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Bai H, Varsanik MA, Thaxton C, Ohashi Y, Gonzalez L, Zhang W, Aoyagi Y, Kano M, Yatsula B, Li Z, Pocivavsek L, Dardik A. Disturbed flow in the juxta-anastomotic area of an arteriovenous fistula correlates with endothelial loss, acute thrombus formation, and neointimal hyperplasia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H1446-H1461. [PMID: 38578237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00054.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Clinical failure of arteriovenous neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) fistulae (AVF) is frequently due to juxta-anastomotic NIH (JANIH). Although the mouse AVF model recapitulates human AVF maturation, previous studies focused on the outflow vein distal to the anastomosis. We hypothesized that the juxta-anastomotic area (JAA) has increased NIH compared with the outflow vein. AVF was created in C57BL/6 mice without or with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Temporal and spatial changes of the JAA were examined using histology and immunofluorescence. Computational techniques were used to model the AVF. RNA-seq and bioinformatic analyses were performed to compare the JAA with the outflow vein. The jugular vein to carotid artery AVF model was created in Wistar rats. The neointima in the JAA shows increased volume compared with the outflow vein. Computational modeling shows an increased volume of disturbed flow at the JAA compared with the outflow vein. Endothelial cells are immediately lost from the wall contralateral to the fistula exit, followed by thrombus formation and JANIH. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of the 1,862 differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the JANIH and the outflow vein identified 525 overexpressed genes. The rat jugular vein to carotid artery AVF showed changes similar to the mouse AVF. Disturbed flow through the JAA correlates with rapid endothelial cell loss, thrombus formation, and JANIH; late endothelialization of the JAA channel correlates with late AVF patency. Early thrombus formation in the JAA may influence the later development of JANIH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Disturbed flow and focal endothelial cell loss in the juxta-anastomotic area of the mouse AVF colocalizes with acute thrombus formation followed by late neointimal hyperplasia. Differential flow patterns between the juxta-anastomotic area and the outflow vein correlate with differential expression of genes regulating coagulation, proliferation, collagen metabolism, and the immune response. The rat jugular vein to carotid artery AVF model shows changes similar to the mouse AVF model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Neointima
- Hyperplasia
- Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical
- Thrombosis/physiopathology
- Thrombosis/pathology
- Thrombosis/genetics
- Thrombosis/etiology
- Thrombosis/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Rats, Wistar
- Male
- Jugular Veins/metabolism
- Jugular Veins/pathology
- Jugular Veins/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
- Carotid Arteries/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/surgery
- Mice
- Rats
- Regional Blood Flow
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Bai
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - M Alyssa Varsanik
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Carly Thaxton
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Yuichi Ohashi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Luis Gonzalez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Weichang Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Yukihiko Aoyagi
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Masaki Kano
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Bogdan Yatsula
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Luka Pocivavsek
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Alan Dardik
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University; New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Surgery, VA Connecticut Healthcare Systems, West Haven, Connecticut, United States
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2
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Mostafa DK, Eissa MM, Ghareeb DA, Abdulmalek S, Hewedy WA. Resveratrol protects against Schistosoma mansoni-induced liver fibrosis by targeting the Sirt-1/NF-κB axis. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:763-775. [PMID: 38041753 PMCID: PMC10907480 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic schistosomiasis is a prevalent form of chronic liver disease that drastically affects human health. Nevertheless, an antifibrotic drug that could suppress the development of hepatic fibrosis does not exist yet. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol with multiple biological activities, on Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni)-induced hepatic fibrosis and delineate the underlying molecular mechanism. Swiss male albino mice were randomly assigned into infected and non-infected groups. Hepatic schistosomiasis infection was induced via exposure to S. mansoni cercariae. 6 weeks later, resveratrol was administrated either as 20 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks to two infected groups. Another group received vehicle and served as infected control group. At the end of the study, portal hemodynamic, biochemical, and histopathological evaluation of liver tissues were conducted. Remarkably, resveratrol significantly reduced portal pressure, portal and mesenteric flow in a dose-dependent manner. It improved several key features of hepatic injury as evidenced biochemically by a significant reduction of bilirubin and liver enzymes, and histologically by amelioration of the granulomatous and inflammatory reactions. In line, resveratrol reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory markers; TNF-α, IL-1β and MCP-1 mRNA, together with fibrotic markers; collagen-1, TGF-β1 and α-SMA. Moreover, resveratrol restored SIRT1/NF-κB balance in hepatic tissues which is the main switch-off control for all the fibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms. Taken together, it can be inferred that resveratrol possesses a possible anti-fibrotic effect that can halt the progression of hepatic schistosomiasis via targeting SIRT1/ NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Kamal Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Al-Moassat Medical Campus, Elhadara, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Maha M Eissa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Ghareeb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa Abdulmalek
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Hewedy
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Al-Moassat Medical Campus, Elhadara, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt.
