1
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DOK7 Promotes NMJ Regeneration After Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1453-1464. [PMID: 36464749 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motor function recovery from injury requires the regeneration of not only muscle fibers, but also the neuromuscular junction-the synapse between motor nerve terminals and muscle fibers. However, unlike muscle regeneration which has been extensively studied, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of NMJ regeneration. Recognizing the critical role of agrin-LRP4-MuSK signaling in NMJ formation and maintenance, we investigated whether increasing MuSK activity promotes NMJ regeneration. To this end, we evaluated the effect of DOK7, a protein that stimulates MuSK, on NMJ regeneration. Reinnervation, AChR cluster density, and endplate area were improved, and fragmentation was reduced in the AAV9-DOK7-GFP-injected muscles compared with muscles injected with AAV9-GFP. These results demonstrated expedited NMJ regeneration associated with increased DOK7 expression and support the hypothesis that increasing agrin signaling benefits motor function recovery after injury. Our findings propose a potentially new therapeutic strategy for functional recovery after muscle and nerve injury, i.e., promoting NMJ regeneration by increasing agrin signaling.
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2
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Huang K, Zhu WJ, Li WH, Lee HC, Zhao YJ, Lee CS. Base-Exchange Enabling the Visualization of SARM1 Activities in Sciatic Nerve-Injured Mice. ACS Sens 2023; 8:767-773. [PMID: 36689294 PMCID: PMC9972468 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are important in homeostasis in living organisms. Since abnormal enzyme activities are highly associated with many human diseases, detection of in vivo activities of a specific enzyme is important to study the pathology of the related diseases. In this work, we have designed and synthesized a series of new small-molecule-activatable fluorescent probes for the imaging of Sterile Alpha and TIR Motif-containing 1 (SARM1) activities based on its transglycosidase activities (base-exchange reactions of NAD+). Probe 1a was found to undergo base-exchange reactions with NAD+ in the presence of activated SARM1 but not CD38 nor NADase and formed a highly emissive product AD-1a [about a 100-fold fluorescence enhancement in 20 min with a 150 nm (5665 cm-1) Stokes shift and a 100 nm (3812 cm-1) red shift]. This probe exhibited a higher reactivity and sensitivity than those commonly used for SARM1 imaging. The utilities of 1a have also been demonstrated in live-cell imaging and detection of in vivo activities of SARM1 in a sciatic nerve injury mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Wen Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Lishui Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Lishui Road, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hon Cheung Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Lishui Road, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Juan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen University Town, Lishui Road, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China.,Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chi-Sing Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
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3
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Xu L, Chen Z, Li X, Xu H, Zhang Y, Yang W, Chen J, Zhang S, Xu L, Zhou S, Li G, Yu B, Gu X, Yang J. Integrated analyses reveal evolutionarily conserved and specific injury response genes in dorsal root ganglion. Sci Data 2022; 9:666. [PMID: 36323676 PMCID: PMC9630366 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is widely used for studying axonal injury. Extensive studies have explored genome-wide profiles on rodent DRGs under peripheral nerve insults. However, systematic integration and exploration of these data still be limited. Herein, we re-analyzed 21 RNA-seq datasets and presented a web-based resource (DRGProfile). We identified 53 evolutionarily conserved injury response genes, including well-known injury genes (Atf3, Npy and Gal) and less-studied transcriptional factors (Arid5a, Csrnp1, Zfp367). Notably, we identified species-preference injury response candidates (e.g. Gpr151, Lipn, Anxa10 in mice; Crisp3, Csrp3, Vip, Hamp in rats). Temporal profile analysis reveals expression patterns of genes related to pre-regenerative and regenerating states. Finally, we found a large sex difference in response to sciatic nerve injury, and identified four male-specific markers (Uty, Eif2s3y, Kdm5d, Ddx3y) expressed in DRG. Our study provides a comprehensive integrated landscape for expression change in DRG upon injury which will greatly contribute to the neuroscience community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xu
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Xiaodi Li
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Xu
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Nantong Institute of Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Shuqiang Zhang
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Lingchi Xu
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Guicai Li
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Bin Yu
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China ,grid.410745.30000 0004 1765 1045Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- grid.260483.b0000 0000 9530 8833Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, 19# Qixiu Road, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001 China
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4
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Çalışkan SG, Bilgin MD. Nonlinear surface EMG analysis to detect the neuroprotective effect of citicoline in rat sciatic nerve crush injury. Med Biol Eng Comput 2022; 60:2865-2875. [DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Personius KE, Siebert D, Koch DW, Udin SB. Blockage of neuromuscular glutamate receptors impairs reinnervation following nerve crush in adult mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1000218. [PMID: 36212695 PMCID: PMC9535682 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor axons in peripheral nerves are capable of regeneration following injury. However, complete recovery of motor function is rare, particularly when reinnervation is delayed. We have previously found that glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the successful innervation of muscle during mouse development. In particular, blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity delays the normal elimination of excess innervation of each neuromuscular junction. Here, we use behavioral, immunohistochemical, electrophysiological, and calcium imaging methods to test whether glutamate receptors play a similar role in the transition from polyneuronal to mono-innervation and in recovery of function following peripheral nerve injury in mature muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirkwood E. Personius
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Kirkwood E. Personius,
| | - Danielle Siebert
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Dennis W. Koch
- Department of Kinesiology, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Susan B. Udin
- Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States
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6
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Osseni A, Thomas JL, Ghasemizadeh A, Schaeffer L, Gache V. Simple Methods for Permanent or Transient Denervation in Mouse Sciatic Nerve Injury Models. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4430. [PMID: 35799900 PMCID: PMC9244497 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to move and breathe requires an efficient communication between nerve and muscle that mainly takes place at the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), a highly specialized synapse that links the axon of a motor neuron to a muscle fiber. When NMJs or axons are disrupted, the control of muscle fiber contraction is lost and muscle are paralyzed. Understanding the adaptation of the neuromuscular system to permanent or transient denervation is a challenge to understand the pathophysiology of many neuromuscular diseases. There is still a lack of in vitro models that fully recapitulate the in vivo situation, and in vivo denervation, carried out by transiently or permanently severing the nerve afferent to a muscle, remains a method of choice to evaluate reinnervation and/or the consequences of the loss of innervation. We describe here a simple surgical intervention performed at the hip zone to expose the sciatic nerve in order to obtain either permanent denervation (nerve-cut) or transient and reversible denervation (nerve-crush). These two methods provide a convenient in vivo model to study adaptation to denervation. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Osseni
