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Small-Sized Co-Polymers for Targeted Delivery of Multiple Imaging and Therapeutic Agents. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112996. [PMID: 34835760 PMCID: PMC8625475 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research has increasingly focused on the delivery of high, often excessive amounts of drugs, neglecting negative aspects of the carrier's physical preconditions and biocompatibility. Among them, little attention has been paid to "small but beautiful" design of vehicle and multiple cargo to achieve effortless targeted delivery into deep tissue. The design of small biopolymers for deep tissue targeted delivery of multiple imaging agents and therapeutics (mini-nano carriers) emphasizes linear flexible polymer platforms with a hydrodynamic diameter of 4 nm to 10 nm, geometrically favoring dynamic juxtaposition of ligands to host receptors, and economic drug content. Platforms of biodegradable, non-toxic poly(β-l-malic acid) of this size carrying multiple chemically bound, optionally nature-derived or synthetic affinity peptides and drugs for a variety of purposes are described in this review with specific examples. The size, shape, and multiple attachments to membrane sites accelerate vascular escape and fast blood clearance, as well as the increase in medical treatment and contrasts for tissue imaging. High affinity antibodies routinely considered for targeting, such as the brain through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are replaced by moderate affinity binding peptides (vectors), which penetrate at high influxes not achievable by antibodies.
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Multifunctional Nanopolymers for Blood-Brain Barrier Delivery and Inhibition of Glioblastoma Growth through EGFR/EGFRvIII, c-Myc, and PD-1. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112892. [PMID: 34835657 PMCID: PMC8621221 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain cancer in the pediatric and adult population. It is known as an untreatable tumor in urgent need of new therapeutic approaches. The objective of this work was to develop multifunctional nanomedicines to treat GBM in clinical practice using combination therapy for several targets. We developed multifunctional nanopolymers (MNPs) based on a naturally derived biopolymer, poly(β-L-malic) acid, which are suitable for central nervous system (CNS) treatment. These MNPs contain several anticancer functional moieties with the capacity of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB), targeting GBM cells and suppressing two important molecular markers, tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptors EGFR/EGFRvIII and c-Myc nuclear transcription factor. The reproducible syntheses of MNPs where monoclonal antibodies are replaced with AP-2 peptide for effective BBB delivery were presented. The active anticancer inhibitors of mRNA/protein syntheses were Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (AONs). Two ways of covalent AON-polymer attachments with and without disulfide bonds were explored. These MNPs bearing AONs to EGFR/EGFRvIII and c-Myc, as well as in a combination with the polymer-attached checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD-1 antibody, orchestrated a multi-pronged attack on intracranial mouse GBM to successfully block tumor growth and significantly increase survival of brain tumor-bearing animals.
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Novel nanopolymer RNA therapeutics normalize human diabetic corneal wound healing and epithelial stem cells. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102332. [PMID: 33181273 PMCID: PMC8107190 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human diabetic corneas develop delayed wound healing, epithelial stem cell dysfunction, recurrent erosions, and keratitis. Adenoviral gene therapy modulating c-Met, cathepsin F and MMP-10 normalized wound healing and epithelial stem cells in organ-cultured diabetic corneas but showed toxicity in stem cell-enriched cultured limbal epithelial cells (LECs). For a safer treatment, we engineered a novel nanobiopolymer (NBC) that carried antisense oligonucleotide (AON) RNA therapeutics suppressing cathepsin F or MMP-10, and miR-409-3p that inhibits c-Met. NBC was internalized by LECs through transferrin receptor (TfR)-mediated endocytosis, inhibited cathepsin F or MMP-10 and upregulated c-Met. Non-toxic NBC modulating c-Met and cathepsin F accelerated wound healing in diabetic LECs and organ-cultured corneas vs. control NBC. NBC treatment normalized levels of stem cell markers (keratins 15 and 17, ABCG2, and ΔNp63), and signaling mediators (p-EGFR, p-Akt and p-p38). Non-toxic nano RNA therapeutics thus present a safe alternative to viral gene therapy for normalizing diabetic corneal cells.
