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Liu S, Zhang Z, He Y, Kong L, Jin Q, Qi X, Qi D, Gao Y. Inhibiting leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions by Chinese medicine Tongxinluo capsule alleviates no-reflow after arterial recanalization in ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:3014-3030. [PMID: 37122157 PMCID: PMC10493667 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Despite successful vascular recanalization in stroke, one-fourth of patients have an unfavorable outcome due to no-reflow. The pathogenesis of no-reflow is fully unclear, and therapeutic strategies are lacking. Upon traditional Chinese medicine, Tongxinluo capsule (TXL) is a potential therapeutic agent for no-reflow. Thus, this study is aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of no-reflow in stroke, and whether TXL could alleviate no-reflow as well as its potential mechanisms of action. METHODS Mice were orally administered with TXL (3.0 g/kg/d) after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We examined the following parameters: neurological function, no-reflow, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, HE staining, leukocyte subtypes, adhesion molecules, and chemokines. RESULTS Our results showed stroke caused neurological deficits, neuron death, and no-reflow. Adherent and aggregated leukocytes obstructed microvessels as well as leukocyte infiltration in ischemic brain. Leukocyte subtypes changed after stroke mainly including neutrophils, lymphocytes, regulatory T cells, suppressor T cells, helper T type 1 (Th1) cells, Th2 cells, B cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. Stroke resulted in upregulated expression of adhesion molecules (P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1) and chemokines (CC-chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, CCL-5, and chemokine C-X-C ligand 1 (CXCL-1)). Notably, TXL improved neurological deficits, protected neurons, alleviated no-reflow and leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, regulated multiple leukocyte subtypes, and inhibited the expression of various inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSION Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions mediated by multiple inflammatory factors are an important cause of no-reflow in stroke. Accordingly, TXL could alleviate no-reflow via suppressing the interactions through modulating various leukocyte subtypes and inhibiting the expression of multiple inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of Neurology of TCM, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Zhaoxu Zhang
- Department of NeurologyPeking University People's HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yannan He
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Lingbo Kong
- Department of Neurology of TCM, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Qiushuo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xiangjia Qi
- Department of NeurologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanChina
| | - Dahe Qi
- Department of Neurology of TCM, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Neurology of TCM, Dongzhimen HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
- Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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2
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Huang SS, Su HH, Chien SY, Chung HY, Luo ST, Chu YT, Wang YH, MacDonald IJ, Lee HH, Chen YH. Activation of peripheral TRPM8 mitigates ischemic stroke by topically applied menthol. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:192. [PMID: 35897101 PMCID: PMC9327358 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No reports exist as to neuroprotective effects associated with topical activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8), a noted cold receptor. In the present study, we identified whether activating peripheral TRPM8 can be an adjuvant therapy for ischemic stroke.
Methods Menthol, an agonist of TRPM8, was applied orally or topically to all paws or back of the mouse after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We used Trpm8 gene knockout (Trpm8−/−) mice or TRPM8 antagonist and lidocaine to validate the roles of TRPM8 and peripheral nerve conduction in menthol against ischemic stroke. Results Application of menthol 16% to paw derma attenuated infarct volumes and ameliorated sensorimotor deficits in stroke mice induced by MCAO. The benefits of topically applied menthol were associated with reductions in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and infiltration of monocytes and macrophages in ischemic brains. Antagonizing TRPM8 or Trpm8 knockout dulls the neuroprotective effects of topically application of menthol against MCAO. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed significantly higher TRPM8 expression in skin tissue samples obtained from the paws compared with skin from the backs, which was reflected by significantly smaller infarct lesion volumes and better sensorimotor function in mice treated with menthol on the paws compared with the back. Blocking conduction of peripheral nerve in the four paws reversed the neuroprotective effects of topical menthol administrated to paws. On the other hand, oral menthol dosing did not assist with recovery from MCAO in our study. Conclusion Our results suggested that activation of peripheral TRPM8 expressed in the derma tissue of limbs with sufficient concentration of menthol is beneficial to stroke recovery. Topical application of menthol on hands and feet could be a novel and simple-to-use therapeutic strategy for stroke patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02553-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Hui Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chien
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Chung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sih-Ting Luo
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chu
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Iona J MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hua Lee
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Dizziness and Balance Disorder Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan. .,Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan.