- INSERM U1315 - CNRS/UCBL1 UMR 5261/ INMG-PGNM (NeuroMyoGene Institute – Dpt. of Physiopathology and Genetics of Neurons and Muscles), Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Luc Thomas
- INSERM U1315 - CNRS/UCBL1 UMR 5261/ INMG-PGNM (NeuroMyoGene Institute – Dpt. of Physiopathology and Genetics of Neurons and Muscles), Lyon, France
| | - Alireza Ghasemizadeh
- INSERM U1315 - CNRS/UCBL1 UMR 5261/ INMG-PGNM (NeuroMyoGene Institute – Dpt. of Physiopathology and Genetics of Neurons and Muscles), Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- INSERM U1315 - CNRS/UCBL1 UMR 5261/ INMG-PGNM (NeuroMyoGene Institute – Dpt. of Physiopathology and Genetics of Neurons and Muscles), Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- INSERM U1315 - CNRS/UCBL1 UMR 5261/ INMG-PGNM (NeuroMyoGene Institute – Dpt. of Physiopathology and Genetics of Neurons and Muscles), Lyon, France;
,
*For correspondence:
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7
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Hur SK, Hunter M, Dominique MA, Farag M, Cotton-Samuel D, Khan T, Trojanowski JQ, Spiller KJ, Lee VMY. Slow motor neurons resist pathological TDP-43 and mediate motor recovery in the rNLS8 model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:75. [PMID: 35568882 PMCID: PMC9107273 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the intermediate stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), surviving motor neurons (MNs) that show intrinsic resistance to TDP-43 proteinopathy can partially compensate for the loss of their more disease-susceptible counterparts. Elucidating the mechanisms of this compensation may reveal approaches for attenuating motor impairment in ALS patients. In the rNLS8 mouse model of ALS-like pathology driven by doxycycline-regulated neuronal expression of human TDP-43 lacking a nuclear localization signal (hTDP-43ΔNLS), slow MNs are more resistant to disease than fast-fatigable (FF) MNs and can mediate recovery following transgene suppression. In the present study, we used a viral tracing strategy to show that these disease-resistant slow MNs sprout to reinnervate motor endplates of adjacent muscle fibers vacated by degenerated FF MNs. Moreover, we found that neuromuscular junctions within fast-twitch skeletal muscle (tibialis anterior, TA) reinnervated by SK3-positive slow MNs acquire resistance to axonal dieback when challenged with a second course of hTDP-43ΔNLS pathology. The selective resistance of reinnervated neuromuscular junctions was specifically induced by the unique pattern of reinnervation following TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration, as recovery from unilateral sciatic nerve crush did not produce motor units resistant to subsequent hTDP-43ΔNLS. Using cross-reinnervation and self-reinnervation surgery in which motor axons are disconnected from their target muscle and reconnected to a new muscle, we show that FF MNs remain hTDP-43ΔNLS-susceptible and slow MNs remain resistant, regardless of which muscle fibers they control. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that MN identity dictates the susceptibility of neuromuscular junctions to TDP-43 pathology and slow MNs can drive recovery of motor systems due to their remarkable resilience to TDP-43-driven degeneration. This study highlights a potential pathway for regaining motor function with ALS pathology in the advent of therapies that halt the underlying neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kwon Hur
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Mandana Hunter
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Myrna A. Dominique
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Madona Farag
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Dejania Cotton-Samuel
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Tahiyana Khan
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Krista J. Spiller
- grid.497530.c0000 0004 0389 4927Janssen Research and Development, Neuroscience Therapeutic Area, 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19002 USA
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Maloney Building, 3rd Floor, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-2676 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA ,grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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8
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Zhou L, Kong G, Palmisano I, Cencioni MT, Danzi M, De Virgiliis F, Chadwick JS, Crawford G, Yu Z, De Winter F, Lemmon V, Bixby J, Puttagunta R, Verhaagen J, Pospori C, Lo Celso C, Strid J, Botto M, Di Giovanni S. Reversible CD8 T cell-neuron cross-talk causes aging-dependent neuronal regenerative decline. Science 2022; 376:eabd5926. [PMID: 35549409 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased prevalence of axonal injuries characterized by poor regeneration and disability. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In our experiments, RNA sequencing of sciatic dorsal root ganglia (DRG) revealed significant aging-dependent enrichment in T cell signaling both before and after sciatic nerve injury (SNI) in mice. Lymphotoxin activated the transcription factor NF-κB, which induced expression of the chemokine CXCL13 by neurons. This in turn recruited CXCR5+CD8+ T cells to injured DRG neurons overexpressing major histocompatibility complex class I. CD8+ T cells repressed the axonal regeneration of DRG neurons via caspase 3 activation. CXCL13 neutralization prevented CXCR5+CD8+ T cell recruitment to the DRG and reversed aging-dependent regenerative decline, thereby promoting neurological recovery after SNI. Thus, axonal regeneration can be facilitated by antagonizing cross-talk between immune cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zhou
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guiping Kong
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Palmisano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Teresa Cencioni
- Division of Neurology, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matt Danzi
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Francesco De Virgiliis
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jessica S Chadwick
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Greg Crawford
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zicheng Yu
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fred De Winter
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vance Lemmon
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - John Bixby
- Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Constandina Pospori
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Cristina Lo Celso
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone Di Giovanni
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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9
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Msheik Z, El Massry M, Rovini A, Billet F, Desmoulière A. The macrophage: a key player in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:97. [PMID: 35429971 PMCID: PMC9013246 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all mammalian tissues and coexist with various cell types in order to respond to different environmental cues. However, the role of these cells has been underestimated in the context of peripheral nerve damage. More importantly, macrophages display divergent characteristics, associated with their origin, and in response to the modulatory effects of their microenvironment. Interestingly, the advent of new techniques such as fate mapping and single-cell transcriptomics and their synergistic use has helped characterize in detail the origin and fate of tissue-resident macrophages in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Furthermore, these techniques have allowed a better understanding of their functions from simple homeostatic supervisors to chief regulators in peripheral neuropathies. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about macrophage ontogeny, function and tissue identity, with a particular focus on PNS-associated cells, as well as their interaction with reactive oxygen species under physiological and pathological conditions. We then revisit the process of Wallerian degeneration, describing the events accompanying axon degeneration, Schwann cell activation and most importantly, macrophage recruitment to the site of injury. Finally, we review these processes in light of internal and external insults to peripheral nerves leading to peripheral neuropathies, the involvement of macrophages and the potential benefit of the targeting of specific macrophages for the alleviation of functional defects in the PNS.