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Patil R, Galstyan A, Grodzinski ZB, Shatalova ES, Wagner S, Israel LL, Ding H, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. Single- and Multi-Arm Gadolinium MRI Contrast Agents for Targeted Imaging of Glioblastoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3057-3070. [PMID: 32431501 PMCID: PMC7200230 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s238265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Position of gadolinium atom(s) plays a key role in contrast enhancement of gadolinium-based contrast agents. To gain a better understanding of effects of distance of gadolinium in relation to the nanoconjugate platform, we designed and synthesized single- and multi-arm (“star”) gadolinium conjugates equipped with antibody and peptides for targeting. The contrast agents were studied for their tumor imaging performance in a glioma mouse model. Materials and Methods Antibody- and peptide-targeted nano contrast agents (NCAs) were synthesized using polymalic acid platforms of different sizes. Gadolinium-DOTA and intermediates were attached as amides and targeting agents such as antibodies and peptides as thioethers. For in vivo experiments, we used human U87MG xenografts as glioma models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on a Bruker BioSpec 94/20USR 9.4 T small-animal scanner. Delivery of contrast agents across the blood–brain barrier was studied by fluorescent microscopy. Results All contrast agents accumulated into tumor and showed composition-dependent imaging performance. Peptide-targeted mini-NCAs had hydrodynamic diameters in the range 5.2–9.4 nm and antibody-targeted NCAs had diameters in the range 15.8–20.5 nm. Zeta potentials were in the range of –5.4–−8.2 mV and −4.6–−8.8 mV, respectively. NCAs showed superior relaxivities compared to MultiHance at 9.4 T. The signal enhancement indicated maximum accumulation in tumor 30–60 minutes after intravenous injection of the mouse tail vein. Only targeted NCAs were retained in tumor for up to 3 hours and displayed contrast enhancement. Conclusion The novel targeted NCAs with star-PEG features displayed improved relaxivity and greater contrast compared with commercial MultiHance contrast agent. The enhancement by mini-NCAs showed clearance of tumor contrast after 3 hours providing a suitable time window for tumor diagnosis in clinics. The technology provides a great tool with the promise of differential MRI diagnosis of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Patil
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zachary B Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina S Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Oncology Translational Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Israel LL, Galstyan A, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for imaging, targeting and treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain. J Control Release 2020; 320:45-62. [PMID: 31923537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles in general, and iron oxide nanoparticles in particular, have been studied extensively during the past 20 years for numerous biomedical applications. The main applications of these nanoparticles are in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic targeting, gene and drug delivery, magnetic hyperthermia for tumor treatment, and manipulation of the immune system by macrophage polarization for cancer treatment. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to magnetic particle imaging (MPI) because of its better sensitivity compared to MRI. In recent years, MRI and MPI have been combined as a dual or multimodal imaging method to enhance the signal in the brain for the early detection and treatment of brain pathologies. Because magnetic and iron oxide nanoparticles are so diverse and can be used in multiple applications such as imaging or therapy, they have attractive features for brain delivery. However, the greatest limitations for the use of MRI/MPI for imaging and treatment are in brain delivery, with one of these limitations being the brain-blood barrier (BBB). This review addresses the current status, chemical compositions, advantages and disadvantages, toxicity and most importantly the future directions for the delivery of iron oxide based substances across the blood-brain barrier for targeting, imaging and therapy of primary and metastatic tumors of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Galstyan A, Markman JL, Shatalova ES, Chiechi A, Korman AJ, Patil R, Klymyshyn D, Tourtellotte WG, Israel LL, Braubach O, Ljubimov VA, Mashouf LA, Ramesh A, Grodzinski ZB, Penichet ML, Black KL, Holler E, Sun T, Ding H, Ljubimov AV, Ljubimova JY. Blood-brain barrier permeable nano immunoconjugates induce local immune responses for glioma therapy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3850. [PMID: 31462642 PMCID: PMC6713723 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glioma treatment with checkpoint inhibitor antibodies to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (a-CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (a-PD-1) was largely unsuccessful due to their inability to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here we describe targeted nanoscale immunoconjugates (NICs) on natural biopolymer scaffold, poly(β-L-malic acid), with covalently attached a-CTLA-4 or a-PD-1 for systemic delivery across the BBB and activation of local brain anti-tumor immune response. NIC treatment of mice bearing intracranial GL261 glioblastoma (GBM) results in an increase of CD8+ T cells, NK cells and macrophages with a decrease of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the brain tumor area. Survival of GBM-bearing mice treated with NIC combination is significantly longer compared to animals treated with single checkpoint inhibitor-bearing NICs or free a-CTLA-4 and a-PD-1. Our study demonstrates trans-BBB delivery of tumor-targeted polymer-conjugated checkpoint inhibitors as an effective GBM treatment via activation of both systemic and local privileged brain tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Janet L Markman