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3
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Wan T, Zhu W, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Ye R, Zuo M, Xu P, Huang Z, Zhang C, Xie Y, Liu X. Astrocytic phagocytosis contributes to demyelination after focal cortical ischemia in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1134. [PMID: 35241660 PMCID: PMC8894352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28777-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke can cause secondary myelin damage in the white matter distal to the primary injury site. The contribution of astrocytes during secondary demyelination and the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, using a mouse of distal middle cerebral artery occlusion, we show that lipocalin-2 (LCN2), enriched in reactive astrocytes, expression increases in nonischemic areas of the corpus callosum upon injury. LCN2-expressing astrocytes acquire a phagocytic phenotype and are able to uptake myelin. Myelin removal is impaired in Lcn2−/− astrocytes. Inducing re-expression of truncated LCN2(Δ2–20) in astrocytes restores phagocytosis and leads to progressive demyelination in Lcn2−/− mice. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments show that LCN2 binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in astrocytes. Knockdown of Lrp1 reduces LCN2-induced myelin engulfment by astrocytes and reduces demyelination. Altogether, our findings suggest that LCN2/LRP1 regulates astrocyte-mediated myelin phagocytosis in a mouse model of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke can cause secondary demyelination. Whether phagocytic astrocytes can contribute to such demyelination is unclear. Here, the authors show that lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) expression increased in astrocytes upon injury. LCN-2 expressing astrocytes acquire a phagocytic phenotype and contribute to secondary demyelination in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Xiaohao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Meng Zuo
- Department of Neurology, Southwest Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China
| | - Chunni Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, China. .,Stroke Center & Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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4
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Amu S, Malone K. Flow cytometry and stroke: from current methodology to future applications. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1748-1750. [PMID: 35017430 PMCID: PMC8820698 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.332138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Amu
- Cancer Research , Ireland.,UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kyle Malone
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Western Gateway Building; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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RBM3 promotes neurogenesis in a niche-dependent manner via IMP2-IGF2 signaling pathway after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3983. [PMID: 31484925 PMCID: PMC6726629 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic ischemia (HI) is an acute brain threat across all age groups. Therapeutic hypothermia ameliorates resulting injury in neonates but its side effects prevent routine use in adults. Hypothermia up-regulates a small protein subset that includes RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), which is neuroprotective under stressful conditions. Here we show how RBM3 stimulates neuronal differentiation and inhibits HI-induced apoptosis in the two areas of persistent adult neurogenesis, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), while promoting neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) proliferation after HI injury only in the SGZ. RBM3 interacts with IGF2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IMP2), elevates its expression and thereby stimulates IGF2 release in SGZ but not SVZ-NSPCs. In summary, we describe niche-dependent regulation of neurogenesis after adult HI injury via the novel RBM3-IMP2-IGF2 signaling pathway. Therapeutic hypothermia is a potent tool in the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, authors demonstrate how the RNA-binding motif protein RBM3, which is induced by mild cooling while global translation rate is slowed down, contributes substantially to neuroregeneration after adult HI injury, specifically in the subventricular zone and subgranular zone.
