1
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Darrigrand JF, Salowka A, Torres-Cano A, Tapia-Rojo R, Zhu T, Garcia-Manyes S, Spagnoli FM. Acinar-ductal cell rearrangement drives branching morphogenesis of the murine pancreas in an IGF/PI3K-dependent manner. Dev Cell 2024; 59:326-338.e5. [PMID: 38237591 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
During organ formation, progenitor cells need to acquire different cell identities and organize themselves into distinct structural units. How these processes are coordinated and how tissue architecture(s) is preserved despite the dramatic cell rearrangements occurring in developing organs remain unclear. Here, we identified cellular rearrangements between acinar and ductal progenitors as a mechanism to drive branching morphogenesis in the pancreas while preserving the integrity of the acinar-ductal functional unit. Using ex vivo and in vivo mouse models, we found that pancreatic ductal cells form clefts by protruding and pulling on the acinar basement membrane, which leads to acini splitting. Newly formed acini remain connected to the bifurcated branches generated by ductal cell rearrangement. Insulin growth factor (IGF)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway finely regulates this process by controlling pancreatic ductal tissue fluidity, with a simultaneous impact on branching and cell fate acquisition. Together, our results explain how acinar structure multiplication and branch bifurcation are synchronized during pancreas organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Anna Salowka
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Alejo Torres-Cano
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Rafael Tapia-Rojo
- Department of Physics, London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK; Single-Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sergi Garcia-Manyes
- Department of Physics, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Centre for the Physical Science of Life and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, London, UK; Single-Molecule Mechanobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, Great Maze Pond, SE1 9RT London, UK.
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2
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Quantitative lineage analysis identifies a hepato-pancreato-biliary progenitor niche. Nature 2021; 597:87-91. [PMID: 34433966 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies based on single cells have revealed vast cellular heterogeneity in stem cell and progenitor compartments, suggesting continuous differentiation trajectories with intermixing of cells at various states of lineage commitment and notable degrees of plasticity during organogenesis1-5. The hepato-pancreato-biliary organ system relies on a small endoderm progenitor compartment that gives rise to a variety of different adult tissues, including the liver, pancreas, gall bladder and extra-hepatic bile ducts6,7. Experimental manipulation of various developmental signals in the mouse embryo has underscored important cellular plasticity in this embryonic territory6. This is reflected in the existence of human genetic syndromes as well as congenital malformations featuring multi-organ phenotypes in liver, pancreas and gall bladder6. Nevertheless, the precise lineage hierarchy and succession of events leading to the segregation of an endoderm progenitor compartment into hepatic, biliary and pancreatic structures have not yet been established. Here we combine computational modelling approaches with genetic lineage tracing to accurately reconstruct the hepato-pancreato-biliary lineage tree. We show that a multipotent progenitor subpopulation persists in the pancreato-biliary organ rudiment, contributing cells not only to the pancreas and gall bladder but also to the liver. Moreover, using single-cell RNA sequencing and functional experiments we define a specialized niche that supports this subpopulation in a multipotent state for an extended time during development. Together these findings indicate sustained plasticity underlying hepato-pancreato-biliary development that might also explain the rapid expansion of the liver while attenuating pancreato-biliary growth.