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10
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Winter CC, He Z, Jacobi A. Axon Regeneration: A Subcellular Extension in Multiple Dimensions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040923. [PMID: 34518340 PMCID: PMC8886981 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Axons are a unique cellular structure that allows for the communication between neurons. Axon damage compromises neuronal communications and often leads to functional deficits. Thus, developing strategies that promote effective axon regeneration for functional restoration is highly desirable. One fruitful approach is to dissect the regenerative mechanisms used by some types of neurons in both mammalian and nonmammalian systems that exhibit spontaneous regenerative capacity. Additionally, numerous efforts have been devoted to deciphering the barriers that prevent successful axon regeneration in the most regeneration-refractory system-the adult mammalian central nervous system. As a result, several regeneration-promoting strategies have been developed, but significant limitations remain. This review is aimed to summarize historic progression and current understanding of this exciting yet incomplete endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C Winter
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- PhD Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zhigang He
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Anne Jacobi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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11
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Zhang K, Wang Q, Liang Y, Yan Y, Wang H, Cao X, Shan B, Zhang Y, Li A, Fang Y. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Mouse Sciatic Nerve Reveals Post-injury Upregulation of ADP-Dependent Glucokinase Promoting Macrophage Phagocytosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:777621. [PMID: 34867191 PMCID: PMC8633568 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.777621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nerve injury induces profound and complex changes at molecular and cellular levels, leading to axonal self-destruction as well as immune and inflammatory responses that may further promote neurodegeneration. To better understand how neural injury changes the proteome within the injured nerve, we set up a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury (SNI) and conducted an unbiased, quantitative proteomic study followed by biochemical assays to confirm some of the changed proteins. Among them, the protein levels of ADP-dependent glucokinase (ADPGK) were significantly increased in the injured sciatic nerve. Further examination indicated that ADPGK was specifically expressed and upregulated in macrophages but not neurons or Schwann cells upon injury. Furthermore, culturing immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDMs) in vitro with the conditioned media from transected axons of mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons induced ADPGK upregulation in iBMDMs, suggesting that injured axons could promote ADPGK expression in macrophages non-cell autonomously. Finally, we showed that overexpression of ADPGK per se did not activate macrophages but promoted the phagocytotic activity of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated macrophages. Together, this proteomic analysis reveals interesting changes of many proteins within the injured nerve and our data identify ADPGK as an important in vivo booster of injury-induced macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyao Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyao Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiqiong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyang Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-human Primate Research, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Jinan University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanshan Fang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Sohn EJ, Nam YK, Park HT. Involvement of the miR-363-5p/P2RX4 Axis in Regulating Schwann Cell Phenotype after Nerve Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111601. [PMID: 34769029 PMCID: PMC8584002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) have been studied in the peripheral nervous system, their function in Schwann cells remains elusive. In this study, we performed a microRNA array analysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-induced differentiated primary Schwann cells. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the target genes showed that upregulated miRNAs (mR212-5p, miR335, miR20b-5p, miR146b-3p, and miR363-5p) were related to the calcium signaling pathway, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and central carbon metabolism in cancer. Several key factors, such as purinergic receptors (P2X), guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(olf) subunit alpha (GNAL), P2RX5, P2RX3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA), and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (ITPR2; calcium signaling pathway) are potential targets of miRNAs regulating cAMP. Our analysis revealed that miRNAs were differentially expressed in cAMP-treated Schwann cells; miRNA363-5p was upregulated and directly targeted the P2X purinoceptor 4 (P2RX4)-UTR, reducing the luciferase activity of P2RX4. The expression of miRNA363-5p was inhibited and the expression of P2RX4 was upregulated in sciatic nerve injury. In contrast, miRNA363-5p expression was upregulated and P2RX4 expression was downregulated during postnatal development. Of note, a P2RX4 antagonist counteracted myelin degradation after nerve injury and increased pERK and c-Jun expression. Interestingly, a P2RX4 antagonist increased the levels of miRNA363-5p. This study suggests that a double-negative feedback loop between miRNA363-5p and P2RX4 contributes to the dedifferentiation and migration of Schwann cells after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Sohn
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea; (Y.-K.N.); (H.-T.P.)
- School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Department of Korean Medical Science, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-051-510-8433; Fax: +82-051-247-3318
| | - Yun-Kyeong Nam
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea; (Y.-K.N.); (H.-T.P.)
| | - Hwan-Tae Park
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Busan 602-714, Korea; (Y.-K.N.); (H.-T.P.)
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13
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Renno WM, Afzal M, Paul B, Nair D, Kumar J, Al-Hassan JM. Catfish Epidermal Preparation Accelerates Healing of Damaged Nerve in a Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury Rat Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632028. [PMID: 33986668 PMCID: PMC8112254 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary investigations showed that preparations from Arabian Gulf catfish (Arius bilineatus, Val) epidermal gel secretion (PCEGS) exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and healing properties as shown in our previous clinical trials for the healing of non-healing diabetic foot ulcers, chronic back pain, and some other neurological disorders. Here, we report for the first time a unique preparation containing only proteins and lipids (soluble protein fraction B, SPF-FB), derived from the PCEGS accelerated the healing and recovery of sensory-motor functions of experimental sciatic nerve crush injury in rats with its unique neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties on the spinal neurons and peripheral nerve fibers. Male rats were randomly assigned to five groups: (I) NAÏVE, (II) SHAM, (III) CRUSH treated with saline, (IV) CRUSH + SPF-FB treated with 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP) and (V) CRUSH + SPF-FB treated with 6 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) groups. The crush groups III, IV and V underwent sciatic nerve crush injury, followed by treatment daily for 14 days with saline, SPF-FB IP and SPF-FB SC. All animals were tested for the neurobehavioral parameters throughout the 6 weeks of the study. Sciatic nerve and spinal cord tissues were processed for light and electron histological examinations, stereological analysis, immunohistochemical and biochemical examinations at Week 4 and Week 6 post-injury. Administration of SPF-FB IP or SC significantly enhanced the neurobehavioral sensory and motor performance and histomorphological neuroregeneration of the sciatic nerve-injured rats. The stereological evaluation of the axon area, average axon perimeters, and myelin thickness revealed significant histomorphological evidence of neuroregeneration in the FB-treated sciatic nerve crush injured groups compared to controls at 4 and 6 weeks. SPF-FB treatment significantly prevented the increased in NeuN-immunoreactive neurons, increased GFAP immunoreactive astrocytes, and decreased GAP-43. We conclude that SPF-FB treatment lessens neurobehavioral deficits, enhances axonal regeneration following nerve injury. We conclude that SPF-FB treatment lessens neurobehavioral deficits and enhances axonal regeneration following nerve injury, as well as protects spinal neurons and enhances subcellular recovery by increasing astrocytic activity and decreasing GAP-43 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Renno
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Mohammad Afzal
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Bincy Paul
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Divya Nair
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jijin Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Jassim M Al-Hassan
- Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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14
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Lopez-Silva TL, Cristobal CD, Edwin Lai CS, Leyva-Aranda V, Lee HK, Hartgerink JD. Self-assembling multidomain peptide hydrogels accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration after crush injury. Biomaterials 2021; 265:120401. [PMID: 33002786 PMCID: PMC7669633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multidomain peptide (MDP) hydrogels are a class of self-assembling materials that have been shown to elicit beneficial responses for soft tissue regeneration. However, their capacity to promote nervous system regeneration remains unknown. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) substantially recovers after injury, partly due to the abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in its basal lamina. However, severe peripheral nerve injuries that significantly damage the ECM continue to be a major clinical challenge as they occur at a high rate and can be extremely detrimental to patients' quality of life. In this study, a panel of eight MDPs were designed to contain various motifs mimicking extracellular matrix components and growth factors and successfully self-assembled into injectable, nanofibrous hydrogels. Using an in vitro screening system, various lysine based MDPs were found to enhance neurite outgrowth. To test their capacity to promote nerve regeneration in vivo, rat sciatic nerve crush injury was performed with MDP hydrogels injected directly into the injury sites. MDP hydrogels were found to enhance macrophage recruitment to the injury site and degrade efficiently over time. Rats that were injected with the MDP hydrogel K2 and laminin motif-containing MDPs K2-IIKDI and K2-IKVAV were found to have significantly accelerated functional recovery and remyelination compared to those injected with HBSS or other MDPs. These results demonstrate that MDPs enhance neurite outgrowth and promote a multicellular pro-regenerative response in peripheral nerve injury. This study provides important insights into the potential of MDPs as biomaterials for nerve regeneration and other clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Lopez-Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carlo D Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheuk Sun Edwin Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics-Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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15