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ekaterina S Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Alan J Korman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Dmytro Klymyshyn
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Warren G Tourtellotte
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., ST 8719, West Hollywood, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Leila A Mashouf
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Arshia Ramesh
- University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 621 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zachary B Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 611 Charles E Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 10940 Wilshire Blvd Suite 960, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.,The California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 570 Westwood Plaza Building 114, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93040, Germany
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, AHSP, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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7
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Patil R, Galstyan A, Sun T, Shatalova ES, Butte P, Mamelak AN, Carico C, Kittle DS, Grodzinski ZB, Chiechi A, Ding H, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. Polymalic acid chlorotoxin nanoconjugate for near-infrared fluorescence guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme. Biomaterials 2019; 206:146-159. [PMID: 30933776 PMCID: PMC6574176 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Maximal surgical resection of glioma remains the single most effective treatment. Tools to guide the resection while avoiding removal of normal brain tissues can aid surgeons in achieving optimal results. One strategy to achieve this goal is to rely upon interoperative fluorescence staining of tumor cells in vivo, that can be visualized by the surgeon during resection. Towards this goal we have designed a biodegradable fluorescent mini nano imaging agent (NIA) with high specificity for U87MG glioma cells and previously unmet high light emission. The NIA is the conjugate of polymalic acid (PMLA) with chlorotoxin for tumor targeting, indocyanine green (ICG) for NIR fluorescence and the tri-leucin peptide as fluorescence enhancer. PMLA as a multivalent platform carries several molecules of ICG and the other ligands. The NIA recognizes multiple sites on glioma cell surface, demonstrated by the effects of single and combined competitors. Systemic IV injection into xenogeneic mouse model carrying human U87MG glioblastoma indicated vivid tumor cell binding and internalization of NIA resulting in intensive and long-lasting tumor fluorescence. The NIA is shown to greatly improve tumor removal supporting its utility in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Patil
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ekaterina S Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pramod Butte
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christine Carico
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - David S Kittle
- Blaze Bioscience, Inc. Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Zachary B Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L Black
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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8
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Israel LL, Braubach O, Galstyan A, Chiechi A, Shatalova ES, Grodzinski Z, Ding H, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. A Combination of Tri-Leucine and Angiopep-2 Drives a Polyanionic Polymalic Acid Nanodrug Platform Across the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1253-1271. [PMID: 30633492 PMCID: PMC7641102 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major problems facing the treatment of neurological disorders is the poor delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain. Our goal is to develop a multifunctional and biodegradable nanodrug delivery system that crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to access brain tissues affected by neurological disease. In this study, we synthesized a biodegradable nontoxic β-poly(l-malic acid) (PMLA or P) as a scaffold to chemically bind the BBB crossing peptides Angiopep-2 (AP2), MiniAp-4 (M4), and the transferrin receptor ligands cTfRL and B6. In addition, a trileucine endosome escape unit (LLL) and a fluorescent marker (rhodamine or rh) were attached to the PMLA backbone. The pharmacokinetics, BBB penetration, and biodistribution of nanoconjugates were studied in different brain regions and at multiple time points via optical imaging. The optimal nanoconjugate, P/LLL/AP2/rh, produced significant fluorescence in the parenchyma of cortical layers II/III, the midbrain colliculi, and the hippocampal CA1-3 cellular layers 30 min after a single intravenous injection; clearance was observed after 4 h. The nanoconjugate variant P/LLL/rh lacking AP2, or the variant P/AP2/rh lacking LLL, showed significantly less BBB penetration. The LLL moiety appeared to stabilize the nanoconjugate, while AP2 enhanced BBB penetration. Finally, nanoconjugates containing the peptides M4, cTfRL, and B6 displayed comparably little and/or inconsistent infiltration of brain parenchyma, likely due to reduced trans-BBB movement. P/LLL/AP2/rh can now be functionalized with intra-brain targeting and drug treatment moieties that are aimed at molecular pathways implicated in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L. Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Ekaterina S. Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Zachary Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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9