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Zhao Y, Ye W, Wang YD, Chen WD. HGF/c-Met: A Key Promoter in Liver Regeneration. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:808855. [PMID: 35370682 PMCID: PMC8968572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.808855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a peptide-containing multifunctional cytokine that acts on various epithelial cells to regulate cell growth, movement and morphogenesis, and tissue regeneration of injured organs. HGF is sequestered by heparin-like protein in its inactive form and is widespread in the extracellular matrix of most tissues. When the liver loses its average mass, volume, or physiological and biochemical functions due to various reasons, HGF binds to its specific receptor c-Met (cellular mesenchymal-epithelial transition) and transmits the signals into the cells, and triggers the intrinsic kinase activity of c-Met. The downstream cascades of HGF/c-Met include JAK/STAT3, PI3K/Akt/NF-κB, and Ras/Raf pathways, affecting cell proliferation, growth, and survival. HGF has important clinical significance for liver fibrosis, hepatocyte regeneration after inflammation, and liver regeneration after transplantation. And the development of HGF as a biological drug for regenerative therapy of diseases, that is, using recombinant human HGF protein to treat disorders in clinical trials, is underway. This review summarizes the recent findings of the HGF/c-Met signaling functions in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation, The People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Iacobazzi RM, Vischio F, Arduino I, Canepa F, Laquintana V, Notarnicola M, Scavo MP, Bianco G, Fanizza E, Lopedota AA, Cutrignelli A, Lopalco A, Azzariti A, Curri ML, Franco M, Giannelli G, Lee BC, Depalo N, Denora N. Magnetic implants in vivo guiding sorafenib liver delivery by superparamagnetic solid lipid nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:239-254. [PMID: 34626971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), co-encapsulating superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and sorafenib, have been exploited for magnetic-guided drug delivery to the liver. Two different magnetic configurations, both comprising two small magnets, were under-skin implanted to investigate the effect of the magnetic field topology on the magnetic SLNP accumulation in liver tissues. A preliminary simulation analysis was performed to predict the magnetic field topography for each tested configuration. EXPERIMENTS SLNs were prepared using a hot homogenization approach and characterized using complementary techniques. Their in vitro biological behavior was assessed in HepG-2 liver cancer cells; wild-type mice were used for the in vivo study. The magnet configuration that resulted in a higher magnetic targeting efficiency was investigated by evaluating the iron content in homogenated murine liver tissues. FINDINGS SLNs, characterized by an average size smaller than 200 nm, retained their superparamagnetic behavior and relevant molecular resonance imaging properties as negative contrast agents. The evaluation of iron accumulation in the liver tissues was consistent with the magnetic induction profile of each magnet configuration, concurring with the results predicted by simulation analysis and obtained by measurements in living mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Vischio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF) Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Arduino
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Fabio Canepa
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genoa, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis," Personalized Medicine Laboratory, Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Principia Scavo
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis," Personalized Medicine Laboratory, Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
| | - Giusy Bianco
- National Institute of Gastroenterology "S. de Bellis," Personalized Medicine Laboratory, Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF) Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Angela Assunta Lopedota
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Amalia Azzariti
- IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Via O. Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; CNR-Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF) Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology "de Bellis," Via Turi 26 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- CNR-Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes (IPCF) Bari Division, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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5