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Stazi M, Negro S, Megighian A, D'Este G, Solimena M, Jockers R, Lista F, Montecucco C, Rigoni M. Melatonin promotes regeneration of injured motor axons via MT 1 receptors. J Pineal Res 2021; 70:e12695. [PMID: 32939783 PMCID: PMC7757164 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an ancient multi-tasking molecule produced by the pineal gland and by several extrapineal tissues. A variety of activities has been ascribed to this hormone in different physiological and pathological contexts, but little is known about its role in peripheral neuroregeneration. Here, we have exploited two different types of injury to test the capability of melatonin to stimulate regeneration of motor axons: (a) the acute and reversible presynaptic degeneration induced by the spider neurotoxin α-Latrotoxin and (b) the compression/transection of the sciatic nerve. We found that in both cases melatonin administration accelerates the process of nerve repair. This pro-regenerative action is MT1 -mediated, and at least in part due to a sustained activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. These findings reveal a receptor-mediated, pro-regenerative action of melatonin in vivo that holds important clinical implications, as it posits melatonin as a safe candidate molecule for the treatment of a number of peripheral neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Stazi
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- Padua Neuroscience InstitutePaduaItaly
| | - Giorgia D'Este
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Michele Solimena
- Molecular DiabetologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity Hospital, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Faculty of MedicinePaul Langerhans Institute Dresden (PLID) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU DresdenDresdenGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Munich NeuherbergGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI‐CBG)DresdenGermany
| | - Ralf Jockers
- Institut CochinCNRSINSERMUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Florigio Lista
- Center of Medical and Veterinary Research of the Ministry of DefenceRomeItaly
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CNR Institute of NeurosciencePaduaItaly
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
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16
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Nocera G, Jacob C. Mechanisms of Schwann cell plasticity involved in peripheral nerve repair after injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3977-3989. [PMID: 32277262 PMCID: PMC7532964 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03516-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The great plasticity of Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is a critical feature in the context of peripheral nerve regeneration following traumatic injuries and peripheral neuropathies. After a nerve damage, SCs are rapidly activated by injury-induced signals and respond by entering the repair program. During the repair program, SCs undergo dynamic cell reprogramming and morphogenic changes aimed at promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. SCs convert into a repair phenotype, activate negative regulators of myelination and demyelinate the damaged nerve. Moreover, they express many genes typical of their immature state as well as numerous de-novo genes. These genes modulate and drive the regeneration process by promoting neuronal survival, damaged axon disintegration, myelin clearance, axonal regrowth and guidance to their former target, and by finally remyelinating the regenerated axon. Many signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators and epigenetic mechanisms regulate these events. In this review, we discuss the main steps of the repair program with a particular focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate SC plasticity following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Nocera
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claire Jacob
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Fang Z, Ge X, Chen X, Xu Y, Yuan WE, Ouyang Y. Enhancement of sciatic nerve regeneration with dual delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor genes. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:46. [PMID: 32169062 PMCID: PMC7071717 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury is one common clinical disease worldwide, in which sciatic nerve is anatomically the most challenging to regenerate given its length and large cross-sectional area. For the present, autologous nerve grafting remains to be the most ideal strategy when treating with sciatic nerve injury. However, this method sacrifices healthy nerves and requires highly intensive surgery, still calling for other advanced alternatives for nerve grafting. RESULTS In this study, we utilized previously well-established gene delivery system to dually deliver plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), exploring therapeutics for sciatic nerve injury. Low-molecular-weight branched polyethylenimine (bPEI) was constructed as the backbone structure of gene vectors, and it was further crosslinked to synthesize degradable polycations via the conjugation of dialdehydes. Potential synergistic effect between VEGF and NGF proteins were observed on rat sciatic nerve crush injury model in this study. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that dual delivery of plasmid VEGF and NGF as gene therapy could enhance sciatic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xuemei Ge
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wei-En Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Yuanming Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China. .,Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital East Affiliated to Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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18
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Zanetti G, Negro S, Megighian A, Mattarei A, Lista F, Fillo S, Rigoni M, Pirazzini M, Montecucco C. A CXCR4 receptor agonist strongly stimulates axonal regeneration after damage. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2395-2402. [PMID: 31725979 PMCID: PMC6917312 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To test whether the signaling axis CXCL12α‐CXCR4 is activated upon crush/cut of the sciatic nerve and to test the activity of NUCC‐390, a new CXCR4 agonist, in promoting nerve recovery from damage. Methods The sciatic nerve was either crushed or cut. Expression and localization of CXCL12α and CXCR4 were evaluated by imaging with specific antibodies. Their functional involvement in nerve regeneration was determined by antibody‐neutralization of CXCL12α, and by the CXCR4 specific antagonist AMD3100, using as quantitative read‐out the compound muscle action potential (CMAP). NUCC‐390 activity on nerve regeneration was determined by imaging and CMAP recordings. Results CXCR4 is expressed at the injury site within the axonal compartment, whilst its ligand CXCL12α is expressed in Schwann cells. The CXCL12α‐CXCR4 axis is involved in the recovery of neurotransmission of the injured nerve. More importantly, the small molecule NUCC‐390 is a strong promoter of the functional and anatomical recovery of the nerve, by acting very similarly to CXCL12α. This pharmacological action is due to the capability of NUCC‐390 to foster elongation of motor neuron axons both in vitro and in vivo. Interpretation Imaging and electrophysiological data provide novel and compelling evidence that the CXCL12α‐CXCR4 axis is involved in sciatic nerve repair after crush/cut. This makes NUCC‐390 a strong candidate molecule to stimulate nerve repair by promoting axonal elongation. We propose this molecule to be tested in other models of neuronal damage, to lay the basis for clinical trials on the efficacy of NUCC‐390 in peripheral nerve repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zanetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Fillo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Roma, Italy
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Montecucco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padua, Italy
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19
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The Cofilin/Limk1 Pathway Controls the Growth Rate of Both Developing and Regenerating Motor Axons. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9316-9327. [PMID: 31578231 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0648-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating axons often have to grow considerable distances to reestablish circuits, making functional recovery a lengthy process. One solution to this problem would be to co-opt the "temporal" guidance mechanisms that control the rate of axon growth during development to accelerate the rate at which nerves regenerate in adults. We have previously found that the loss of Limk1, a negative regulator of cofilin, accelerates the rate of spinal commissural axon growth. Here, we use mouse models to show that spinal motor axon outgrowth is similarly promoted by the loss of Limk1, suggesting that temporal guidance mechanisms are widely used during development. Furthermore, we find that the regulation of cofilin activity is an acute response to nerve injury in the peripheral nervous system. Within hours of a sciatic nerve injury, the level of phosphorylated cofilin dramatically increases at the lesion site, in a Limk1-dependent manner. This response may be a major constraint on the rate of peripheral nerve regeneration. Proof-of-principle experiments show that elevating cofilin activity, through the loss of Limk1, results in faster sciatic nerve growth, and improved recovery of some sensory and motor function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The studies shed light on an endogenous, shared mechanism that controls the rate at which developing and regenerating axons grow. An understanding of these mechanisms is key for developing therapies to reduce painful recovery times for nerve-injury patients, by accelerating the rate at which damaged nerves reconnect with their synaptic targets.