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Sun T, Patil R, Galstyan A, Klymyshyn D, Ding H, Chesnokova A, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB, Ljubimov VA, Shatalova ES, Wagner S, Li D, Mamelak AN, Bannykh SI, Patil CG, Rudnick JD, Hu J, Grodzinski ZB, Rekechenetskiy A, Falahatian V, Lyubimov AV, Chen YL, Leoh LS, Daniels-Wells TR, Penichet ML, Holler E, Ljubimov AV, Black KL, Ljubimova JY. Blockade of a Laminin-411-Notch Axis with CRISPR/Cas9 or a Nanobioconjugate Inhibits Glioblastoma Growth through Tumor-Microenvironment Cross-talk. Cancer Res 2019; 79:1239-1251. [PMID: 30659021 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The extracellular matrix, including laminins, in the tumor microenvironment is important for tumor invasion and progression. In a panel of 226 patient brain glioma samples, we found a clinical correlation between the expression of tumor vascular laminin-411 (α4β1γ1) with higher tumor grade and with expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, including Notch pathway members, CD133, Nestin, and c-Myc. Laminin-411 overexpression also correlated with higher recurrence rate and shorter survival of GBM patients. We also showed that depletion of laminin-411 α4 and β1 chains with CRISPR/Cas9 in human GBM cells led to reduced growth of resultant intracranial tumors in mice and significantly increased survival of host animals compared with mice with untreated cells. Inhibition of laminin-411 suppressed Notch pathway in normal and malignant human brain cell types. A nanobioconjugate potentially suitable for clinical use and capable of crossing blood-brain barrier was designed to block laminin-411 expression. Nanobioconjugate treatment of mice carrying intracranial GBM significantly increased animal survival and inhibited multiple CSC markers, including the Notch axis. This study describes an efficient strategy for GBM treatment via targeting a critical component of the tumor microenvironment largely independent of heterogeneous genetic mutations in glioblastoma.Significance: Laminin-411 expression in the glioma microenvironment correlates with Notch and other cancer stem cell markers and can be targeted by a novel, clinically translatable nanobioconjugate to inhibit glioma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dmytro Klymyshyn
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexandra Chesnokova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ekaterina S Shatalova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam N Mamelak
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Serguei I Bannykh
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chirag G Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jeremy D Rudnick
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jethro Hu
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zachary B Grodzinski
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Vida Falahatian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP), Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alexander V Lyubimov
- Toxicology Research Laboratory (TRL), Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yongmei L Chen
- Toxicology Research Laboratory (TRL), Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lai S Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, AIDS Institute, the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Keith L Black
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. .,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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10
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Ljubimova JY, Sun T, Mashouf L, Ljubimov AV, Israel LL, Ljubimov VA, Falahatian V, Holler E. Covalent nano delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of brain tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:177-200. [PMID: 28606739 PMCID: PMC5578712 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine is a rapidly evolving form of therapy that holds a great promise for superior drug delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy than conventional cancer treatment. In this review, we attempt to cover the benefits and the limitations of current nanomedicines with special attention to covalent nano conjugates for imaging and drug delivery in the brain. The improvement in brain tumor treatment remains dismal despite decades of efforts in drug development and patient care. One of the major obstacles in brain cancer treatment is the poor drug delivery efficiency owing to the unique blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the CNS. Although various anti-cancer agents are available to treat tumors outside of the CNS, the majority fails to cross the BBB. In this regard, nanomedicines have increasingly drawn attention due to their multi-functionality and versatility. Nano drugs can penetrate BBB and other biological barriers, and selectively accumulate in tumor cells, while concurrently decreasing systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Tao Sun
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leila Mashouf
- Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Liron L Israel
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Vida Falahatian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP), 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102, Hock Plaza Box 2721, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., AHSP, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie, Universität Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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11