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6
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Cuartero MI, de la Parra J, Pérez-Ruiz A, Bravo-Ferrer I, Durán-Laforet V, García-Culebras A, García-Segura JM, Dhaliwal J, Frankland PW, Lizasoain I, Moro MÁ. Abolition of aberrant neurogenesis ameliorates cognitive impairment after stroke in mice. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1536-1550. [PMID: 30676325 DOI: 10.1172/jci120412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poststroke cognitive impairment is considered one of the main complications during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke. In the adult brain, the hippocampus regulates both encoding and retrieval of new information through adult neurogenesis. Nevertheless, the lack of predictive models and studies based on the forgetting processes hinders the understanding of memory alterations after stroke. Our aim was to explore whether poststroke neurogenesis participates in the development of long-term memory impairment. Here, we show a hippocampal neurogenesis burst that persisted 1 month after stroke and that correlated with an impaired contextual and spatial memory performance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis after stroke by physical activity or memantine treatment weakened existing memories. More importantly, stroke-induced newborn neurons promoted an aberrant hippocampal circuitry remodeling with differential features at ipsi- and contralesional levels. Strikingly, inhibition of stroke-induced hippocampal neurogenesis by temozolomide treatment or using a genetic approach (Nestin-CreERT2/NSE-DTA mice) impeded the forgetting of old memories. These results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis modulation could be considered as a potential approach for treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Cuartero
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan de la Parra
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Bravo-Ferrer
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Culebras
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel García-Segura
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jagroop Dhaliwal
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neuroscience & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), and Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica (IUIN), UCM, Madrid, Spain
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7
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DeMars KM, Pacheco SC, Yang C, Siwarski DM, Candelario-Jalil E. Selective Inhibition of Janus Kinase 3 Has No Impact on Infarct Size or Neurobehavioral Outcomes in Permanent Ischemic Stroke in Mice. Front Neurol 2017; 8:363. [PMID: 28790974 PMCID: PMC5524742 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) is associated with the common gamma chain of several interleukin (IL) receptors essential to inflammatory signaling. To study the potential role of JAK3 in stroke-induced neuroinflammation, we subjected mice to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and investigated the effects of JAK3 inhibition with decernotinib (VX-509) on infarct size, behavior, and levels of several inflammatory mediators. Results from our double immunofluorescence staining showed JAK3 expression on neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia/macrophages in the ischemic mouse brain (n = 3). We found for the first time that total and phosphorylated/activated JAK3 are dramatically increased after stroke in the ipsilateral hemisphere (**P < 0.01; n = 5–13/group) in addition to increased IL-21 expression after stroke (**P < 0.01; n = 5–7/group). However, inhibition of JAK3 confirmed by reduced phosphorylation of its activation loop at tyrosine residues 980/981 does not reduce infarct volume measured at 48 h after stroke (n = 6–10/group) nor does it alter behavioral outcomes sensitive to neurological deficits or stroke-induced neuroinflammatory response (n = 9–10/group). These results do not support a detrimental role for JAK3 in acute neuroinflammation following permanent focal cerebral ischemia. The functional role of increased JAK3 activation after stroke remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sean C Pacheco
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David M Siwarski
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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8
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Hawkins KE, DeMars KM, Alexander JC, de Leon LG, Pacheco SC, Graves C, Yang C, McCrea AO, Frankowski JC, Garrett TJ, Febo M, Candelario-Jalil E. Targeting resolution of neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke with a lipoxin A 4 analog: Protective mechanisms and long-term effects on neurological recovery. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00688. [PMID: 28523230 PMCID: PMC5434193 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resolution of inflammation is an emerging new strategy to reduce damage following ischemic stroke. Lipoxin A4 (LXA 4) is an anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution lipid mediator that reduces neuroinflammation in stroke. Since LXA 4 is rapidly inactivated, potent analogs have been synthesized, including BML-111. We hypothesized that post-ischemic, intravenous treatment with BML-111 for 1 week would provide neuroprotection and reduce neurobehavioral deficits at 4 weeks after ischemic stroke in rats. Additionally, we investigated the potential protective mechanisms of BML-111 on the post-stroke molecular and cellular profile. METHODS A total of 133 male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and BML-111 administration was started at the time of reperfusion. Two methods of week-long BML-111 intravenous administration were tested: continuous infusion via ALZET ® osmotic pumps (1.25 and 3.75 μg μl-1 hr-1), or freshly prepared daily single injections (0.3, 1, and 3 mg/kg). We report for the first time on the stability of BML-111 and characterized an optimal dose and a dosing schedule for the administration of BML-111. RESULTS One week of BML-111 intravenous injections did not reduce infarct size or improve behavioral deficits 4 weeks after ischemic stroke. However, post-ischemic treatment with BML-111 did elicit early protective effects as demonstrated by a significant reduction in infarct volume and improved sensorimotor function at 1 week after stroke. This protection was associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, decreased M1 CD40+ macrophages, and increased alternatively activated, anti-inflammatory M2 microglia/macrophage cell populations in the post-ischemic brain. CONCLUSION These data suggest that targeting the endogenous LXA 4 pathway could be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ischemic stroke. More work is necessary to determine whether a different dosing regimen or more stable LXA 4 analogs could confer long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Hawkins