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20
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Ogden M, Karaca SB, Aydin G, Yuksel U, Dagli AT, Akkaya S, Bakar B. The Healing Effects of Thymoquinone and Dexpanthenol in Sciatic Nerve Compression Injury in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2019; 34:504-512. [PMID: 31462122 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2019.1658831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functional healing of peripheral nerve injuries is still difficult. In this study, potential healing effects of thymoquinone and dexpanthenol in sciatic nerve compression injury (SCI) were investigated. Method: Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were applied compression injury to their sciatic nerves were randomly separated into four groups as following: "control" group contained six rats administered no pharmacological agent; "TMK" group consisted of six rats administered 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal thymoquinone once a day for one week; "DXP" group contained six rats administered 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dexpanthenol once a day for one week; and "TMK-DXP" group consisted of six rats administered separately 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal thymoquinone and 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal dexpenthanol once a day for one week. Four weeks later from SCI, sciatic nerve function index (SFI) was applied before sacrifice of all rats, and then their crushed sciatic nerves were histopathologically examined, in terms of "Schwann cell count", "axon and myelin degeneration", "axon shape/size differences", "fibrosis", and "neovascularisation". Results: "Schwann cell count" (p = 0.011), "axon and myelin degeneration" (p = 0.001), "axon shape/size differences" (p = 0.011), and "fibrosis and neovascularisation" (p = 0.026) scores were different between the control and TMK-DXP groups. SFI scores were different between the control and TMK groups (p = 0.002), between the control and TMK-DXP groups (p < 0.001), and between the DXP and TMK-DXP groups (p = 0.029). Conclusions: This study results revealed that these pharmacological agents used alone had no histopathological healing effect in rats with SCI, but thymoquinone could improve walking function. However, thymoquinone and dexpanthenol used together had a significant histopathological and functional healing effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ogden
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Sahika Burcu Karaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gulcin Aydin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Ulas Yuksel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yildirim Beyazit University Yenimahalle Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Turan Dagli
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Akkaya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Bulent Bakar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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21
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Reversal of Fatty Infiltration After Suprascapular Nerve Compression Release Is Dependent on UCP1 Expression in Mice. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2018; 476:1665-1679. [PMID: 30020151 PMCID: PMC6259770 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In large rotator cuff tears, retraction of the supraspinatus muscle creates suprascapular nerve traction and compression. However, suprascapular nerve transection, when used in previous models, is different from chronic compression of the suprascapular nerve in patients. To define the role of suprascapular nerve chronic injury in rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration, we developed a novel reversible suprascapular nerve compression mouse model. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES We asked: (1) Can suprascapular nerve injury be induced by compression but reversed after compression release? (2) Can muscle fatty infiltration be induced by suprascapular nerve compression and reversed after compression release? (3) Is white fat browning involved in fatty infiltration resorption? METHODS Mice in a common strain of C57BL/6J were randomly assigned to suprascapular nerve transection (n = 10), nerve compression (n = 10), nerve compression and release (n = 10), or sham control (n = 10) groups. To study the role or white fat browning on muscle fatty infiltration, additional UCP1 reporter mice (n = 4 for nerve compression and n = 4 for nerve compression release) and knockout mice (n = 4 for nerve compression and n = 4 for nerve compression release) were used. Nerve injury was testified using osmium tetroxide staining and neural muscular junction staining and then semiquantified by counting the degenerating axons and disrupted junctions. Muscle fatty infiltration was evaluated using Oil Red O staining and then semiquantified by measuring the area fraction of fat. Immunofluorescent and Oil Red O staining on UCP1 transgenic mice was conducted to testify whether white fat browning was involved in fatty infiltration resorption. Ratios of UCP1 positively stained area and fat area to muscle cross-section area were measured to semiquantify UCP1 expression and fatty infiltration in muscle by blinded reviewers. Analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc comparisons was used for statistical analysis between groups. RESULTS Suprascapular nerve injury was induced by compression but reversed after release. The ratios of degenerating axons were: sham control: 6% ± 3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3%-10%); nerve compression: 58% ± 10% (95% CI, 45%-70% versus sham, p < 0.001); and nerve compression and release: 15% ± 9% (95% CI, 5%-26% versus sham, p = 0.050). The supraspinatus muscle percentage area of fatty infiltration increased after 6 weeks of nerve compression (19% ± 1%; 95% CI, 18%-20%; p < 0.001) but showed no difference after compression release for 6 weeks (5% ± 3%; 95% CI, 1%-10%; p = 0.054) compared with sham (2% ± 1%; 95% CI, 1%-3%). However, the fat area fraction in UCP1 knockout mice did not change after nerve compression release (6% ± 1%; 95% CI, 4%-8% at 2 weeks after compression and 5% ± 0.32%; 95% CI, 4%-6% after 2 weeks of release; p = 0.1095). CONCLUSIONS We developed a clinically relevant, reversible suprascapular nerve compression mouse model. Fatty infiltration resorption after compression release was mediated through white fat browning. CLINICAL RELEVANCE If the mechanism of browning of white fat in rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration can be confirmed in humans, a UCP1 agonist may be an effective treatment for patients with suprascapular nerve injury.