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Chou ST, Patil R, Galstyan A, Gangalum PR, Cavenee WK, Furnari FB, Ljubimov VA, Chesnokova A, Kramerov AA, Ding H, Falahatian V, Mashouf L, Fox I, Black KL, Holler E, Ljubimov AV, Ljubimova JY. Simultaneous blockade of interacting CK2 and EGFR pathways by tumor-targeting nanobioconjugates increases therapeutic efficacy against glioblastoma multiforme. J Control Release 2016; 244:14-23. [PMID: 27825958 PMCID: PMC5308909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains the deadliest brain tumor in adults. GBM tumors are also notorious for drug and radiation resistance. To inhibit GBMs more effectively, polymalic acid-based blood-brain barrier crossing nanobioconjugates were synthesized that are delivered to the cytoplasm of cancer cells and specifically inhibit the master regulator serine/threonine protein kinase CK2 and the wild-type/mutated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/EGFRvIII), which are overexpressed in gliomas according to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) GBM database. Two xenogeneic mouse models bearing intracranial human GBMs from cell lines LN229 and U87MG that expressed both CK2 and EGFR at different levels were used. Simultaneous knockdown of CK2α and EGFR/EGFRvIII suppressed their downstream prosurvival signaling. Treatment also markedly reduced the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a negative regulator of cytotoxic lymphocytes. Downregulation of CK2 and EGFR also caused deactivation of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) co-chaperone Cdc37, which may suppress the activity of key cellular kinases. Inhibition of either target was associated with downregulation of the other target as well, which may underlie the increased efficacy of the dual nanobioconjugate that is directed against both CK2 and EGFR. Importantly, the single nanodrugs, and especially the dual nanodrug, markedly suppressed the expression of the cancer stem cell markers c-Myc, CD133, and nestin, which could contribute to the efficacy of the treatments. In both tumor models, the nanobioconjugates significantly increased (up to 2-fold) animal survival compared with the PBS-treated control group. The versatile nanobioconjugates developed in this study, with the abilities of anti-cancer drug delivery across biobarriers and the inhibition of key tumor regulators, offer a promising nanotherapeutic approach to treat GBMs, and to potentially prevent drug resistance and retard the recurrence of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ting Chou
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pallavi R Gangalum
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra Chesnokova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vida Falahatian
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Biostatistic and Bioinformatics Clinical Research Training Program ( CRTP )
| | | | - Irving Fox
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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12
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Ding H, Gangalum PR, Galstyan A, Fox I, Patil R, Hubbard P, Murali R, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. HER2-positive breast cancer targeting and treatment by a peptide-conjugated mini nanodrug. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:631-639. [PMID: 27520726 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HER2+ breast cancer is one of the most aggressive forms of breast cancer. The new polymalic acid-based mini nanodrug copolymers are synthesized and specifically characterized to inhibit growth of HER2+ breast cancer. These mini nanodrugs are highly effective and in the clinic may substitute for trastuzumab (the marketed therapeutic antibody) and antibody-targeted nanobioconjugates. Novel mini nanodrugs are designed to have slender shape and small size. HER2+ cells were recognized by the polymer-attached trastuzumab-mimetic 12-mer peptide. Synthesis of the nascent cell-transmembrane HER2/neu receptors by HER2+ cells was inhibited by antisense oligonucleotides that prevented cancer cell proliferation and significantly reduced tumor size by more than 15 times vs. untreated control or PBS-treated group. We emphasize that the shape and size of mini nanodrugs can enhance penetration of multiple bio-barriers to facilitate highly effective treatment. Replacement of trastuzumab by the mimetic peptide favors reduced production costs and technical efforts, and a negligible immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pallavi R Gangalum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irving Fox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Hubbard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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13
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Simon T, Tomuleasa C, Bojan A, Berindan-Neagoe I, Boca S, Astilean S. Design of FLT3 Inhibitor - Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates as Potential Therapeutic Agents for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:466. [PMID: 26625890 PMCID: PMC4666845 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Releasing drug molecules at the targeted location could increase the clinical outcome of a large number of anti-tumor treatments which require low systemic damage and low side effects. Nano-carriers of drugs show great potential for such task due to their capability of accumulating and releasing their payload specifically, at the tumor site. RESULTS FLT3 inhibitor - gold nanoparticle conjugates were fabricated to serve as vehicles for the delivery of anti-tumor drugs. Lestaurtinib, midostaurin, sorafenib, and quizartinib were selected among the FLT3 inhibitor drugs that are currently used in clinics for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. The drugs were loaded onto nanoparticle surface using a conjugation strategy based on hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions with the Pluronic co-polymer used as nanoparticle surface coating. Optical absorption characterization of the particles in solution showed that FLT3 inhibitor-incorporated gold nanoparticles were uniformly distributed and chemically stable regardless of the drug content. Drug loading study revealed a high drug content in the case of midostaurin drug which also showed increased stability. Drug release test in simulated cancer cell conditions demonstrated more than 56 % release of the entrapped drug, a result that correlates well with the superior cytotoxicity of the nano-conjugates comparatively with the free drug. CONCLUSIONS This is a pioneering study regarding the efficient loading of gold nanoparticles with selected FLT3 inhibitors. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment shows that FLT3-incorporated gold nanoparticles are promising candidates as vehicles for anti-tumor drugs and demonstrate superior therapeutic effect comparatively with the bare drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timea Simon
