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Nguyen VVT, Gkouzioti V, Maass C, Verhaar MC, Vernooij RWM, van Balkom BWM. A systematic review of kidney-on-a-chip-based models to study human renal (patho-)physiology. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050113. [PMID: 37334839 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As kidney diseases affect ∼10% of the world population, understanding the underlying mechanisms and developing therapeutic interventions are of high importance. Although animal models have enhanced knowledge of disease mechanisms, human (patho-)physiology may not be adequately represented in animals. Developments in microfluidics and renal cell biology have enabled the development of dynamic models to study renal (patho-)physiology in vitro. Allowing inclusion of human cells and combining different organ models, such as kidney-on-a-chip (KoC) models, enable the refinement and reduction of animal experiments. We systematically reviewed the methodological quality, applicability and effectiveness of kidney-based (multi-)organ-on-a-chip models, and describe the state-of-the-art, strengths and limitations, and opportunities regarding basic research and implementation of these models. We conclude that KoC models have evolved to complex models capable of mimicking systemic (patho-)physiological processes. Commercial chips and human induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids are important for KoC models to study disease mechanisms and assess drug effects, even in a personalized manner. This contributes to the Reduction, Refinement and Replacement of animal models for kidney research. A lack of reporting of intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility and translational capacity currently hampers implementation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian V T Nguyen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Gkouzioti
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robin W M Vernooij
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas W M van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, UMC Utrecht, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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2
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Ito Y, Sun T, Tanaka H, Yamaguchi M, Kinashi H, Sakata F, Kunoki S, Sakai Y, Ishimoto T. Tissue Sodium Accumulation Induces Organ Inflammation and Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098329. [PMID: 37176037 PMCID: PMC10179540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High salt intake is a primary cause of over-hydration in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Inflammatory markers are predictors of CKD mortality; however, the pathogenesis of inflammation remains unclear. Sodium storage in tissues has recently emerged as an issue of concern. The binding of sodium to tissue glycosaminoglycans and its subsequent release regulates local tonicity. Many cell types express tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP), which is activated in a tonicity-dependent or tonicity-independent manner. Macrophage infiltration was observed in the heart, peritoneal wall, and para-aortic tissues in salt-loading subtotal nephrectomized mice, whereas macrophages were not prominent in tap water-loaded subtotal nephrectomized mice. TonEBP was increased in the heart and peritoneal wall, leading to the upregulation of inflammatory mediators associated with cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction, respectively. Reducing salt loading by a diuretic treatment or changing to tap water attenuated macrophage infiltration, TonEBP expression, and inflammatory marker expression. The role of TonEBP may be crucial during the cardiac fibrosis and peritoneal deterioration processes induced by sodium overload. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy improved cardiac inflammation and fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction. Further studies are necessary to establish a strategy to regulate organ dysfunction induced by TonEBP activation in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ito
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ting Sun
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroya Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinashi
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
| | - Fumiko Sakata
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 464-0813, Japan
| | - Shunnosuke Kunoki
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yukinao Sakai
- Department of Nephrology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Japan
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3
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Mihajlovic M, Krebber MM, Yang Y, Ahmed S, Lozovanu V, Andreeva D, Verhaar MC, Masereeuw R. Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Induce Reactive Oxygen Species-Dependent and Inflammasome-Mediated IL-1β Production in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101326. [PMID: 34680443 PMCID: PMC8533138 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein bound-uremic toxins (PBUTs) are not efficiently removed by hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and their accumulation leads to various co-morbidities via cellular dysfunction, inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, it has been shown that increased intrarenal expression of the NLRP3 receptor and IL-1β are associated with reduced kidney function, suggesting a critical role for the NLRP3 inflammasome in CKD progression. Here, we evaluated the effect of PBUTs on inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of human conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells to indoxyl sulfate (IS) and a mixture of anionic PBUTs (UT mix) increased expression levels of NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β, accompanied by a significant increase in IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activity. Furthermore, IS and UT mix induced the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and caspase-1 activity and IL-1β secretion were reduced in the presence of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. IS and UT mix also induced NF-κB activation as evidenced by p65 nuclear translocation and IL-1β production, which was counteracted by an IKK inhibitor. In vivo, using subtotal nephrectomy CKD rats, a significant increase in total plasma levels of IS and the PBUTs, kynurenic acid and hippuric acid, was found, as well as enhanced urinary malondialdehyde levels. CKD kidney tissue showed an increasing trend in expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components, and a decreasing trend in superoxide dismutase-1 levels. In conclusion, we showed that PBUTs induce inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production in proximal tubule cells via oxidative stress and NF-κB signaling, suggesting their involvement in disease-associated inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
| | - Merle M. Krebber
- Department Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.K.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
| | - Sabbir Ahmed
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
| | - Valeria Lozovanu
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
| | - Daria Andreeva
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.K.); (M.C.V.)