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Kelly M DeMars
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jon C Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Lauren G de Leon
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Sean C Pacheco
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Christina Graves
- Department of Oral Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Austin O McCrea
- Department of Neuroscience McKnight Brain Institute University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Jan C Frankowski
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program University of California Irvine CA USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Department of Psychiatry University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
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9
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Neuroprotective Effects of Germinated Brown Rice in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's-Like Disease Rats. Neuromolecular Med 2016; 18:334-46. [PMID: 27430236 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-016-8427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on the motor deficits and the dopaminergic (DA) cell death were investigated in Parkinson's-like disease (PD) rats. Reactive oxidative species generated by chronic subcutaneous injection of rotenone (RT) lead to neuronal apoptosis particularly in the nigrostriatal DA system and produce many features of PD, bradykinesis, postural instability and rigidity. In this study, 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA), previously reported to inhibit RT-induced DA cell death, was used as the positive control. Results show that pretreatment with GBR as well as 4-PBA significantly enhanced the motor activity after RT injection, and GBR affected significantly in open field test, only in the ambulation but not the mobility duration, and ameliorated the time to orient down (t-turn) and total time to descend the pole (t-total) in pole test as compared to RT group, but significantly lowered both t-turn and t-total only in 4-PBA group. The percentage of apoptotic cells in brain measured by flow cytometry and the inflammatory effect measured by ELISA of TNF-α showed significant increase in RT group as compared to the control (CT) group at P < 0.05. Apoptotic cells in RT group (85.98 %) showed a significant (P < 0.05) increase versus CT group (17.50 %), and this effect was attenuated in GBR+RT group by decreasing apoptotic cells (79.32 %), whereas, increased viable cells (17.94 %) versus RT group (10.79 %). GBR in GBR + RT group could decrease TNF-α both in the serum and in brain. In summary, GBR showed a neuroprotective effect in RT-induced PD rats, and it may be useful as a value-added functional food to prevent neurodegenerative disease or PD.
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10
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Zhang T, Fang S, Wan C, Kong Q, Wang G, Wang S, Zhang H, Zou H, Sun B, Sun W, Zhang Y, Mu L, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang H, Wang D, Li H. Excess salt exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption via a p38/MAPK/SGK1-dependent pathway in permanent cerebral ischemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16548. [PMID: 26549644 PMCID: PMC4637879 DOI: 10.1038/srep16548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High salt diet (HSD) is one of the most important risk factors that contribute to many vascular diseases including ischemic stroke. One proposed mechanism underlying the disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) mediated by HSD is indirectly through enhancing blood pressure. The direct role of HSD on BBB integrity is unclear. Our purpose is to determine whether and how HSD might be involved in BBB breakdown during ischemia. To test that, we induced model of cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery ligation (pMCAL) in either normal diet or HSD fed mice. We observed that HSD significantly enhanced ischemic brain damage which was associated with enhanced BBB disruption, increased leukocytes infiltration and loss of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression without apparently altering blood pressure. Our in vitro experiment also revealed that sodium chloride (NaCl) treatment down-regulated TJ protein expression by endothelial cells and substantially increased BBB permeability during starvation. Inhibition of p38/MAPK/SGK1 pathway eliminated the effect of NaCl on BBB permeability in vitro. In addition, we noticed a positive correlation between urinary sodium levels and ischemic lesion size in stroke patients. Together, our study demonstrates a hypertension-independent role of HSD during ischemia and provides rationale for post cerebral ischemic attack management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuai Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Shaohong Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Cong Wan
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Qingfei Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Guangyou Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Haoqiang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Haifeng Zou
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Lili Mu
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Jinghua Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Haiyu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
| | - Hulun Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China 150081
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