop a suspension culturing technique that not only would retain the cellular morphology, but also maintain the gene expression characteristics of primary articular chondrocytes. METHODS Three-dimensional culturing methods were compared and optimized for primary articular chondrocytes in the rotating wall vessel bioreactor, which changes the mechanical culture conditions to provide a form of suspension culture optimized for low shear and turbulence. We performed gene expression analysis and morphological characterization of cells cultured in alginate beads, Cytopore-2 microcarriers, primary monolayer culture, and passaged monolayer cultures using reverse transcription-PCR and laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS Primary chondrocytes grown on Cytopore-2 microcarriers maintained the phenotypical morphology and gene expression pattern observed in primary bovine articular chondrocytes, and retained these characteristics for up to 9 d. DISCUSSION Our results provide a novel and alternative culturing technique for primary chondrocytes suitable for studies that require suspension such as those using the rotating wall vessel bioreactor. In addition, we provide an alternative culturing technique for primary chondrocytes that can impact future mechanistic studies of osteoarthritis progression, treatments for cartilage damage and repair, and cartilage tissue engineering.
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In vivo construction of tissue-engineered cartilage using adipose-derived stem cells and bioreactor technology. Cell Tissue Bank 2014; 16:123-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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