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.M.); (Y.Y.); (S.A.); (V.L.); (D.A.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Bovée DM, Uijl E, Severs D, Rubio-Beltrán E, van Veghel R, Maassen van den Brink A, Joles JA, Zietse R, Cuevas CA, Danser AHJ, Hoorn EJ. Dietary salt modifies the blood pressure response to renin-angiotensin inhibition in experimental chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F654-F668. [PMID: 33586496 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00603.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease contributes to hypertension, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. To address this, we applied the 5/6th nephrectomy rat model to characterize hypertension and the response to dietary salt and renin-angiotensin inhibition. 5/6th nephrectomy caused low-renin, salt-sensitive hypertension with hyperkalemia and unsuppressed aldosterone. Compared with sham rats, 5/6th nephrectomized rats had lower Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, Na+-Cl- cotransporter, α-epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), and Kir4.1 levels but higher serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1, prostasin, γ-ENaC, and Kir5.1 levels. These differences correlated with plasma renin, aldosterone, and/or K+. On a normal-salt diet, adrenalectomy (0 ± 9 mmHg) and spironolactone (-11 ± 10 mmHg) prevented a progressive rise in blood pressure (10 ± 8 mmHg), and this was enhanced in combination with losartan (-41 ± 12 and -43 ± 9 mmHg). A high-salt diet caused skin Na+ and water accumulation and aggravated hypertension that could only be attenuated by spironolactone (-16 ± 7 mmHg) and in which the additive effect of losartan was lost. Spironolactone also increased natriuresis, reduced skin water accumulation, and restored vasorelaxation. In summary, in the 5/6th nephrectomy rat chronic kidney disease model, salt-sensitive hypertension develops with a selective increase in γ-ENaC and despite appropriate transporter adaptations to low renin and hyperkalemia. With a normal-salt diet, hypertension in 5/6th nephrectomy depends on angiotensin II and aldosterone, whereas a high-salt diet causes more severe hypertension mediated through the mineralocorticoid receptor.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes salt-sensitive hypertension, but the interactions between dietary salt and the renin-angiotensin system are incompletely understood. In rats with CKD on a normal-salt diet targeting aldosterone, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and especially angiotensin II reduced blood pressure. On a high-salt diet, however, only MR blockade attenuated hypertension. These results reiterate the importance of dietary salt restriction to maintain renin-angiotensin system inhibitor efficacy and specify the MR as a target in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M Bovée
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Estrellita Uijl
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Severs
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eloisa Rubio-Beltrán
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Veghel
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoinette Maassen van den Brink
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Zietse
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Catherina A Cuevas
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Besseling PJ, Pieters TT, Nguyen ITN, de Bree PM, Willekes N, Dijk AH, Bovée DM, Hoorn EJ, Rookmaaker MB, Gerritsen KG, Verhaar MC, Gremmels H, Joles JA. A plasma creatinine- and urea-based equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F518-F524. [PMID: 33522412 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00656.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring renal function is a vital part of kidney research involving rats. The laborious measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with administration of exogenous filtration markers does not easily allow serial measurements. Using an in-house database of inulin clearances, we developed and validated a plasma creatinine- and plasma urea-based equation to estimate GFR in a large cohort of male rats [development cohort n = 325, R2 = 0.816, percentage of predictions that fell within 30% of the true value (P30) = 76%] that had high accuracy in the validation cohort (n = 116 rats, R2 = 0.935, P30 = 79%). The equation was less accurate in rats with nonsteady-state creatinine, in which the equation should therefore not be used. In conclusion, applying this equation facilitates easy and repeatable estimates of GFR in rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first equation, that we know of, which estimates glomerular filtration rate in rats based on a single measurement of body weight, plasma creatinine, and plasma urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Besseling
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias T Pieters
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel T N Nguyen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Petra M de Bree
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nel Willekes
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adele H Dijk
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique M Bovée