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Felgendreff P, Schindler C, Mussbach F, Xie C, Gremse F, Settmacher U, Dahmen U. Identification of tissue sections from decellularized liver scaffolds for repopulation experiments. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06129. [PMID: 33644446 PMCID: PMC7895725 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological organ engineering is a novel experimental approach to generate functional liver grafts by decellularization and repopulation. Currently, healthy organs of small or large animals and human organs with preexisting liver diseases are used to optimize decellularization and repopulation.However, the effects of morphological changes on allo- and xenogeneic cell-scaffold interactions during repopulation procedure, e.g., using scaffold-sections, are unknown. We present a sequential morphological workflow to identify murine liver scaffold-sections with well-preserved microarchitecture. METHODS Native livers (CONT, n = 9) and livers with experimentally induced pathologies (hepatics steatosis: STEA, n = 7; hepatic fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation: BDL, n = 9; nodular regenerative hyperplasia induced by 90% partial hepatectomy: PH, n = 8) were decellularized using SDS and Triton X-100 to generate cell-free scaffolds. Scaffold-sections were assessed using a sequential morphological workflow consisting of macroscopic, microscopic and morphological evaluation: (1) The scaffold was evaluated by a macroscopic decellularization score. (2) Regions without visible tissue remnants were localized for sampling and histological processing. Subsequent microscopical examination served to identify tissue samples without cell remnants. (3) Only cell-free tissue sections were subjected to detailed liver-specific morphological assessment using a histological and immunohistochemical decellularization score. RESULTS Decellularization was feasible in 33 livers, which were subjected to the sequential morphological workflow. In 11 of 33 scaffolds we achieved a good macroscopic decellularization result (CONT: 3 scaffolds; STEA: 3 scaffolds; BDL: 3 scaffolds; PH: 2 scaffolds). The microscopic assessment resulted in the selection of 88 cell-free tissue sections (CONT: 15 sections; STEA: 38 sections; BDL: 30 sections; PH: 5 sections). In 27 of those sections we obtained a good histological decellularization result (CONT: 3 sections; STEA: 6 sections; BDL: 17 sections; PH: 1 section). All experimental groups contained sections with a good immunohistochemical decellularization result (CONT: 6 sections; STEA: 5 sections; BDL: 4 sections; PH: 1 section). DISCUSSION Decellularization was possible in all experimental groups, irrespectively of the underlying morphological alteration. Furthermore, our proposed sequential morphological workflow was suitable to detect tissue sections with well-preserved hepatic microarchitecture, as needed for further repopulation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Felgendreff
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Research Program “Else Kröner-Forschungskolleg AntiAge”, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia Schindler
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Mussbach
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Chichi Xie
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Utz Settmacher
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Kamali C, Kamali K, Brunnbauer P, Splith K, Pratschke J, Schmelzle M, Krenzien F. Extended liver resection in mice: state of the art and pitfalls-a systematic review. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:6. [PMID: 33422147 PMCID: PMC7797144 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rodent models of liver resection have been used to investigate and evaluate the liver’s complex physiology and pathology since 1931. First documented by Higgins and Anderson, such models were created to understand liver regeneration mechanisms to improve outcomes in patients undergoing extensive liver resection for liver cancer or other underlying liver diseases. Methods A systematic search was conducted using Pubmed, gathering publications up to January 2019, which engaged with the mouse model of extended liver resection as a method itself. The results of this search were filtered according to their language, novelty, and relevancy. Results The Boolean search found 3741 articles on Pubmed, with 3130 publications remaining when filtered by language and the presence of a full text. In total, 21 of these publications examined the key themes of the animal model described. The mortality varied from 0 to 50% depending on the surgeon's experience and the resection method. The liver resection was mainly performed with classic sutures (14 out of 21 publications) and isoflurane was used for anaesthesia (10 out of 21 publications) in combination with analgesics (buprenorphine or ketamine/xylazine). The most used mouse strain was C57BL/6 (7 of 21 publications) which was on average 11 weeks old with a weight of 23 g. Conclusion Through the overview, laid out in the selected publications, this paper reviews the shift of the extended liver resection model from rat to the mouse, describes the state of the art in the experimental setting, and discusses the possible limitations and pitfalls. Clearly, the extended liver resection in mice is a reproducible, practical and easy to learn method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Kamali
