1
|
Gorlewicz A, Pijet B, Orlova K, Kaczmarek L, Knapska E. Epileptiform GluN2B–driven excitation in hippocampus as a therapeutic target against temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2022; 354:114087. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
2
|
Functional Characterization of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Models of the Brain with Microelectrode Arrays. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010106. [PMID: 35011667 PMCID: PMC8750870 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived neuron cultures have emerged as models of electrical activity in the human brain. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) measure changes in the extracellular electric potential of cell cultures or tissues and enable the recording of neuronal network activity. MEAs have been applied to both human subjects and hPSC-derived brain models. Here, we review the literature on the functional characterization of hPSC-derived two- and three-dimensional brain models with MEAs and examine their network function in physiological and pathological contexts. We also summarize MEA results from the human brain and compare them to the literature on MEA recordings of hPSC-derived brain models. MEA recordings have shown network activity in two-dimensional hPSC-derived brain models that is comparable to the human brain and revealed pathology-associated changes in disease models. Three-dimensional hPSC-derived models such as brain organoids possess a more relevant microenvironment, tissue architecture and potential for modeling the network activity with more complexity than two-dimensional models. hPSC-derived brain models recapitulate many aspects of network function in the human brain and provide valid disease models, but certain advancements in differentiation methods, bioengineering and available MEA technology are needed for these approaches to reach their full potential.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Neuroelectrophysiology is an old science, dating to the 18th century when electrical activity in nerves was discovered. Such discoveries have led to a variety of neurophysiological techniques, ranging from basic neuroscience to clinical applications. These clinical applications allow assessment of complex neurological functions such as (but not limited to) sensory perception (vision, hearing, somatosensory function), and muscle function. The ability to use similar techniques in both humans and animal models increases the ability to perform mechanistic research to investigate neurological problems. Good animal to human homology of many neurophysiological systems facilitates interpretation of data to provide cause-effect linkages to epidemiological findings. Mechanistic cellular research to screen for toxicity often includes gaps between cellular and whole animal/person neurophysiological changes, preventing understanding of the complete function of the nervous system. Building Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) will allow us to begin to identify brain regions, timelines, neurotransmitters, etc. that may be Key Events (KE) in the Adverse Outcomes (AO). This requires an integrated strategy, from in vitro to in vivo (and hypothesis generation, testing, revision). Scientists need to determine intermediate levels of nervous system organization that are related to an AO and work both upstream and downstream using mechanistic approaches. Possibly more than any other organ, the brain will require networks of pathways/AOPs to allow sufficient predictive accuracy. Advancements in neurobiological techniques should be incorporated into these AOP-base neurotoxicological assessments, including interactions between many regions of the brain simultaneously. Coupled with advancements in optogenetic manipulation, complex functions of the nervous system (such as acquisition, attention, sensory perception, etc.) can be examined in real time. The integration of neurophysiological changes with changes in gene/protein expression can begin to provide the mechanistic underpinnings for biological changes. Establishment of linkages between changes in cellular physiology and those at the level of the AO will allow construction of biological pathways (AOPs) and allow development of higher throughput assays to test for changes to critical physiological circuits. To allow mechanistic/predictive toxicology of the nervous system to be protective of human populations, neuroelectrophysiology has a critical role in our future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W Herr
- Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, CPHEA/ORD, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cogo A, Mangin G, Maïer B, Callebert J, Mazighi M, Chabriat H, Launay JM, Huberfeld G, Kubis N. Increased serum QUIN/KYNA is a reliable biomarker of post-stroke cognitive decline. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:7. [PMID: 33588894 PMCID: PMC7885563 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strokes are becoming less severe due to increased numbers of intensive care units and improved treatments. As patients survive longer, post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has become a major health public issue. Diabetes has been identified as an independent predictive factor for PSCI. Here, we characterized a clinically relevant mouse model of PSCI, induced by permanent cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic mice, and investigated whether a reliable biomarker of PSCI may emerge from the kynurenine pathway which has been linked to inflammatory processes. METHODS Cortical infarct was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in male diabetic mice (streptozotocin IP). Six weeks later, cognitive assessment was performed using the Barnes maze, hippocampi long-term potentiation using microelectrodes array recordings, and neuronal death, white matter rarefaction and microglia/macrophages density assessed in both hemispheres using imunohistochemistry. Brain and serum metabolites of the kynurenin pathway were measured using HPLC and mass fragmentography. At last, these same metabolites were measured in the patient's serum, at the acute phase of stroke, to determine if they could predict PSCI 3 months later. RESULTS We found long-term spatial memory was impaired in diabetic mice 6 weeks after stroke induction. Synaptic plasticity was completely suppressed in both hippocampi along with increased neuronal death, white matter rarefaction in both striatum, and increased microglial/macrophage density in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Brain and serum quinolinic acid concentrations and quinolinic acid over kynurenic acid ratios were significantly increased compared to control, diabetic and non-diabetic ischemic mice, where PSCI was absent. These putative serum biomarkers were strongly correlated with degradation of long-term memory, neuronal death, microglia/macrophage infiltration and white matter rarefaction. Moreover, we identified these same serum biomarkers as potential predictors of PSCI in a pilot study of stroke patients. CONCLUSIONS we have established and characterized a new model of PSCI, functionally and structurally, and we have shown that the QUIN/KYNA ratio could be used as a surrogate biomarker of PSCI, which may now be tested in large prospective studies of stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cogo
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, F-75018 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965, CART, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Gabrielle Mangin
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, F-75018 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965, CART, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Maïer
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965, CART, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S 942; Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Mikael Mazighi
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, F-75018 Paris, France
- Service de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Hughes Chabriat
- Service de Neurologie, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Launay
- Université de Paris, Inserm UMR-S 942; Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Moléculaire, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Huberfeld
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex Memolife, PSL Research University, F-75005 Paris, France
- Clinical Neurophysiology department, APHP, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne Université, APHP, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Kubis
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, F-75018 Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM U965, CART, F-75010 Paris, France
- Service de Physiologie Clinique-Explorations Fonctionnelles, DMU DREAM, APHP, Hôpital Lariboisière, F-75010 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suarez-Castellanos IM, Dossi E, Vion-Bailly J, Salette L, Chapelon JY, Carpentier A, Huberfeld G, N'Djin WA. Spatio-temporal characterization of causal electrophysiological activity stimulated by single pulse Focused Ultrasound: an ex vivo study on hippocampal brain slices. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 33494078 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abdfb1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The brain operates via generation, transmission and integration of neuronal signals and most neurological disorders are related to perturbation of these processes. Neurostimulation by Focused Ultrasound (FUS) is a promising technology with potential to rival other clinically-used techniques for the investigation of brain function and treatment of numerous neurological diseases. The purpose of this study was to characterize spatial and temporal aspects of causal electrophysiological signals directly stimulated by short, single pulses of focused ultrasound (FUS) on ex vivo mouse hippocampal brain slices. APPROACH MicroElectrode Arrays (MEA) are used to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of extracellular neuronal activities both at the single neuron and neural networks scales. Hence, MEAs provide an excellent platform for characterization of electrical activity generated, modulated and transmitted in response to FUS exposure. In this study, a novel mixed FUS/MEA platform was designed for the spatio-temporal description of the causal responses generated by single 1.78 MHz FUS pulses in ex vivo mouse hippocampal brain slices. MAIN RESULTS Our results show that FUS pulses can generate local field potentials (LFPs), sustained by synchronized neuronal post-synaptic potentials, and reproducing network activities. LFPs induced by FUS stimulation were found to be repeatable to consecutive FUS pulses though exhibiting a wide range of amplitudes (50 - 600 µV), durations (20 - 200 ms), and response delays (10 - 60 ms). Moreover, LFPs were spread across the hippocampal slice following single FUS pulses thus demonstrating that FUS may be capable of stimulating different neural structures within the hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE Current knowledge on neurostimulation by ultrasound describes neuronal activity generated by trains of repetitive ultrasound pulses. This novel study details the causal neural responses produced by single-pulse FUS neurostimulation while illustrating the distribution and propagation properties of this neural activity along major neural pathways of the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Dossi