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin G Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Kumar V, Yang C, Cowley AW. Temporal Expression and Cellular Localization of PAPPA2 in the Developing Kidney of Rat. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:209-222. [PMID: 31989854 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420904478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PAPPA2 is a metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-5, and its role in pregnancy and postnatal growth is primarily studied. Using exclusion mapping, we reported a subcongenic (26-P) rat where a 0.71-Mbp region containing the pregnancy-associated plasma protein a2 (Pappa2) allele of salt-insensitive Brown Norway (BN) was introgressed into Dahl saltsensitive (SS) genetic background, resulting in the reduction of salt sensitivity. Pappa2 was differentially expressed in the adult kidney of 26-P and SS rats. Here, the expression and cellular localization of Pappa2 in embryonic and postnatal kidneys of 26-P and SS rats were examined. Pappa2 mRNA expression was 5-fold higher in the embryonic kidney (day 20.5) of the 26-P rat compared with the SS rat. Pappa2 mRNA expression progressively increased with the development of kidney, reaching a peak at postnatal day 5 before trending downward in subsequent stages of development in both strains. At all tested time points, Pappa2 remained higher in the 26-P compared with the SS rat kidney. Immunohistochemistry studies localized PAPPA2 in the ureteric bud (UB) and distal part of S-shaped body. PAPPA2 was colocalized with IGFBP-5 in the UB and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter-stained tubules, respectively. Future studies are needed to determine the role of Pappa2 in kidney development and mechanistic pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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7
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Pillai SM, Herzog B, Seebeck P, Pellegrini G, Roth E, Verrey F. Differential Impact of Dietary Branched Chain and Aromatic Amino Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression in Rats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1460. [PMID: 31920685 PMCID: PMC6913537 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of dietary proteins generates waste products that are excreted by the kidney, in particular nitrogen-containing urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatinine, and other metabolites such as phosphates, sulfates, and protons. Kidney adaptation includes an increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and represents a burden for diseased kidneys increasing the progression rate of CKD. The present study aimed at identifying potential differences between amino acid (AA) groups constituting dietary proteins regarding their impact on RPF, GFR, and CKD progression. We utilized the well-established 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6 Nx) CKD model in rats and submitted the animals for 5 weeks to either the control diet (18% casein protein) or to diets containing 8% casein supplemented with 10% of a mix of free amino acids, representing all or only a subset of the amino acids contained in casein. Whereas the RPF and GFR measured in free moving animals remained stable during the course of the diet in rats receiving the control mix, these parameters decreased in animals receiving the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation and increased in the ones receiving the aromatic amino acids (AAAs). In animals receiving essential amino acids (EAAs) containing both BCAAs and AAAs, there was only a small increase in RPF. The kidneys of the 5/6 Nx rats receiving the BCAA diet showed the strongest increase in smooth muscle actin and collagen mRNA expression as a result of higher level of inflammation and fibrosis. These animals receiving BCAAs also showed an increase in plasma free fatty acids pointing to a problem at the level of energy metabolism. In contrast, the animals under AAA diet showed an activation of AMPK and STAT3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that subsets of EAAs contained in dietary proteins, specifically BCAAs and AAAs, exert contrasting effects on kidney functional parameters and CKD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyuktha Muralidharan Pillai
- Institute of Physiology and The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Herzog
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Seebeck
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Roth
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - François Verrey
- Institute of Physiology and The Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Kidney Control of Homeostasis (Kidney.CH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Kidney Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101240. [PMID: 31614642 PMCID: PMC6830104 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles containing active proteins, lipids, and different types of genetic material such as miRNAs, mRNAs, and DNAs related to the characteristics of the originating cell. They possess a distinctive capacity to communicate over long distances. EVs have been involved in the modulation of several pathophysiological conditions and, more importantly, stem cell-derived EVs appear as a new promising therapeutic option. In fact, several reports provide convincing evidence of the regenerative potential of EVs released by stem cells and, in particular, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in different kidney injury models. Described mechanisms involve the reprogramming of injured cells, cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and inhibition of cell apoptosis and inflammation. Besides, the therapeutic use of MSC-EVs in clinical trials is under investigation. This review will focus on MSC-EV applications in preclinical models of acute and chronic renal damage including recent data on their use in kidney transplant conditioning. Moreover, ongoing clinical trials are described. Finally, new strategies to broaden and enhance EV therapeutic efficacy by engineering are discussed.
