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Hamzei Taj S, Le Blon D, Hoornaert C, Daans J, Quarta A, Praet J, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P, Hoehn M. Targeted intracerebral delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL13 promotes alternative activation of both microglia and macrophages after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:174. [PMID: 29866203 PMCID: PMC5987479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subtle adjustment of the activation status of CNS resident microglia and peripheral macrophages, to promote their neuroprotective and neuroregenerative functions, may facilitate research towards curing neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we investigated whether targeted intracerebral delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)13, by means of transplanting IL13-expressing mesenchymal stem cells (IL13-MSCs), can promote a phenotypic switch in both microglia and macrophages during the pro-inflammatory phase in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Methods We used the CX3CR1eGFP/+ CCR2RFP/+ transgenic mouse model to separately recognize brain-resident microglia from infiltrated macrophages. Quantitative immunohistochemical analyses were applied to characterize polarization phenotypes of both cell types. Results Distinct behaviors of both cell populations were noted dependent on the anatomical site of the lesion. Immunohistochemistry revealed that mice grafted with IL13-MSCs, in contrast to non-grafted and MSC-grafted control mice, were able to drive recruited microglia and macrophages into an alternative activation state, as visualized by a significant increase of Arg-1 and a noticeable decrease of MHC-II expression at day 14 after ischemic stroke. Interestingly, both Arg-1 and MHC-II were expressed more abundantly in macrophages than in microglia, further confirming the distinct behavior of both cell populations. Conclusions The current data highlight the importance of controlled and localized delivery of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL13 for modulation of both microglia and macrophage responses after ischemic stroke, thereby providing pre-clinical rationale for the application of L13-MSCs in future investigations of neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1212-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Hamzei Taj
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931, Köln, Germany
| | - Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jelle Praet
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleuelerstrasse 50, D-50931, Köln, Germany. .,Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Le Blon D, Guglielmetti C, Hoornaert C, Quarta A, Daans J, Dooley D, Lemmens E, Praet J, De Vocht N, Reekmans K, Santermans E, Hens N, Goossens H, Verhoye M, Van der Linden A, Berneman Z, Hendrix S, Ponsaerts P. Intracerebral transplantation of interleukin 13-producing mesenchymal stem cells limits microgliosis, oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in the cuprizone mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:288. [PMID: 27829467 PMCID: PMC5103449 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promoting the neuroprotective and repair-inducing effector functions of microglia and macrophages, by means of M2 polarisation or alternative activation, is expected to become a new therapeutic approach for central nervous system (CNS) disorders in which detrimental pro-inflammatory microglia and/or macrophages display a major contribution to the neuropathology. In this study, we present a novel in vivo approach using intracerebral grafting of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) genetically engineered to secrete interleukin 13 (IL13-MSC). Methods In the first experimental setup, control MSC and IL13-MSC were grafted in the CNS of eGFP+ bone marrow chimaeric C57BL/6 mice to histologically evaluate IL13-mediated expression of several markers associated with alternative activation, including arginase1 and Ym1, on MSC graft-recognising microglia and MSC graft-infiltrating macrophages. In the second experimental setup, IL13-MSC were grafted on the right side (or on both the right and left sides) of the splenium of the corpus callosum in wild-type C57BL/6 mice and in C57BL/6 CX3CR1eGFP/+CCR2RFP/+ transgenic mice. Next, CNS inflammation and demyelination was induced by means of a cuprizone-supplemented diet. The influence of IL13-MSC grafting on neuropathological alterations was monitored by non-invasive T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and quantitative histological analyses, as compared to cuprizone-treated mice with control MSC grafts and/or cuprizone-treated mice without MSC injection. Results In the first part of this study, we demonstrate that MSC graft-associated microglia and MSC graft-infiltrating macrophages are forced into alternative activation upon grafting of IL13-MSC, but not upon grafting of control MSC. In the second part of this study, we demonstrate that grafting of IL13-MSC, in addition to the recruitment of M2 polarised macrophages, limits cuprizone-induced microgliosis, oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. Furthermore, we here demonstrate that injection of IL13-MSC at both sides of the splenium leads to a superior protective effect as compared to a single injection at one side of the splenium. Conclusions Controlled and localised production of IL13 by means of intracerebral MSC grafting has the potential to modulate cell graft- and pathology-associated microglial/macrophage responses, and to interfere with oligodendrocyte death and demyelinating events in the cuprizone mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Le Blon
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Guglielmetti
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jasmijn Daans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Evi Lemmens
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jelle Praet
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Vocht
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kristien Reekmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eva Santermans
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niel Hens