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3
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Cozzitorto C, Mueller L, Ruzittu S, Mah N, Willnow D, Darrigrand JF, Wilson H, Khosravinia D, Mahmoud AA, Risolino M, Selleri L, Spagnoli FM. A Specialized Niche in the Pancreatic Microenvironment Promotes Endocrine Differentiation. Dev Cell 2020; 55:150-162.e6. [PMID: 32857951 PMCID: PMC7720791 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interplay between pancreatic epithelium and the surrounding microenvironment is pivotal for pancreas formation and differentiation as well as adult organ homeostasis. The mesenchyme is the main component of the embryonic pancreatic microenvironment, yet its cellular identity is broadly defined, and whether it comprises functionally distinct cell subsets is not known. Using genetic lineage tracing, transcriptome, and functional studies, we identified mesenchymal populations with different roles during pancreatic development. Moreover, we showed that Pbx transcription factors act within the mouse pancreatic mesenchyme to define a pro-endocrine specialized niche. Pbx directs differentiation of endocrine progenitors into insulin- and glucagon-positive cells through non-cell-autonomous regulation of ECM-integrin interactions and soluble molecules. Next, we measured functional conservation between mouse and human pancreatic mesenchyme by testing identified mesenchymal factors in an iPSC-based differentiation model. Our findings provide insights into how lineage-specific crosstalk between epithelium and neighboring mesenchymal cells underpin the generation of different pancreatic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Cozzitorto
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laura Mueller
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia Ruzittu
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nancy Mah
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jean-Francois Darrigrand
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Heather Wilson
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Khosravinia
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Amir-Ala Mahmoud
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Department of Orofacial Sciences & Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, HSW 710, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Roessle Strasse 10, Berlin 13125, Germany; Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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4
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van Gurp L, Muraro MJ, Dielen T, Seneby L, Dharmadhikari G, Gradwohl G, van Oudenaarden A, de Koning EJP. A transcriptomic roadmap to alpha- and beta cell differentiation in the embryonic pancreas. Development 2019; 146:dev.173716. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.173716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During pancreatic development, endocrine cells appear from the pancreatic epithelium when Neurog3 positive cells delaminate and differentiate into alpha, beta, gamma and delta cells. The mechanisms involved in this process are still incompletely understood. We characterized the temporal, lineage-specific developmental programs during pancreatic development by sequencing the transcriptome of thousands of individual pancreatic cells from embryonic day E12.5 to E18.5 in mice, and identified all known cell types that are present in the embryonic pancreas, but focused specifically on alpha and beta cell differentiation by enrichment of a MIP-GFP reporter. We characterized transcriptomic heterogeneity in the tip domain based on proliferation, and characterized two endocrine precursor clusters marked by expression of Neurog3 and Fev. Pseudotime analysis revealed specific branches for developing alpha- and beta cells, which allowed identification of specific gene regulation patterns. These include some known and many previously unreported genes that appear to define pancreatic cell fate transitions. This resource allows dynamic profiling of embryonic pancreas development at single cell resolution and reveals novel gene signatures during pancreatic differentiation into alpha and beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon van Gurp
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mauro J. Muraro
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Single Cell Discoveries, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tim Dielen
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lina Seneby
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gitanjali Dharmadhikari
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Gradwohl
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexander van Oudenaarden
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Single Cell Discoveries, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J. P. de Koning
- Hubrecht Institute\KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Azizoglu DB, Braitsch C, Marciano DK, Cleaver O. Afadin and RhoA control pancreatic endocrine mass via lumen morphogenesis. Genes Dev 2018; 31:2376-2390. [PMID: 29330353 PMCID: PMC5795784 DOI: 10.1101/gad.307637.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Azizoglu et al. identified mechanisms underlying pancreatic lumen formation and remodeling and show that central lumen network morphogenesis impacts pancreatic endocrine mass. Codepletion of the actomyosin regulator RhoA and Afadin results in defects in the central lumen and arrests lumen remodeling. Proper lumen morphogenesis during pancreas development is critical to endocrine and exocrine cell fate. Recent studies showed that a central network of lumens (termed core), but not the surrounding terminal branches (termed periphery), produces most islet endocrine cells. To date, it remains unclear how pancreatic lumens form and remodel and which aspects of lumen morphogenesis influence cell fate. Importantly, models testing the function of the central lumen network as an endocrine niche are lacking. Here, we identify mechanisms underlying lumen formation and remodeling and show that central lumen network morphogenesis impacts pancreatic endocrine mass. We show that loss of the scaffolding protein Afadin disrupts de novo lumenogenesis and lumen continuity in the tip epithelium. Codepletion of the actomyosin regulator RhoA and Afadin results in defects in the central lumens and arrests lumen remodeling. This arrest leads to prolonged perdurance of the central lumen network over developmental time and expansion of the endocrine progenitor population and, eventually, endocrine mass. Our study uncovers essential roles of Afadin and RhoA in pancreatic central lumen morphogenesis, which subsequently determines endocrine cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Berfin Azizoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Caitlin Braitsch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Denise K Marciano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ondine Cleaver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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6
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Krentz NAJ, van Hoof D, Li Z, Watanabe A, Tang M, Nian C, German MS, Lynn FC. Phosphorylation of NEUROG3 Links Endocrine Differentiation to the Cell Cycle in Pancreatic Progenitors. Dev Cell 2017; 41:129-142.e6. [PMID: 28441528 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
During pancreatic development, proliferating pancreatic progenitors activate the proendocrine transcription factor neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3), exit the cell cycle, and differentiate into islet cells. The mechanisms that direct robust NEUROG3 expression within a subset of progenitor cells control the size of the endocrine population. Here we demonstrate that NEUROG3 is phosphorylated within the nucleus on serine 183, which catalyzes its hyperphosphorylation and proteosomal degradation. During progression through the progenitor cell cycle, NEUROG3 phosphorylation is driven by the actions of cyclin-dependent kinases 2 and 4/6 at G1/S cell-cycle checkpoint. Using models of mouse and human pancreas development, we show that lengthening of the G1 phase of the pancreatic progenitor cell cycle is essential for proper induction of NEUROG3 and initiation of endocrine cell differentiation. In sum, these studies demonstrate that progenitor cell-cycle G1 lengthening, through its actions on stabilization of NEUROG3, is an essential variable in normal endocrine cell genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A J Krentz
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Dennis van Hoof
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
| | - Zhongmei Li
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA
| | - Akie Watanabe
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mei Tang
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Cuilan Nian
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Michael S German
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research and Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1025, San Francisco, CA 94143-0669, USA.