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22
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Ko KR, Lee J, Lee D, Nho B, Kim S. Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Promotes Peripheral Nerve Regeneration by Activating Repair Schwann Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8316. [PMID: 29844434 PMCID: PMC5973939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the peripheral nerve regeneration process, a variety of neurotrophic factors play roles in nerve repair by acting on neuronal or non-neuronal cells. In this report, we investigated the role(s) of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-met, in peripheral nerve regeneration. When mice were subjected to sciatic nerve injury, the HGF protein level was highly increased at the injured and distal sites. The level of both total and phosphorylated c-met was also highly upregulated, but almost exclusively in Schwann cells (SCs) distal from the injury site. When mice were treated with a c-met inhibitor, PHA-665752, myelin thickness and axon regrowth were decreased indicating that re-myelination was hindered. HGF promoted the migration and proliferation of cultured SCs, and also induced the expression of various genes such as GDNF and LIF, presumably by activating ERK pathways. Furthermore, exogenous supply of HGF around the injury site, by intramuscular injection of a plasmid DNA expressing human HGF, enhanced the myelin thickness and axon diameter in injured nerves. Taken together, our results indicate that HGF and c-met play important roles in Schwann cell-mediated nerve repair, and also that HGF gene transfer may provide a useful tool for treating peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong Ryang Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,Viro Med, Co., Ltd, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | | | | | - Boram Nho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea. .,Viro Med, Co., Ltd, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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23
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Shadrach JL, Pierchala BA. Semaphorin3A Signaling Is Dispensable for Motor Axon Reinnervation of the Adult Neuromuscular Junction. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0155-17.2018. [PMID: 29774231 PMCID: PMC5955010 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0155-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a specialized synapse that is formed by motor axon innervation of skeletal muscle fibers. The maintenance of motor-muscle connectivity is critical for the preservation of muscle tone and generation of movement. Injury can induce a robust regenerative response in motor axons, but severe trauma or chronic denervation resulting from neurodegenerative disease typically leads to inefficient repair and poor functional recovery. The axon guidance molecule Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) has been implicated as a negative regulator of motor innervation. Upon binding to a plexinA-neuropilin1 (Npn1) receptor complex, Sema3A initiates a downstream signaling cascade that results in axonal repulsion. Here, we established a reproducible nerve crush model to quantify motor nerve regeneration. We then used that model to investigate the role of Sema3A signaling at the adult NMJ. In contrast to previous findings, we found that Sema3A and Npn1 mRNA decrease in response to denervation, suggesting that Sema3A-Npn1 signaling may regulate NMJ reinnervation. To directly test that hypothesis, we used inducible knockout models to ubiquitously delete Sema3A or Npn1 from adult mice. Despite demonstrating that we could achieve highly efficient gene deletion, disruption of Sema3A-Npn1 signaling did not affect the normal maintenance of the NMJ or disrupt motor axon reinnervation after a denervating injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Shadrach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Brian A. Pierchala
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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24
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Zhao HT, Damle S, Ikeda-Lee K, Kuntz S, Li J, Mohan A, Kim A, Hung G, Scheideler MA, Scherer SS, Svaren J, Swayze EE, Kordasiewicz HB. PMP22 antisense oligonucleotides reverse Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A features in rodent models. J Clin Invest 2017; 128:359-368. [PMID: 29202483 DOI: 10.1172/jci96499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is caused by duplication of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) and is the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathy. CMT1A is characterized by demyelination and axonal loss, which underlie slowed motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) and reduced compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) in patients. There is currently no known treatment for this disease. Here, we show that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) effectively suppress PMP22 mRNA in affected nerves in 2 murine CMT1A models. Notably, initiation of ASO treatment after disease onset restored myelination, MNCV, and CMAP almost to levels seen in WT animals. In addition to disease-associated gene expression networks that were restored with ASO treatment, we also identified potential disease biomarkers through transcriptomic profiling. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reduction of PMP22 mRNA in skin biopsies from ASO-treated rats is a suitable biomarker for evaluating target engagement in response to ASO therapy. These results support the use of ASOs as a potential treatment for CMT1A and elucidate potential disease and target engagement biomarkers for use in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Damle
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Steven Kuntz
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apoorva Mohan
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Aneeza Kim
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Gene Hung
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Steven S Scherer
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric E Swayze
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California, USA
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25
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Optic nerve regeneration in mammals: Regenerated or spared axons? Exp Neurol 2017; 296:83-88. [PMID: 28716559 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intraorbital optic nerve crush in rodents is widely used as a model to study axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Recent studies using appropriate genetic manipulations have revealed remarkable abilities of mature retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons to regenerate after optic nerve injury, with some studies demonstrating that axons can then go on to re-innervate a number of central visual targets with partial functional restoration. However, one confounding factor inherent to optic nerve crush injury is the potential incompleteness of the initial lesion, leaving spared axons that later on could erroneously be interpreted as regenerating distal to the injury site. Careful examination of axonal projection pattern and morphology may facilitate separating spared from regenerating RGC axons. Here we discuss morphological criteria and strategies that may be used to differentiate spared versus regenerated axons in the injured mammalian optic nerve.
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26
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Mogha A, Harty BL, Carlin D, Joseph J, Sanchez NE, Suter U, Piao X, Cavalli V, Monk KR. Gpr126/Adgrg6 Has Schwann Cell Autonomous and Nonautonomous Functions in Peripheral Nerve Injury and Repair. J Neurosci 2016; 36:12351-12367. [PMID: 27927955 PMCID: PMC5148226 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3854-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are essential for proper peripheral nerve development and repair, although the mechanisms regulating these processes are incompletely understood. We previously showed that the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor Gpr126/Adgrg6 is essential for SC development and myelination. Interestingly, the expression of Gpr126 is maintained in adult SCs, suggestive of a function in the mature nerve. We therefore investigated the role of Gpr126 in nerve repair by studying an inducible SC-specific Gpr126 knock-out mouse model. Here, we show that remyelination is severely delayed after nerve-crush injury. Moreover, we also observe noncell-autonomous defects in macrophage recruitment and axon regeneration in injured nerves following loss of Gpr126 in SCs. This work demonstrates that Gpr126 has critical SC-autonomous and SC-nonautonomous functions in remyelination and peripheral nerve repair. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lack of robust remyelination represents one of the major barriers to recovery of neurological functions in disease or following injury in many disorders of the nervous system. Here we show that the adhesion class G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) Gpr126/Adgrg6 is required for remyelination, macrophage recruitment, and axon regeneration following nerve injury. At least 30% of all approved drugs target GPCRs; thus, Gpr126 represents an attractive potential target to stimulate repair in myelin disease or following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ueli Suter
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland, and
| | - Xianhua Piao
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Neuroscience, and
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kelly R Monk
- Department of Developmental Biology,
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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27
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Schulz A, Büttner R, Hagel C, Baader SL, Kluwe L, Salamon J, Mautner VF, Mindos T, Parkinson DB, Gehlhausen JR, Clapp DW, Morrison H. The importance of nerve microenvironment for schwannoma development. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:289-307. [PMID: 27236462 PMCID: PMC4947119 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schwannomas are predominantly benign nerve sheath neoplasms caused by Nf2 gene inactivation. Presently, treatment options are mainly limited to surgical tumor resection due to the lack of effective pharmacological drugs. Although the mechanistic understanding of Nf2 gene function has advanced, it has so far been primarily restricted to Schwann cell-intrinsic events. Extracellular cues determining Schwann cell behavior with regard to schwannoma development remain unknown. Here we show pro-tumourigenic microenvironmental effects on Schwann cells where an altered axonal microenvironment in cooperation with injury signals contribute to a persistent regenerative Schwann cell response promoting schwannoma development. Specifically in genetically engineered mice following crush injuries on sciatic nerves, we found macroscopic nerve swellings in mice with homozygous nf2 gene deletion in Schwann cells and in animals with heterozygous nf2 knockout in both Schwann cells and axons. However, patient-mimicking schwannomas could only be provoked in animals with combined heterozygous nf2 knockout in Schwann cells and axons. We identified a severe re-myelination defect and sustained macrophage presence in the tumor tissue as major abnormalities. Strikingly, treatment of tumor-developing mice after nerve crush injury with medium-dose aspirin significantly decreased schwannoma progression in this disease model. Our results suggest a multifactorial concept for schwannoma formation—emphasizing axonal factors and mechanical nerve irritation as predilection site for schwannoma development. Furthermore, we provide evidence supporting the potential efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of schwannomas.
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28
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Neuron-Specific Deletion of the Nf2 Tumor Suppressor Impairs Functional Nerve Regeneration. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159718. [PMID: 27467574 PMCID: PMC4965074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to axons of the central nervous system (CNS), axons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) show better, but still incomplete and often slow regeneration following injury. The tumor suppressor protein merlin, mutated in the hereditary tumor syndrome Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), has recently been shown to have RhoA regulatory functions in PNS neurons—in addition to its well-characterized, growth-inhibitory activity in Schwann cells. Here we report that the conditional knockout of merlin in PNS neurons leads to impaired functional recovery of mice following sciatic nerve crush injury, in a gene-dosage dependent manner. Gross anatomical or electrophysiological alterations of sciatic nerves could not be detected. However, correlating with attenuated RhoA activation due to merlin deletion, ultrastructural analysis of nerve samples indicated enhanced sprouting of axons with reduced caliber size and increased myelination compared to wildtype animals. We conclude that deletion of the tumor suppressor merlin in the neuronal compartment of peripheral nerves results in compromised functional regeneration after injury. This mechanism could explain the clinical observation that NF2 patients suffer from higher incidences of slowly recovering facial nerve paralysis after vestibular schwannoma surgery.