- Center for Statistics, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Centre for Health Economic Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (Chermid), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium. .,Experimental Cell Transplantation Group, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken (CDE-S6.51), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Selt M, Tennstaedt A, Beyrau A, Nelles M, Schneider G, Löwik C, Hoehn M. In Vivo Non-Invasive Tracking of Macrophage Recruitment to Experimental Stroke. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156626. [PMID: 27341631 PMCID: PMC4920382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages are one of the key players in the local immune response after stroke. It is now widely accepted that the inflammatory response is not an exclusively destructive process. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms needed for proper regulation still remain to be elucidated. Here, we propose an in vitro labelling strategy for multimodal in vivo observation of macrophage dynamics distinguished from brain-residing microglia response. Prior to intracerebral transplantation into the striatum of recipient mice or systemic administration, monocytes and macrophages, isolated from luciferase-expressing mice, were labelled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Temporo-spatial localization was monitored by magnetic resonance imaging, whereas survival of grafted cells was investigated using bioluminescence imaging. The labelling procedure of the isolated cells did not significantly influence cell characteristics and resulted in detection of as few as 500 labelled cells in vivo. Two weeks after stereotactic transplantation, the luciferase signal was sustained traceable, with approximately 18% of the original luciferase signal detectable for monocytes and about 30% for macrophages. Hypointensity in MRI of the graft appeared unaltered in spatial location. In a therapeutically relevant approach, systemic cell administration after stroke resulted in accumulation mostly in thoracic regions, as could be visualized with BLI. For detection of homing to ischemic brain tissue more cells need to be administered. Nevertheless, during parallel MRI sessions recruitment of i.v. injected cells to the lesion site could be detected by day 2 post stroke as scattered hypointense signal voids. With further increase in sensitivity, our multi-facetted labelling strategy will provide the basis for in vivo tracking and fate specification of tissue-infiltrating macrophages and their distinct role in stroke-related neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Selt
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Annette Tennstaedt
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Beyrau
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Nelles
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schneider
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Clemens Löwik
- Dept. of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Hoehn
- In-vivo-NMR Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
- Dept. of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Percuros B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Boeykens N, Ponsaerts P, Van der Linden A, Berneman Z, Ysebaert D, De Greef K. Injury-dependent retention of intraportally administered mesenchymal stromal cells following partial hepatectomy of steatotic liver does not lead to improved liver recovery. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69092. [PMID: 23874878 PMCID: PMC3715456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cell (BM-MSC) administration on liver function following partial hepatectomy (PHx) of methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet induced steatotic livers in rodents. Here we identified and validated serum cholinesterase (CHE) and triglyceride (TG) levels as non-invasive markers to longitudinally monitor rat liver function. Using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, retention of BM-MSC in the liver was observed following intraportal administration, but not after intravenous administration. Therefore, BM-MSC were intraportally delivered to investigate the effect on liver recovery and/or regeneration after PHx. However, despite recovery to normal body weight, liver weight and NAS score, both serum CHE and TG levels of non-treated and cell-treated rats with PHx after MCD diet remained significantly lower as compared to those of control rats. Importantly, serum CHE levels, but not TG levels, of cell-treated rats remained significantly lower as compared to those of non-treated rats, thereby warranting that certain caution should be considered for future clinical application of IP BM-MSC administration in order to promote liver regeneration and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Boeykens
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Antwerp Surgical Training and Research Centre, University of Antwerp/University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Ysebaert
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Antwerp Surgical Training and Research Centre, University of Antwerp/University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Kathleen De Greef
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Antwerp Surgical Training and Research Centre, University of Antwerp/University Hospital of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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De Vocht N, Lin D, Praet J, Hoornaert C, Reekmans K, Le Blon D, Daans J, Pauwels P, Goossens H, Hens N, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Quantitative and phenotypic analysis of mesenchymal stromal cell graft survival and recognition by microglia and astrocytes in mouse brain. Immunobiology 2012; 218:696-705. [PMID: 22944251 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.08.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although cell transplantation is increasingly suggested to be beneficial for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, the therapeutic application of such intervention is currently hindered by the limited knowledge regarding central nervous system (CNS) transplantation immunology. In this study, we aimed to investigate the early post transplantation innate immune events following grafting of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in the CNS of immune competent mice. First, the survival of grafted Luciferase/eGFP-expressing MSC (MSC-Luc/eGFP) was demonstrated to be stable from on day 3 post implantation using in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which was further confirmed by quantitative histological analysis of MSC-Luc/eGFP graft survival. Additional histological analyses at week 1 and week 2 post grafting revealed the appearance of (i) graft-surrounding/-invading Iba1+ microglia and (ii) graft-surrounding GFAP+ astrocytes, as compared to day 0 post grafting. While the density of graft-surrounding astrocytes and microglia did not change between week 1 and week 2 post grafting, the density of graft-invading microglia significantly decreased between week 1 and week 2 post implantation. However, despite the observed decrease in microglial density within the graft site, additional phenotypic analysis of graft-invading microglia, based on CD11b- and MHCII-expression, revealed >50% of graft-invading microglia at week 2 post implantation to display an activated status. Although microglial expression of CD11b and MHCII is already suggestive for a pro-inflammatory M1-oriented phenotype, the latter was further confirmed by: (i) the expression of NOS2 by microglia within the graft site, and (ii) the absence of arginase 1-expression, an enzyme known to suppress NO activity in M2-oriented microglia, on graft-surrounding and -invading microglia. In summary, we here provide a detailed phenotypic analysis of post transplantation innate immune events in the CNS of mice, and warrant that such intervention is associated with an M1-oriented microglia response and severe astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Vocht
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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