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, 75231, FRANCE
| | | | - Lea Salette
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, 75231, FRANCE
| | - Jean-Yves Chapelon
- U1032 Therapeutic Applications of Ultrasound, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, 69003, FRANCE
| | - Alexandre Carpentier
- AP-HP, Neurosurgery department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, , 47-83 Bd de l'Hôpital, Lyon, 75013, FRANCE
| | - Gilles Huberfeld
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, 75231, FRANCE
| | - William Apoutou N'Djin
- U1032 Therapeutic Applications of Ultrasound, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), 151 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, 69003, FRANCE
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Panuccio G, Colombi I, Chiappalone M. Recording and Modulation of Epileptiform Activity in Rodent Brain Slices Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29863681 PMCID: PMC6101224 DOI: 10.3791/57548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common partial complex epileptic syndrome and the least responsive to medications. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a promising approach when pharmacological treatment fails or neurosurgery is not recommended. Acute brain slices coupled to microelectrode arrays (MEAs) represent a valuable tool to study neuronal network interactions and their modulation by electrical stimulation. As compared to conventional extracellular recording techniques, they provide the added advantages of a greater number of observation points and a known inter-electrode distance, which allow studying the propagation path and speed of electrophysiological signals. However, tissue oxygenation may be greatly impaired during MEA recording, requiring a high perfusion rate, which comes at the cost of decreased signal-to-noise ratio and higher oscillations in the experimental temperature. Electrical stimulation further stresses the brain tissue, making it difficult to pursue prolonged recording/stimulation epochs. Moreover, electrical modulation of brain slice activity needs to target specific structures/pathways within the brain slice, requiring that electrode mapping be easily and quickly performed live during the experiment. Here, we illustrate how to perform the recording and electrical modulation of 4-aminopyridine (4AP)-induced epileptiform activity in rodent brain slices using planar MEAs. We show that the brain tissue obtained from mice outperforms rat brain tissue and is thus better suited for MEA experiments. This protocol guarantees the generation and maintenance of a stable epileptiform pattern that faithfully reproduces the electrophysiological features observed with conventional field potential recording, persists for several hours, and outlasts sustained electrical stimulation for prolonged epochs. Tissue viability throughout the experiment is achieved thanks to the use of a small-volume custom recording chamber allowing for laminar flow and quick solution exchange even at low (1 mL/min) perfusion rates. Quick MEA mapping for real-time monitoring and selection of stimulating electrodes is performed by a custom graphic user interface (GUI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Panuccio
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia;
| | - Ilaria Colombi
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jozwiak S, Becker A, Cepeda C, Engel J, Gnatkovsky V, Huberfeld G, Kaya M, Kobow K, Simonato M, Loeb JA. WONOEP appraisal: Development of epilepsy biomarkers-What we can learn from our patients? Epilepsia 2017; 58:951-961. [PMID: 28387933 PMCID: PMC5806696 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current medications for patients with epilepsy work in only two of three patients. For those medications that do work, they only suppress seizures. They treat the symptoms, but do not modify the underlying disease, forcing patients to take these drugs with significant side effects, often for the rest of their lives. A major limitation in our ability to advance new therapeutics that permanently prevent, reduce the frequency of, or cure epilepsy comes from a lack of understanding of the disease coupled with a lack of reliable biomarkers that can predict who has or who will get epilepsy. METHODS The main goal of this report is to present a number of approaches for identifying reliable biomarkers from observing patients with brain disorders that have a high probability of producing epilepsy. RESULTS A given biomarker, or more likely a profile of biomarkers, will have both a quantity and a time course during epileptogenesis that can be used to predict who will get the disease, to confirm epilepsy as a diagnosis, to identify coexisting pathologies, and to monitor the course of treatments. SIGNIFICANCE Additional studies in patients and animal models could identify common and clinically valuable biomarkers to successfully translate animal studies into new and effective clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergiusz Jozwiak