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29
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Chen L, Liu Z, Zhou B, Wei C, Zhou Y, Rosenfeld MG, Fu XD, Chisholm AD, Jin Y. CELF RNA binding proteins promote axon regeneration in C. elegans and mammals through alternative splicing of Syntaxins. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27253061 PMCID: PMC4946901 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon injury triggers dramatic changes in gene expression. While transcriptional regulation of injury-induced gene expression is widely studied, less is known about the roles of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in post-transcriptional regulation during axon regeneration. In C. elegans the CELF (CUGBP and Etr-3 Like Factor) family RBP UNC-75 is required for axon regeneration. Using crosslinking immunoprecipitation coupled with deep sequencing (CLIP-seq) we identify a set of genes involved in synaptic transmission as mRNA targets of UNC-75. In particular, we show that UNC-75 regulates alternative splicing of two mRNA isoforms of the SNARE Syntaxin/unc-64. In C. elegans mutants lacking unc-75 or its targets, regenerating axons form growth cones, yet are deficient in extension. Extending these findings to mammalian axon regeneration, we show that mouse Celf2 expression is upregulated after peripheral nerve injury and that Celf2 mutant mice are defective in axon regeneration. Further, mRNAs for several Syntaxins show CELF2 dependent regulation. Our data delineate a post-transcriptional regulatory pathway with a conserved role in regenerative axon extension. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16072.001 Nerve cells or neurons carry information around the body along projections known as axons. An injury or trauma, such as a stroke, can damage the axons and lead to permanent disability because the damaged axons fail to regenerate over long distances. Axon damage triggers large changes in the activity of many genes that promote regeneration. When a gene is active, its DNA is copied to make molecules of messenger RNA (mRNA), which are then used as templates to make proteins. Many mRNAs undergo a process called alternative splicing, in which different combinations of mRNA sections may be removed from the final molecule. This enables a single gene to produce more than one type of protein. Recent studies point to an important role for so-called RNA binding proteins in regulating the alternative splicing process. An RNA binding protein called UNC-75 in a worm known as Caenorhabditis elegans has previously been shown to be involved in axon regeneration, but it was not clear how UNC-75 acts on neurons. Here, Chen et al. combined a technique called CLIP-seq (Cross-linking ImmunoPrecipitation-deep sequencing) with genetic testing to identify the mRNAs that UNC-75 regulates during axon regeneration. The experiments found a set of C. elegans genes required for information to pass between neurons whose mRNAs are also targeted by UNC-75. Many of these genes are also required for axon regeneration. Chen et al. studied one of the mRNA targets – which encodes a protein called syntaxin – in more detail and found that the syntaxin mRNA is required for regenerating axons over long distances. UNC-75 alternatively splices this mRNA to produce a particular form of syntaxin that is mainly found in neurons. Mutant worms that lack either UNC-75 or syntaxin are unable to properly regenerate axons over long distances. Further experiments show that a mouse protein known as CELF2 that is equivalent to worm UNC-75 plays a similar role in regenerating axons. Moreover, mouse CELF2 restores the ability of worm neurons that lack UNC-75 to regenerate. Like worm UNC-75, the mouse protein is also involved in alternative splicing of syntaxin. The next step is to examine the other mRNA targets of UNC-75 to find out what role they play in axon regeneration and other processes in neurons. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16072.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Chen
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Bing Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Chaoliang Wei
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
| | - Andrew D Chisholm
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States
| | - Yishi Jin
- Section of Neurobiology, University of California, San Diego, Division of Biological Sciences, San Diego, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, United States
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30
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Rouwette T, Sondermann J, Avenali L, Gomez-Varela D, Schmidt M. Standardized Profiling of The Membrane-Enriched Proteome of Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) Provides Novel Insights Into Chronic Pain. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2152-68. [PMID: 27103637 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.058966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a complex disease with limited treatment options. Several profiling efforts have been employed with the aim to dissect its molecular underpinnings. However, generated results are often inconsistent and nonoverlapping, which is largely because of inherent technical constraints. Emerging data-independent acquisition (DIA)-mass spectrometry (MS) has the potential to provide unbiased, reproducible and quantitative proteome maps - a prerequisite for standardization among experiments. Here, we designed a DIA-based proteomics workflow to profile changes in the abundance of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) proteins in two mouse models of chronic pain, inflammatory and neuropathic. We generated a DRG-specific spectral library containing 3067 DRG proteins, which enables their standardized quantification by means of DIA-MS in any laboratory. Using this resource, we profiled 2526 DRG proteins in each biological replicate of both chronic pain models and respective controls with unprecedented reproducibility. We detected numerous differentially regulated proteins, the majority of which exhibited pain model-specificity. Our approach recapitulates known biology and discovers dozens of proteins that have not been characterized in the somatosensory system before. Functional validation experiments and analysis of mouse pain behaviors demonstrate that indeed meaningful protein alterations were discovered. These results illustrate how the application of DIA-MS can open new avenues to achieve the long-awaited standardization in the molecular dissection of pathologies of the somatosensory system. Therefore, our findings provide a valuable framework to qualitatively extend our understanding of chronic pain and somatosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Rouwette
- From the ‡Somatosensory Signaling and Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Sondermann
- From the ‡Somatosensory Signaling and Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Luca Avenali
- From the ‡Somatosensory Signaling and Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - David Gomez-Varela
- From the ‡Somatosensory Signaling and Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Schmidt
- From the ‡Somatosensory Signaling and Systems Biology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Strasse 3, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
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31
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Yi S, Zhang H, Gong L, Wu J, Zha G, Zhou S, Gu X, Yu B. Deep Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lesioned Sciatic Nerves after Crush Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143491. [PMID: 26629691 PMCID: PMC4668002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nerve system has an intrinsic regenerative capacity in response to traumatic injury. To better understand the molecular events occurring after peripheral nerve injury, in the current study, a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury was used. Injured nerves harvested at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post injury were subjected to deep RNA sequencing for examining global gene expression changes. According to the temporally differential expression patterns of a huge number of genes, 3 distinct phases were defined within the post-injury period of 14 days: the acute, sub-acute, and post-acute stages. Each stage showed its own characteristics of gene expression, which were associated with different categories of diseases and biological functions and canonical pathways. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in inflammation and immune response were significantly up-regulated in the acute phase, and genes involved in cellular movement, development, and morphology were up-regulated in the sub-acute stage, while the up-regulated genes in the post-acute phase were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton reorganization, and nerve regeneration. All the data obtained in the current study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration from the perspective of gene regulation, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiancheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangbin Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Olmstead DN, Mesnard-Hoaglin NA, Batka RJ, Haulcomb MM, Miller WM, Jones KJ. Facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury. J Vis Exp 2015:e52382. [PMID: 25742324 DOI: 10.3791/52382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and either cut or crush it to induce peripheral nerve injury. Advantages of this surgery are its simplicity, high reproducibility, and the lack of effect on vital functions or mobility from the subsequent facial paralysis, thus resulting in a relatively mild surgical outcome compared to other nerve injury models. A major advantage of using a cranial nerve injury model is that the motoneurons reside in a relatively homogenous population in the facial motor nucleus in the pons, simplifying the study of the motoneuron cell bodies. Because of the symmetrical nature of facial nerve innervation and the lack of crosstalk between the facial motor nuclei, the operation can be performed unilaterally with the unaxotomized side serving as a paired internal control. A variety of analyses can be performed postoperatively to assess the physiologic response, details of which are beyond the scope of this article. For example, recovery of muscle function can serve as a behavioral marker for reinnervation, or the motoneurons can be quantified to measure cell survival. Additionally, the motoneurons can be accurately captured using laser microdissection for molecular analysis. Because the facial nerve axotomy is minimally invasive and well tolerated, it can be utilized on a wide variety of genetically modified mice. Also, this surgery model can be used to analyze the effectiveness of peripheral nerve injury treatments. Facial nerve injury provides a means for investigating not only motoneurons, but also the responses of the central and peripheral glial microenvironment, immune system, and target musculature. The facial nerve injury model is a widely accepted peripheral nerve injury model that serves as a powerful tool for studying nerve injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah N Olmstead
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | | | - Richard J Batka
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Melissa M Haulcomb
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Whitney M Miller
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center
| | - Kathryn J Jones
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine; Research and Development Services, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center;
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Zhang H, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-1 water permeability as a novel determinant of axonal regeneration in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:152-9. [PMID: 25585012 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons transduce peripheral pain signals through small-diameter, non-myelinated C-fibers, which, when injured, can regenerate to restore pain sensation. Water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) is expressed at the plasma membrane of cell bodies and axons of DRG neurons, where it modulates the sensing of certain types of pain. Here, we found that AQP1 is also involved in DRG axonal growth and regeneration by a mechanism that may involve water transport-facilitated extension of axonal outgrowths. Spontaneous and nerve growth factor-stimulated axonal extension was reduced in cultures of AQP1-deficient DRG neurons and DRG explants compared to the wildtype. Axonal growth in AQP1-deficient DRG cultures was rescued by transfection with AQP1 or a different water-transporting AQP (AQP4), but not by a non-water-transporting AQP1 mutant. Following sciatic nerve compression injury AQP1 expression was increased in DRG neurons in wildtype mice, and DRG axonal growth was impaired in AQP1-deficient mice. Our results indicate AQP1 as a novel determinant of DRG axonal regeneration and hence a potential therapeutic target to accelerate neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - A S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Bala U, Tan KL, Ling KH, Cheah PS. Harvesting the maximum length of sciatic nerve from adult mice: a step-by-step approach. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:714. [PMID: 25304607 PMCID: PMC4197312 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the past several decades, many studies concerning peripheral nerve damage or regeneration have been performed. Mice have been widely used for many of these studies, with the sciatic nerve being the most targeted and preferred nerve. Therefore, techniques for harvesting mouse sciatic nerves of a maximum length that is sufficient for different analyses will be highly valuable. Here we describe a simple step-by-step guide for harvesting the maximum length of mouse sciatic nerve and compare the length of the harvested nerves gathered with the proposed method with nerves obtained using a conventional mid-thigh incision approach. Findings The sciatic nerve was exposed while holding both hind limbs together in one hand and the tail was gently pulled away in the opposite direction. The nerve was traced by dissecting through its course both distally and proximally and was carefully harvested. The total average length of the sciatic nerves obtained using the proposed harvesting method and the mid-thigh incision method was 22.60 ± 1.62 mm and 7.0 ± 0.76 mm, respectively. This length of harvested nerve allows further dissection into several segments that can be used for additional independent analyses such as histochemical/histological analysis and RNA or protein extraction. Conclusion The approach described here has several advantages over mid-thigh incision methods in that it: i) allows harvesting of maximum lengths of the sciatic nerve ii) allows simultaneous harvesting of both sciatic nerves, iii) provides time savings; iv) requires no extensive knowledge of veterinary anatomy; and v) provides hassle-free dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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The mouse median nerve experimental model in regenerative research. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:701682. [PMID: 25180190 PMCID: PMC4142669 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sciatic nerve crush injury in rat animal model is one of the most common experimental models used in regenerative research. However, the availability of transgenic mouse for nerve regeneration studies is constantly increasing and, therefore, the shift from rat model to mouse model is, in some cases, necessary. Moreover, since most of the human nerve lesions occur in the upper limb, it is also advantageous to shift from sciatic nerve to median nerve. In this study we described an experimental model which involves lesions of the median nerve in the mouse. Data showed that the finger flexor muscle contraction strength, assessed to evaluate the motor function recovery, and reached values not different from the control already 20 days after injury. The degree of nerve regeneration evaluated with stereological methods in light microscopy showed that, 25 days after injury, the number of regenerated myelinated fibers was comparable to the control, but they were smaller with a thinner myelin thickness. Stereological analysis made in electron microscopy confirmed these results, although the total number of fibers quantified was significantly higher compared to light microscopy analysis, due to the very small size of some fibers that can be detected only in electron microscopy.
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Ma M, Ferguson TA, Schoch KM, Li J, Qian Y, Shofer FS, Saatman KE, Neumar RW. Calpains mediate axonal cytoskeleton disintegration during Wallerian degeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 56:34-46. [PMID: 23542511 PMCID: PMC3721029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), transected axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Even though Augustus Waller first described this process after transection of axons in 1850, the molecular mechanisms may be shared, at least in part, by many human diseases. Early pathology includes failure of synaptic transmission, target denervation, and granular disintegration of the axonal cytoskeleton (GDC). The Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpains have been implicated in GDC but causality has not been established. To test the hypothesis that calpains play a causal role in axonal and synaptic degeneration in vivo, we studied transgenic mice that express human calpastatin (hCAST), the endogenous calpain inhibitor, in optic and sciatic nerve axons. Five days after optic nerve transection and 48 h after sciatic nerve transection, robust neurofilament proteolysis observed in wild-type controls was reduced in hCAST transgenic mice. Protection of the axonal cytoskeleton in sciatic nerves of hCAST mice was nearly complete 48 h post-transection. In addition, hCAST expression preserved the morphological integrity of neuromuscular junctions. However, compound muscle action potential amplitudes after nerve transection were similar in wild-type and hCAST mice. These results, in total, provide direct evidence that calpains are responsible for the morphological degeneration of the axon and synapse during Wallerian degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Toby A. Ferguson
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Schoch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yaping Qian
- Shriners Pediatric Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frances S. Shofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Robert W. Neumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cidral-Filho F, Martins D, Moré A, Mazzardo-Martins L, Silva M, Cargnin-Ferreira E, Santos A. Light-emitting diode therapy induces analgesia and decreases spinal cord and sciatic nerve tumour necrosis factor-α levels after sciatic nerve crush in mice. Eur J Pain 2013; 17:1193-204. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00280.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - E. Cargnin-Ferreira
- Laboratório de Marcadores Histológicos; Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Santa Catarina - Campus Lages; Lages; Brazil
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