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kaan Kamali
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Brunnbauer
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Splith
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Trevaskis NL, Lee G, Escott A, Phang KL, Hong J, Cao E, Katneni K, Charman SA, Han S, Charman WN, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Porter CJH. Intestinal Lymph Flow, and Lipid and Drug Transport Scale Allometrically From Pre-clinical Species to Humans. Front Physiol 2020; 11:458. [PMID: 32670074 PMCID: PMC7326060 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal lymphatic system transports fluid, immune cells, dietary lipids, and highly lipophilic drugs from the intestine to the systemic circulation. These transport functions are important to health and when dysregulated contribute to pathology. This has generated significant interest in approaches to deliver drugs to the lymphatics. Most of the current understanding of intestinal lymph flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport rates, comes from in vitro studies and in vivo animal studies. In contrast, intestinal lymphatic transport studies in human subjects have been limited. Recently, three surgical patients had cannulation of the thoracic lymph duct for collection of lymph before and during a stepwise increase in enteral feed rate. We compared these data to studies where we previously enterally administered controlled quantities of lipid and the lipophilic drug halofantrine to mice, rats and dogs and collected lymph and blood (plasma). The collected lymph was analyzed to compare lymph flow rate, triglyceride (TG) and drug transport rates, and plasma was analyzed for drug concentrations, as a function of enteral lipid dose across species. Lymph flow rate, TG and drug transport increased with lipid administration in all species tested, and scaled allometrically according to the equation A = aM E where A is the lymph transport parameter, M is animal body mass, a is constant and E is the allometric exponent. For lymph flow rate and TG transport, the allometric exponents were 0.84-0.94 and 0.80-0.96, respectively. Accordingly, weight normalized lymph flow and TG mass transport were generally lower in larger compared to smaller species. In comparison, mass transport of drug via lymph increased in a greater than proportional manner with species body mass with an exponent of ∼1.3. The supra-proportional increase in lymphatic drug transport with species body mass appeared to be due to increased partitioning of drug into lymph rather than blood following absorption. Overall, this study proposes that intestinal lymphatic flow, and lymphatic lipid and drug transport in humans is most similar to species with higher body mass such as dogs and underestimated by studies in rodents. Notably, lymph flow and lipid transport in humans can be predicted from animal data via allometric scaling suggesting the potential for similar relationships with drug transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alistair Escott
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kian Liun Phang
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William N Charman
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Endothelial cell nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS), the enzyme responsible for synthesis of NO in endothelial cells, is regulated by complex posttranslational mechanisms. Sinusoidal portal hypertension, a disorder characterized by liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (SEC) injury with resultant reduced eNOS activity and NO production within the liver, has been associated with defects in eNOS protein-protein interactions and posttranslational modifications. We and others have previously identified novel eNOS interactors, including G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase interactor 1 (GIT1), which we found to play an unexpected stimulatory role in GPCR-mediated eNOS signaling. Here we report that β-arrestin 2 (β-Arr2), a canonical GPCR signaling partner, localizes in SECs with eNOS in a GIT1/eNOS/NO signaling module. Most importantly, we show that β-Arr2 stimulates eNOS activity, and that β-Arr2 expression is reduced and formation of the GIT1/eNOS/NO signaling module is interrupted during liver injury. In β-Arr2-deficient mice, bile duct ligation injury (BDL) led to significantly reduced eNOS activity and to a dramatic increase in portal hypertension compared to BDL in wild-type mice. Overexpression of β-Arr2 in injured or β-Arr2-deficient SECs rescued eNOS function by increasing eNOS complex formation and NO production. We also found that β-Arr2-mediated GIT1/eNOS complex formation is dependent on Erk1/2 and Src, two kinases known to interact with and be activated by β-Arr2 in response to GCPR activation. Our data emphasize that β-Arr2 is an integral component of the GIT1/eNOS/NO signaling pathway and have implications for the pathogenesis of sinusoidal portal hypertension.