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9
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Qingshen Buyang Formula Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats via Inhibiting EMT and Wnt/ β-Catenin Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:5370847. [PMID: 31186661 PMCID: PMC6521559 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5370847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As renal fibrosis significantly contributes to various kinds of chronic kidney diseases, this study aimed to investigate the renal protective effects of Qingshen Buyang Formula against renal fibrosis on 5/6 nephrectomized rats, and its underlying mechanisms were explored. A total of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (Sham group), 5/6 nephrectomy group (5/6Nx group), and Qingshen Buyang Formula treatment group (QBF group). The intervention was intragastric administration for 12 weeks. In the end, the blood samples were collected to test renal functional parameters, urine proteins were measured, and the left kidneys were removed for histological studies, as well as mRNA and protein expression analysis. The results showed that Qingshen Buyang Formula significantly decreased BUN, Scr, and proteinuria in 5/6Nx rats. Meanwhile, it ameliorated the kidney injury and fibrosis, exemplified by the depressed expression of collagen I and fibronectin (FN), which are the main components of ECM. Furthermore, the process of EMT inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway related genes, such as Wnt4, TCF4, β-catenin, and p-GSK3β. Collectively, the Qingshen Buyang Formula can improve renal function and attenuate renal fibrosis, and its underlying mechanisms may be related with inhibiting EMT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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10
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Oosterhuis NR, Papazova DA, Gremmels H, Joles JA, Verhaar MC. T-cells contribute to hypertension but not to renal injury in mice with subtotal nephrectomy. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18:153. [PMID: 28482823 PMCID: PMC5422945 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-017-0555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathological condition of chronic kidney disease may not be adequately recapitulated in immunocompromised mice due to the lack of T-cells, which are important for the development of hypertension and renal injury. We studied the role of the immune system in relation to salt-sensitive hypertension and renal injury in mice with subtotal nephrectomy (SNX). Methods Wild-type immunocompetent (WT) and Foxn1nu/nu athymic immunodeficient (AT) CD-1 mice underwent SNX to induce renal injury after which they received standard chow or a high salt diet (HSD). Four weeks after SNX blood pressure and kidney function parameters were measured. Results HSD increased albumin excretion independent of immune status. Systolic blood pressure increased only in WT mice on HSD, not in AT mice. Uremia and morphological damage after SNX were not affected by either HSD or immune status. Conclusions For the development of hypertension after SNX in CD-1 mice mature T-cells and a high salt diet are required. SNX induced albuminuria was independent of the presence of T-cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12882-017-0555-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke R Oosterhuis
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diana A Papazova
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Gremmels
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508GA, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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11
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Wang X, Garrett MR. Nephron number, hypertension, and CKD: physiological and genetic insight from humans and animal models. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:180-192. [PMID: 28130427 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of blood pressure, and production of several hormones. Any alteration in the structure of the nephron (basic functional unit of the kidney) can have a major impact on the kidney's ability to work efficiently. Progressive decline in kidney function can lead to serious illness and ultimately death if not treated by dialysis or transplantation. While there have been numerous studies that implicate lower nephron numbers as being an important factor in influencing susceptibility to developing hypertension and chronic kidney disease, a direct association has been difficult to establish because of three main limitations: 1) the large variation in nephron number observed in the human population; 2) no established reliable noninvasive methods to determine nephron complement; and 3) to date, nephron measurements have been done after death, which doesn't adequately account for potential loss of nephrons with age or disease. In this review, we will provide an overview of kidney structure/function, discuss the current literature for both humans and other species linking nephron deficiency and cardio-renal complications, as well as describe the major molecular signaling factors involved in nephrogenesis that modulate variation in nephron number. As more detailed knowledge about the molecular determinants of nephron development and the role of nephron endowment in the cardio-renal system is obtained, it will hopefully provide clinicians the ability to accurately identify people at risk to develop CKD/hypertension and lead to a shift in patient care from disease treatment to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and
| | - Michael R Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi; and .,Department of Medicine (Nephrology) and Pediatrics (Genetics), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Lin HY, Lee YT, Chan YW, Tse G. Animal models for the study of primary and secondary hypertension in humans. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:653-659. [PMID: 28105333 PMCID: PMC5228353 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is defined as systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP/DBP) >140 and 90 mmHg, respectively. Individuals with an SBP between 120 and 139, or DBP between 80 and 89 mmHg, are said to exhibit pre-hypertension. Hypertension can have primary or secondary causes. Primary or essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease caused by interacting environmental and polygenic factors. Secondary causes are renovascular hypertension, renal disease, endocrine disorders and other medical conditions. The aim of the present review article was to examine the different animal models that have been generated for studying the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying hypertension. Their advantages, disadvantages and limitations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Yin Wah Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1AG, UK