- Department of Child Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Child Neurology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Albert Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- IDDRC, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences and the Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Vadym Gnatkovsky
- Unit of Epilepsy and Experimental Neurophysiology, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Gilles Huberfeld
- Sorbonne and UPMC University, AP-HP, Department of Neurophysiology, UPMC and La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- INSERM U1129, Paris Descartes University, PRES Sorbonne Paris, Cité, Paris, CEA, France
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koc University School of Medicine, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariver, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michele Simonato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and Division of Neuroscience, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A. Loeb
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lesional cerebellar epilepsy: a review of the evidence. J Neurol 2016; 264:1-10. [PMID: 27260293 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical teaching in epileptology localizes the origins of focal seizures solely in the cerebral cortex, with only inhibitory effects attributed to subcortical structures. However, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies over the last decades now provide evidence for an initiation of epileptic seizures within subcortical structures. Intrinsic epileptogenicity of hypothalamic hamartoma has already been established in recognition of subcortical epilepsy, whereas a seizure-generating impact of dysplastic cerebellar lesions remains to be clarified. Herein, we examine the supportive evidence and clinical presentation of cerebellar seizures and review therapy options.
Collapse
|
9
|
Huberfeld G, Blauwblomme T, Miles R. Hippocampus and epilepsy: Findings from human tissues. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2015; 171:236-51. [PMID: 25724711 PMCID: PMC4409112 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2015.01.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surgical removal of the epileptogenic zone provides an effective therapy for several focal epileptic syndromes. This surgery offers the opportunity to study pathological activity in living human tissue for pharmacoresistant partial epilepsy syndromes including temporal lobe epilepsies with hippocampal sclerosis, cortical dysplasias, epilepsies associated with tumors and developmental malformations. Slices of tissue from patients with these syndromes retain functional neuronal networks and may generate epileptic activities. The properties of cells in this tissue may not be greatly changed, but excitatory synaptic transmission is often enhanced and GABAergic inhibition is preserved. Typically epileptic activity is not generated spontaneously by the neocortex, whether dysplastic or not, but can be induced by convulsants. The initiation of ictal discharges in the neocortex depends on both GABAergic signaling and increased extracellular potassium. In contrast, a spontaneous interictal-like activity is generated by tissues from patients with temporal lobe epilepsies associated with hippocampal sclerosis. This activity is initiated, not in the hippocampus but in the subiculum, an output region, which projects to the entorhinal cortex. Interictal events seem to be triggered by GABAergic cells, which paradoxically excite about 20% of subicular pyramidal cells while simultaneously inhibiting the majority. Interictal discharges thus depend on both GABAergic and glutamatergic signaling. The depolarizing effects of GABA depend on a pathological elevation in levels of chloride in some subicular cells, similar to those of developmentally immature cells. Such defect is caused by a perturbed expression of the cotransporters regulating intracellular chloride concentration, the importer NKCC1 and the extruder KCC2. Blockade of NKCC1 actions by the diuretic bumetanide restores intracellular chloride and thus hyperpolarizing GABAergic actions and consequently suppressing interictal activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Huberfeld
- Département de neurophysiologie, Sorbonne universités, UPMC - université Paris 06, UPMC, CHU de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France; INSERM Unit U1129 Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - T Blauwblomme
- INSERM Unit U1129 Infantile Epilepsies and Brain Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CEA, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Neurosurgery Department, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, 12, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - R Miles
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne universités, UPMC - université Paris 6 UMR S1127, Institut du cerveau et de la moelle épinière, 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|