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Bangru S, Kalsotra A. Cellular and molecular basis of liver regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 100:74-87. [PMID: 31980376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genetics and genomics have reinvigorated the field of liver regeneration. It is now possible to combine lineage-tracing with genome-wide studies to genetically mark individual liver cells and their progenies and detect precise changes in their genome, transcriptome, and proteome under normal versus regenerative settings. The recent use of single-cell RNA sequencing methodologies in model organisms has, in some ways, transformed our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of liver regeneration. Here, we review the latest strides in our knowledge of general principles that coordinate regeneration of the liver and reflect on some conflicting evidence and controversies surrounding this topic. We consider the prominent mechanisms that stimulate homeostasis-related vis-à-vis injury-driven regenerative responses, highlight the likely cellular sources/depots that reconstitute the liver following various injuries and discuss the extrinsic and intrinsic signals that direct liver cells to proliferate, de-differentiate, or trans-differentiate while the tissue recovers from acute or chronic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Bangru
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Auinash Kalsotra
- Departments of Biochemistry and Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Cancer Center@ Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
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10
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Choi WM, Eun HS, Lee YS, Kim SJ, Kim MH, Lee JH, Shim YR, Kim HH, Kim YE, Yi HS, Jeong WI. Experimental Applications of in situ Liver Perfusion Machinery for the Study of Liver Disease. Mol Cells 2019; 42:45-55. [PMID: 30665288 PMCID: PMC6354060 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is involved in a wide range of activities in vertebrates and some other animals, including metabolism, protein synthesis, detoxification, and the immune system. Until now, various methods have been devised to study liver diseases; however, each method has its own limitations. In situ liver perfusion machinery, originally developed in rats, has been successfully adapted to mice, enabling the study of liver diseases. Here we describe the protocol, which is a simple but widely applicable method for investigating the liver diseases. The liver is perfused in situ by cannulation of the portal vein and suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC), with antegrade closed circuit circulation completed by clamping the infrahepatic IVC. In situ liver perfusion can be utilized to evaluate immune cell migration and function, hemodynamics and related cellular reactions in each type of hepatic cells, and the metabolism of toxic or other compounds by changing the composition of the circulating media. In situ liver perfusion method maintains liver function and cell viability for up to 2 h. This study also describes an optional protocol using density-gradient centrifugation for the separation of different types of hepatic cells, allowing the determination of changes in each cell type. In summary, this method of in situ liver perfusion will be useful for studying liver diseases as a complement to other established methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Mook Choi
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Hyuk Soo Eun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine,
Korea
| | - Sun Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Jun-Hee Lee
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Hee-Hoon Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon,
Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon,
Korea
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11
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Wang A, Jank I, Wei W, Schindler C, Dahmen U. A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30346385 DOI: 10.3791/57991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena
| | - Isabel Jank
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena
| | - Claudia Schindler
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena;
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12
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Wu L, Lin W, Fu X, Li X, Li X, Li Y, Zhang W, Guo J, Gao Q. Liberating carotid arteries: measuring arterial pressure through femoral artery in mice. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:516-523. [PMID: 30199277 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1516772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Researches involving arterial pressure measurements in mice have primarily relied on carotid arterial catheterization. However, in some circumstances, measuring arterial pressure through the carotid arterial impairs accuracy. This study was aimed to evaluate whether femoral artery could displace carotid artery for the blood pressure (BP) measurements in mice. Fifty-six Swiss mice (n = 14 in each group) were randomized into four groups: control, left femoral artery, right femoral artery, and union group, in which BP was measured through left carotid, left femoral, right femoral artery, and simultaneously from right femoral artery and left carotid artery, respectively. Arterial pressure was recorded for 5 min after catheterization. There was no significant difference of the success rate and mortality rate among four groups (P > 0.05), and no obvious difference (P > 0.05) of catheterization time among the first three groups. For intergroup comparison of arterial pressure, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) of the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure among the first three groups. For intragroup comparison, SBP, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) monitored from right femoral artery were similar (P > 0.05) with those from left carotid artery, with significantly positive correlation. The mean values of difference of SBP, DBP, and MAP were -1.3, 1.2, and 0.5 mmHg, respectively. Our results indicated that femoral artery catheterization could be a safe, feasible, reliable, and accuracy alternative for the direct measurement of arterial pressure in anesthesia mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Wanrong Lin
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xian Fu
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xianliang Li
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xuelong Li
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Youfu Li
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Weijin Zhang
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Jian Guo
- b Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Sun Yat-sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Qingchun Gao
- a Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Neurology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
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13
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Gonzalez FJ, Jiang C. A Western diet-induced mouse model reveals a possible mechanism by which metformin decreases obesity. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 73:1337-1339. [PMID: 28831566 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-017-2322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Xie C, Wei W, Schenk A, Schwen LO, Zafarnia S, Schwier M, Gremse F, Jank I, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. Visualization of Vascular and Parenchymal Regeneration after 70% Partial Hepatectomy in Normal Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27685096 DOI: 10.3791/53935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified silicone injection procedure was used for visualization of the hepatic vascular tree. This procedure consisted of in-vivo injection of the silicone compound, via a 26 G catheter, into the portal or hepatic vein. After silicone injection, organs were explanted and prepared for ex-vivo micro-CT (µCT) scanning. The silicone injection procedure is technically challenging. Achieving a successful outcome requires extensive microsurgical experience from the surgeon. One of the challenges of this procedure involves determining the adequate perfusion rate for the silicone compound. The perfusion rate for the silicone compound needs to be defined based on the hemodynamic of the vascular system of interest. Inappropriate perfusion rate can lead to an incomplete perfusion, artificial dilation and rupturing of vascular trees. The 3D reconstruction of the vascular system was based on CT scans and was achieved using preclinical software such as HepaVision. The quality of the reconstructed vascular tree was directly related to the quality of silicone perfusion. Subsequently computed vascular parameters indicative of vascular growth, such as total vascular volume, were calculated based on the vascular reconstructions. Contrasting the vascular tree with silicone allowed for subsequent histological work-up of the specimen after µCT scanning. The specimen can be subjected to serial sectioning, histological analysis and whole slide scanning, and thereafter to 3D reconstruction of the vascular trees based on histological images. This is the prerequisite for the detection of molecular events and their distribution with respect to the vascular tree. This modified silicone injection procedure can also be used to visualize and reconstruct the vascular systems of other organs. This technique has the potential to be extensively applied to studies concerning vascular anatomy and growth in various animal and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chichi Xie
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital
| | - Weiwei Wei
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital
| | - Andrea Schenk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Medical Image Computing MEVIS
| | | | - Sara Zafarnia
- Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University
| | | | - Felix Gremse
- Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Isabel Jank
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital;
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15