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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Kriz W, Lemley KV. A potential role for mechanical forces in the detachment of podocytes and the progression of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:258-69. [PMID: 25060060 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of podocytes underlies progression of CKD. Detachment of podocytes from the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) rather than apoptosis or necrosis seems to be the major mechanism of podocyte loss. Such detachment of viable podocytes may be caused by increased mechanical distending and shear forces and/or impaired adhesion to the GBM. This review considers the mechanical challenges that may lead to podocyte loss by detachment from the GBM under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, including glomerular hypertension, hyperfiltration, hypertrophy, and outflow of filtrate from subpodocyte spaces. Furthermore, we detail the cellular mechanisms by which podocytes respond to these challenges, discuss the protective effects of angiotensin blockade, and note the questions that must be addressed to better understand the relationship between podocyte detachment and progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Kriz
- Institutes of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology and Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; and
| | - Kevin V Lemley
- Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Wesseling S, Fledderus JO, Verhaar MC, Joles JA. Beneficial effects of diminished production of hydrogen sulfide or carbon monoxide on hypertension and renal injury induced by NO withdrawal. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:1607-19. [PMID: 24597655 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Whether NO, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) compensate for each other when one or more is depleted is unclear. Inhibiting NOS causes hypertension and kidney injury. Both global depletion of H2 S by cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) gene deletion and low levels of exogenous H2 S cause hypertension. Inhibiting CO-producing enzyme haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) makes rodents hypersensitive to hypertensive stimuli. We hypothesized that combined inhibition of NOS and HO-1 exacerbates hypertension and renal injury, but how combined inhibition of NOS and CSE affect hypertension and renal injury was unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were treated with inhibitors of NOS (L-nitroarginine; LNNA), CSE (DL-propargylglycine; PAG), or HO-1 (tin protoporphyrin; SnPP) singly for 1 or 4 weeks or in combinations for 4 weeks. KEY RESULTS LNNA always reduced NO, decreased H2 S and increased CO after 4 weeks. PAG abolished H2 S, always enhanced CO and reduced NO, but not when used in combination with other inhibitors. SnPP always increased NO, enhanced H2 S and inhibited CO after 1 week. Rats treated with LNNA, but not PAG and SnPP, rapidly developed hypertension followed by renal dysfunction. LNNA-induced hypertension was ameliorated and renal dysfunction prevented by all additional treatments. Renal HO-1 expression was increased by LNNA in injured tubules and increased in all tubules by all other treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The amelioration of LNNA-induced hypertension and renal injury by additional inhibition of H2 S and/or CO-producing enzymes appeared to be associated with secondary increases in renal CO or NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Yapislar H, Taskin E. L-carnosine alters some hemorheologic and lipid peroxidation parameters in nephrectomized rats. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:399-405. [PMID: 24614724 PMCID: PMC3958568 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem worldwide. Oxidative stress is one of the mediators of this disease. Systemic complications of oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, shortened erythrocyte lifespan, deformability, and nitric oxide (NO) dysfunction. L-carnosine is known as an antioxidant. In this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of carnosine on hemorheologic and cardiovascular parameters in CKD-induced rats. Material/Methods We used 4-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Three days after subtotal nephrectomy and sham operations, the surviving rats were divided into the 4 groups; 1) Sham (S), 2) Sham+Carnosine (S-C), 3) Subtotal nephrectomy (Nx), and 4) Subtotal nephrectomy + Carnosine (N-C). Carnosine was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) (50 mg/kg) for 15 days. The control group received the same volume of physiological saline. Results In CKD rats, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were increased, and NO and RBC deformability were decreased compared to Sham. Carnosine treatment decreased MDA levels, improved RBC (red blood cell) ability to deform, and increased NO levels. However, carnosine did not affect blood pressure levels in these rats. Conclusions We found that carnosine has beneficial effects on CKD in terms of lipid peroxidation and RBC deformability. Carnosine may have a healing effect in microcirculation level, but may not have any effect on systemic blood pressure in CKD-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Yapislar
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Bilim University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Eylem Taskin
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Istanbul Bilim University, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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