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada; Departments of Surgery and Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 950 28th Avenue West, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
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7
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Stepwise reprogramming of liver cells to a pancreas progenitor state by the transcriptional regulator Tgif2. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14127. [PMID: 28193997 PMCID: PMC5316826 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a successful lineage reprogramming strategy of liver to pancreas holds promises for the treatment and potential cure of diabetes. The liver is an ideal tissue source for generating pancreatic cells, because of its close developmental origin with the pancreas and its regenerative ability. Yet, the molecular bases of hepatic and pancreatic cellular plasticity are still poorly understood. Here, we report that the TALE homeoprotein TGIF2 acts as a developmental regulator of the pancreas versus liver fate decision and is sufficient to elicit liver-to-pancreas fate conversion both ex vivo and in vivo. Hepatocytes expressing Tgif2 undergo extensive transcriptional remodelling, which represses the original hepatic identity and, over time, induces a pancreatic progenitor-like phenotype. Consistently, in vivo forced expression of Tgif2 activates pancreatic progenitor genes in adult mouse hepatocytes. This study uncovers the reprogramming activity of TGIF2 and suggests a stepwise reprogramming paradigm, whereby a 'lineage-restricted' dedifferentiation step precedes the identity switch.
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8
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McClelland KS, Bowles J. Culturing murine embryonic organs: Pros, cons, tips and tricks. Differentiation 2016; 91:50-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Potter SJ, DeFalco T. Using Ex Vivo Upright Droplet Cultures of Whole Fetal Organs to Study Developmental Processes during Mouse Organogenesis. J Vis Exp 2015:e53262. [PMID: 26556004 DOI: 10.3791/53262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating organogenesis in utero is a technically challenging process in placental mammals due to inaccessibility of reagents to embryos that develop within the uterus. A newly developed ex vivo upright droplet culture method provides an attractive alternative to studies performed in utero. The ex vivo droplet culture provides the ability to examine and manipulate cellular interactions and diverse signaling pathways through use of various blocking and activating compounds; additionally, the effects of various pharmacological reagents on the development of specific organs can be studied without unwanted side effects of systemic drug delivery in utero. As compared to other in vitro systems, the droplet culture not only allows for the ability to study three-dimensional morphogenesis and cell-cell interactions, which cannot be reproduced in mammalian cell lines, but also requires significantly less reagents than other ex vivo and in vitro protocols. This paper demonstrates proper mouse fetal organ dissection and upright droplet culture techniques, followed by whole organ immunofluorescence to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. The ex vivo droplet culture method allows the formation of organ architecture comparable to what is observed in vivo and can be utilized to study otherwise difficult-to-study processes due to embryonic lethality in in vivo models. As a model application system, a small-molecule inhibitor will be utilized to probe the role of vascularization in testicular morphogenesis. This ex vivo droplet culture method is expandable to other fetal organ systems, such as lung and potentially others, although each organ must be extensively studied to determine any organ-specific modifications to the protocol. This organ culture system provides flexibility in experimentation with fetal organs, and results obtained using this technique will help researchers gain insights into fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Potter
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center;
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10
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Cebola I, Rodríguez-Seguí SA, Cho CHH, Bessa J, Rovira M, Luengo M, Chhatriwala M, Berry A, Ponsa-Cobas J, Maestro MA, Jennings RE, Pasquali L, Morán I, Castro N, Hanley NA, Gomez-Skarmeta JL, Vallier L, Ferrer J. TEAD and YAP regulate the enhancer network of human embryonic pancreatic progenitors. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:615-626. [PMID: 25915126 PMCID: PMC4434585 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The genomic regulatory programmes that underlie human organogenesis are poorly understood. Pancreas development, in particular, has pivotal implications for pancreatic regeneration, cancer and diabetes. We have now characterized the regulatory landscape of embryonic multipotent progenitor cells that give rise to all pancreatic epithelial lineages. Using human embryonic pancreas and embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors we identify stage-specific transcripts and associated enhancers, many of which are co-occupied by transcription factors that are essential for pancreas development. We further show that TEAD1, a Hippo signalling effector, is an integral component of the transcription factor combinatorial code of pancreatic progenitor enhancers. TEAD and its coactivator YAP activate key pancreatic signalling mediators and transcription factors, and regulate the expansion of pancreatic progenitors. This work therefore uncovers a central role for TEAD and YAP as signal-responsive regulators of multipotent pancreatic progenitors, and provides a resource for the study of embryonic development of the human pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cebola