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Quantification of Hepatic Vascular and Parenchymal Regeneration in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160581. [PMID: 27494255 PMCID: PMC4975469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver regeneration consists of cellular proliferation leading to parenchymal and vascular growth. This study complements previous studies on cellular proliferation and weight recovery by (1) quantitatively describing parenchymal and vascular regeneration, and (2) determining their relationship. Both together are needed to (3) characterize the underlying growth pattern. METHODS Specimens were created by injecting a polymerizing contrast agent in either portal or hepatic vein in normal or regenerating livers after 70% partial hepatectomy. 3D image data were obtained through micro-CT scanning. Parenchymal growth was assessed by determining weight and volume of the regenerating liver. Vascular growth was described by manually determined circumscribed parameters (maximal vessel length and radius of right inferior portal/hepatic vein), automatically determined cumulative parameters (total edge length and total vascular volume), and parameters describing vascular density (total edge length/volume, vascular volume fraction). The growth pattern was explored by comparing the relative increase of these parameters to the increase expected in case of isotropic expansion. RESULTS Liver volume recovery paralleled weight recovery and reached 90% of the original liver volume within 7 days. Comparing radius-related vascular parameters immediately after surgical resection and after virtual resection in-silico revealed a slight increase, possibly reflecting the effect of resection-induced portal hyperperfusion. Comparing length-related parameters between post-operative day 7 and after virtual resection showed similar vascular growth in both vascular systems investigated. In contrast, radius-related parameters increased slightly more in the portal vein. Despite the seemingly homogeneous 3D growth, the observed vascular parameters were not compatible with the hypothesis of isotropic expansion of liver parenchyma and vascular structures. CONCLUSION We present an approach for the quantitative analysis of the vascular systems of regenerating mouse livers. We applied this technique for assessing the hepatic growth pattern. Prospectively, this approach can be used to investigate hepatic vascular regeneration under different conditions.
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16
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Lee YS, Yi HS, Suh YG, Byun JS, Eun HS, Kim SY, Seo W, Jeong JM, Choi WM, Kim MH, Kim JH, Park KG, Jeong WI. Blockade of Retinol Metabolism Protects T Cell-Induced Hepatitis by Increasing Migration of Regulatory T Cells. Mol Cells 2015; 38:998-1006. [PMID: 26537191 PMCID: PMC4673415 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinols are metabolized into retinoic acids by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (Raldh). However, their roles have yet to be clarified in hepatitis despite enriched retinols in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Therefore, we investigated the effects of retinols on Concanavalin A (Con A)-mediated hepatitis. Con A was injected into wild type (WT), Raldh1 knock-out (Raldh1(-/-)), CCL2(-/-) and CCR2(-/-) mice. For migration study of regulatory T cells (Tregs), we used in vivo and ex vivo adoptive transfer systems. Blockade of retinol metabolism in mice given 4-methylpyrazole, an inhibitor of ADH, and ablated Raldh1 gene manifested increased migration of Tregs, eventually protected against Con A-mediated hepatitis by decreasing interferon-γ in T cells. Moreover, interferon-γ treatment increased the expression of ADH3 and Raldh1, but it suppressed that of CCL2 and IL-6 in HSCs. However, the expression of CCL2 and IL-6 was inversely increased upon the pharmacologic or genetic ablation of ADH3 and Raldh1 in HSCs. Indeed, IL-6 treatment increased CCR2 expression of Tregs. In migration assay, ablated CCR2 in Tregs showed reduced migration to HSCs. In adoptive transfer of Tregs in vivo and ex vivo, Raldh1-deficient mice showed more increased migration of Tregs than WT mice. Furthermore, inhibited retinol metabolism increased survival rate (75%) compared with that of the controls (25%) in Con A-induced hepatitis. These results suggest that blockade of retinol metabolism protects against acute liver injury by increased Treg migration, and it may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to control T cell-mediated acute hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sun Lee
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Yang-Gun Suh
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408,
Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Byun
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566,
Korea
| | - Hyuk Soo Eun
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Wonhyo Seo
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Jong-Min Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Won-Mook Choi
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 136-705,
Korea
| | - Keun-Gyu Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu 41566,
Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Laboratory of Liver Research, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
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