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences and Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Bulevardul 21 Decembrie 1918 Nr 73, 400124, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu Street 23, 40015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Anca Bojan
- Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Bulevardul 21 Decembrie 1918 Nr 73, 400124, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Marinescu Street 23, 40015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Sanda Boca
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences and Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Simion Astilean
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences and Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University, T. Laurian 42, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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14
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Patil R, Ljubimov AV, Gangalum PR, Ding H, Portilla-Arias J, Wagner S, Inoue S, Konda B, Rekechenetskiy A, Chesnokova A, Markman JL, Ljubimov VA, Li D, Prasad RS, Black KL, Holler E, Ljubimova JY. MRI virtual biopsy and treatment of brain metastatic tumors with targeted nanobioconjugates: nanoclinic in the brain. ACS NANO 2015; 9:5594-608. [PMID: 25906400 PMCID: PMC4768903 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enhancement(s) remains a significant problem, which may be difficult to resolve without biopsy, which can be often dangerous or even impossible. Such MRI enhancement(s) can result from metastasis of primary tumors such as lung or breast, radiation necrosis, infections, or a new primary brain tumor (glioma, meningioma). Neurological symptoms are often the same on initial presentation. To develop a more precise noninvasive MRI diagnostic method, we have engineered a new class of poly(β-l-malic acid) polymeric nanoimaging agents (NIAs). The NIAs carrying attached MRI tracer are able to pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and specifically target cancer cells for efficient imaging. A qualitative/quantitative "MRI virtual biopsy" method is based on a nanoconjugate carrying MRI contrast agent gadolinium-DOTA and antibodies recognizing tumor-specific markers and extravasating through the BBB. In newly developed double tumor xenogeneic mouse models of brain metastasis this noninvasive method allowed differential diagnosis of HER2- and EGFR-expressing brain tumors. After MRI diagnosis, breast and lung cancer brain metastases were successfully treated with similar tumor-targeted nanoconjugates carrying molecular inhibitors of EGFR or HER2 instead of imaging contrast agent. The treatment resulted in a significant increase in animal survival and markedly reduced immunostaining for several cancer stem cell markers. Novel NIAs could be useful for brain diagnostic MRI in the clinic without currently performed brain biopsies. This technology shows promise for differential MRI diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases and other pathologies when biopsies are difficult to perform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alexander V. Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Pallavi R. Gangalum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Jose Portilla-Arias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Shawn Wagner
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Bindu Konda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Arthur Rekechenetskiy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Alexandra Chesnokova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Janet L. Markman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Vladimir A. Ljubimov
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Debiao Li
- Biomedical Imaging Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ravi S. Prasad
- Department of Imaging, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Julia Y. Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Arrogene Inc., Los Angeles, California, United States
- Address correspondence to
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15
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Ding H, Patil R, Portilla-Arias J, Black KL, Ljubimova JY, Holler E. Quantitative analysis of PMLA nanoconjugate components after backbone cleavage. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8607-20. [PMID: 25894227 PMCID: PMC4425099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional polymer nanoconjugates containing multiple components show great promise in cancer therapy, but in most cases complete analysis of each component is difficult. Polymalic acid (PMLA) based nanoconjugates have demonstrated successful brain and breast cancer treatment. They consist of multiple components including targeting antibodies, Morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (AONs), and endosome escape moieties. The component analysis of PMLA nanoconjugates is extremely difficult using conventional spectrometry and HPLC method. Taking advantage of the nature of polyester of PMLA, which can be cleaved by ammonium hydroxide, we describe a method to analyze the content of antibody and AON within nanoconjugates simultaneously using SEC-HPLC by selectively cleaving the PMLA backbone. The selected cleavage conditions only degrade PMLA without affecting the integrity and biological activity of the antibody. Although the amount of antibody could also be determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) method, our selective cleavage method gives more reliable results and is more powerful. Our approach provides a new direction for the component analysis of polymer nanoconjugates and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Jose Portilla-Arias
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 N. 127 S. San Vincente, Advanced Health Science Pavilion A8220, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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