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago A. Rodríguez-Seguí
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, IFIBYNE-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Candy H.-H. Cho
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Stem Cells Centre, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery and Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - José Bessa
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Luengo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mariya Chhatriwala
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Joan Ponsa-Cobas
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Angel Maestro
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel E. Jennings
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Pasquali
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Morán
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Castro
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical & Human Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Endocrinology Department, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WU, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Luis Gomez-Skarmeta
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Stem Cells Centre, Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery and Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Genomic Programming of Beta-cells Laboratory, Institut d’Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Kim YH, Larsen HL, Rué P, Lemaire LA, Ferrer J, Grapin-Botton A. Cell cycle-dependent differentiation dynamics balances growth and endocrine differentiation in the pancreas. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002111. [PMID: 25786211 PMCID: PMC4364879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis relies on the spatiotemporal balancing of differentiation and proliferation driven by an expanding pool of progenitor cells. In the mouse pancreas, lineage tracing at the population level has shown that the expanding pancreas progenitors can initially give rise to all endocrine, ductal, and acinar cells but become bipotent by embryonic day 13.5, giving rise to endocrine cells and ductal cells. However, the dynamics of individual progenitors balancing self-renewal and lineage-specific differentiation has never been described. Using three-dimensional live imaging and in vivo clonal analysis, we reveal the contribution of individual cells to the global behaviour and demonstrate three modes of progenitor divisions: symmetric renewing, symmetric endocrinogenic, and asymmetric generating a progenitor and an endocrine progenitor. Quantitative analysis shows that the endocrine differentiation process is consistent with a simple model of cell cycle-dependent stochastic priming of progenitors to endocrine fate. The findings provide insights to define control parameters to optimize the generation of β-cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung Hae Kim
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Pau Rué
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jorge Ferrer
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institut d'Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer, CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Life Sciences, Institute of Bioengineering, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Greggio C, De Franceschi F, Figueiredo-Larsen M, Grapin-Botton A. In vitro pancreas organogenesis from dispersed mouse embryonic progenitors. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 25079453 DOI: 10.3791/51725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the development of protocols to produce pancreatic cells from stem cells (1). The whole embryonic organ can be cultured at multiple stages of development (2-4). These culture methods have been useful to test drugs and to image developmental processes. However the expansion of the organ is very limited and morphogenesis is not faithfully recapitulated since the organ flattens. We propose three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the composition of the culture medium it is possible to generate either hollow spheres, mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors expanding in their initial state, or, complex organoids which progress to more mature expanding progenitors and differentiate into endocrine, acinar and ductal cells and which spontaneously self-organize to resemble the embryonic pancreas. We show here that the in vitro process recapitulates many aspects of natural pancreas development. This culture system is suitable to investigate how cells cooperate to form an organ by reducing its initial complexity to few progenitors. It is a model that reproduces the 3D architecture of the pancreas and that is therefore useful to study morphogenesis, including polarization of epithelial structures and branching. It is also appropriate to assess the response to mechanical cues of the niche such as stiffness and the effects on cell´s tensegrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Greggio
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research
| | - Filippo De Franceschi
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research
| | | | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research; DanStem, University of Copenhagen;
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13
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Delmarcelle AS, Villacorte M, Hick AC, Pierreux CE. An ex vivo culture system to study thyroid development. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24961920 DOI: 10.3791/51641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid is a bilobated endocrine gland localized at the base of the neck, producing the thyroid hormones T3, T4, and calcitonin. T3 and T4 are produced by differentiated thyrocytes, organized in closed spheres called follicles, while calcitonin is synthesized by C-cells, interspersed in between the follicles and a dense network of blood capillaries. Although adult thyroid architecture and functions have been extensively described and studied, the formation of the "angio-follicular" units, the distribution of C-cells in the parenchyma and the paracrine communications between epithelial and endothelial cells is far from being understood. This method describes the sequential steps of mouse embryonic thyroid anlagen dissection and its culture on semiporous filters or on microscopy plastic slides. Within a period of four days, this culture system faithfully recapitulates in vivo thyroid development. Indeed, (i) bilobation of the organ occurs (for e12.5 explants), (ii) thyrocytes precursors organize into follicles and polarize, (iii) thyrocytes and C-cells differentiate, and (iv) endothelial cells present in the microdissected tissue proliferate, migrate into the thyroid lobes, and closely associate with the epithelial cells, as they do in vivo. Thyroid tissues can be obtained from wild type, knockout or fluorescent transgenic embryos. Moreover, explants culture can be manipulated by addition of inhibitors, blocking antibodies, growth factors, or even cells or conditioned medium. Ex vivo development can be analyzed in real-time, or at any time of the culture by immunostaining and RT-qPCR. In conclusion, thyroid explant culture combined with downstream whole-mount or on sections imaging and gene expression profiling provides a powerful system for manipulating and studying morphogenetic and differentiation events of thyroid organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mylah Villacorte
- Pole of Cell Biology, Université catholique de Louvain & de Duve Institute
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14
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Shih HP, Sander M. Pancreas development ex vivo: culturing embryonic pancreas explants on permeable culture inserts, with fibronectin-coated glass microwells, or embedded in three-dimensional Matrigel™. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:229-37. [PMID: 25173172 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreas development is a complex and dynamic process orchestrated by cellular and molecular events, including morphogenesis and cell differentiation. As a result of recent explorations into possible cell-therapy-based treatments for diabetes, researchers have made significant progress in deciphering the developmental program of pancreas formation. In vitro pancreas organ culture systems provide a valuable tool for exploring the mechanisms of gene regulation, cellular behaviors, and cell differentiation. In this chapter, we review three common techniques for culturing embryonic pancreas explants. Each technique is suitable for different applications. Specifically, culturing embryonic pancreas on culture inserts provides an excellent platform to test the effects of chemical compounds. Conversely, when the embryonic pancreas is cultured in fibronectin-coated glass microwells, the system provides unique culture conditions to monitor organ growth and cellular dynamic events. Lastly, when the embryonic pancreas is embedded in Matrigel, organogenesis can be studied in a three-dimensional environment instead of limiting the analysis to one plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Ping Shih
- Department of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, UCSD Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, 2880 Torrey Pines Scenic Drive, Room 3006, MC0695, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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15
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Zygmunt T, Spagnoli FM. RhoGAP control of pancreas development: putting cells in the right place at the right time. Small GTPases 2013; 4:127-31. [PMID: 23511849 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.24261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing β-cells, depend on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium. We recently found that Rho GTPase and its regulator, Stard13 RhoGAP, coordinate morphogenesis with growth in the developing pancreas. Conditional mutation of Stard13 in the mouse pancreas hampers epithelial remodeling and distal tip domain formation, affecting proliferation and expansion of pancreatic progenitors. These defects eventually result in pancreatic hypoplasia at birth. Stard13 acts by regulating Rho signaling spatially and temporally during pancreas development. In line with this, pharmacological activation or inhibition of Rho mimics or rescues, respectively, the defects observed in Stard13-deficient embryos and pancreatic organ cultures. Furthermore, in the absence of Stard13 uninhibited Rho activity affects the actomyosin contractile network, disrupting its apical distribution and hampering coordinated cell-shape changes. These results unveil therefore the crucial role of actin cytoskeletal dynamics during the onset of pancreatic branching morphogenesis. Finally, our findings define a reciprocal interaction between the actin-MAL/SRF and the MAPK signaling to locally regulate progenitor cell proliferation in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Zygmunt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Basis of Embryonic Development, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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