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Hayes EK, Gouthro MT, Fuller M, Redden DJ, Gagnon GA. Enhanced detection of viruses for improved water safety. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17336. [PMID: 37833399 PMCID: PMC10575868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human viruses pose a significant health risk in freshwater environments, but current monitoring methods are inadequate for detecting viral presence efficiently. We evaluated a novel passive in-situ concentration method using granular activated carbon (GAC). This study detected and quantified eight enteric and non-enteric, pathogenic viruses in a freshwater recreational lake in paired grab and GAC passive samples. The results found that GAC passive sampling had a higher detection rate for all viruses compared to grab samples, with adenovirus found to be the most prevalent virus, followed by respiratory syncytial virus, norovirus, enterovirus, influenza A, SARS-CoV-2, and rotavirus. GAC in-situ concentration allowed for the capture and recovery of viral gene copy targets that ranged from one to three orders of magnitude higher than conventional ex-situ concentration methods used in viral monitoring. This simple and affordable sampling method may have far-reaching implications for reducing barriers associated with viral monitoring across various environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emalie K Hayes
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Madison T Gouthro
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Megan Fuller
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - David J Redden
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil and Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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2
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Wang J, Wang S, Chen C, Hu J, He S, Zhou Y, Zhu H, Wang X, Hu D, Lin J. Treatment of hospital wastewater by electron beam technology: Removal of COD, pathogenic bacteria and viruses. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136265. [PMID: 36055595 PMCID: PMC9424868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effective treatment of hospital sewage is crucial to human health and eco-environment, especially during the pandemic of COVID-19. In this study, a demonstration project of actual hospital sewage using electron beam technology was established as advanced treatment process during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, China in July 2020. The results indicated that electron beam radiation could effectively remove COD, pathogenic bacteria and viruses in hospital sewage. The continuous monitoring date showed that the effluent COD concentration after electron beam treatment was stably below 30 mg/L, and the concentration of fecal Escherichia coli was below 50 MPN/L, when the absorbed dose was 4 kGy. Electron beam radiation was also an effective method for inactivating viruses. Compared to the inactivation of fecal Escherichia coli, higher absorbed dose was required for the inactivation of virus. Absorbed dose had different effect on the removal of virus. When the absorbed dose ranged from 30 to 50 kGy, Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and Astrovirus (ASV) could be completely removed by electron beam treatment. For Rotavirus (RV) and Enterovirus (EV) virus, the removal efficiency firstly increased and then decreased. The maximum removal efficiency of RV and EV was 98.90% and 88.49%, respectively. For the Norovirus (NVLII) virus, the maximum removal efficiency was 81.58%. This study firstly reported the performance of electron beam in the removal of COD, fecal Escherichia coli and virus in the actual hospital sewage, which would provide useful information for the application of electron beam technology in the treatment of hospital sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
| | - Shizong Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Radioactive Wastes Treatment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Chuanhong Chen
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Jun Hu
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Shijun He
- Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Yuedong Zhou
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Huanzheng Zhu
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Xipo Wang
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Dongming Hu
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- Dasheng Electron Accelerator Technology Co., Ltd., China Guangdong Nuclear Group, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215214, PR China
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Prospects and challenges of using electrochemical immunosensors as an alternative detection method for SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 777:146239. [PMCID: PMC7934662 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Given its potential applications in confronting the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has attracted tremendous attention. Developing a fast, cost-effective, and practical method for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater is of great significance to facilitate future WBE development. By now, the PCR-based approach serves as the reference method and “gold standard” to detect the virus in wastewater. However, we found a trend that the PCR-based method becomes almost an unshakable choice as more and more studies were published regarding SARS-CoV-2 WBE. Of note, the importance of exploring new, alternative approaches for SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater should not be underestimated. In this context, the prospect of using electrochemical immunosensors as the alternative detection method was investigated in this survey. Based on the previous efforts towards different virus immunoassay studies and newly published PCR-based COVD-19 WBE works, this survey provides new insights into the electrochemical immunoassay that have been widely adopted in body fluids virus detection, along with an extensive discussion of the detection mechanism, detection performance, past performances, current efforts, and potential challenges with wastewater detection. In the end, this survey concludes that using electrochemical immunosensors to analyze SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples quantitatively may have better feasibility and practicability than using the conventional PCR-based approach, especially when considering its fast detection, ease of miniaturization, and potential on-site measurement.
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Lu D, Huang Z, Luo J, Zhang X, Sha S. Primary concentration - The critical step in implementing the wastewater based epidemiology for the COVID-19 pandemic: A mini-review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141245. [PMID: 32768768 PMCID: PMC7382349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has posed a significant global public health threat and caused dramatic social and economic disruptions. A new research direction is attracting a significant amount of attention in the academic community of environmental sciences and engineering, in which rapid community-level monitoring could be achieved by applying the methodology of wastewater based epidemiology (WBE). Given the fact that the development of a mass balance on the total number of viral RNA copies in wastewater samples and the infected stool specimens is the heart of WBE, the result of the quantitative RNA detection in wastewater has to be highly sensitive, accurate, and reliable. Thus, applying effective concentration methods before the subsequent RNA extraction and RT-qPCR detection is a must-have procedure for the WBE. This review provides new insights into the primary concentration methods that have been adopted by the eighteen recently reported COVID-19 wastewater detection studies, along with a brief discussion of the mechanisms of the most commonly used virus concentration methods, including the PEG-based separation, electrostatically charged membrane filtration, and ultrafiltration. In the end, two easy and well-proven concentration strategies are recommended as below, aiming to maximize the practical significance and operational effectiveness of the SARS-CoV-2 virus concentration from wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingnan Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Zhuangrong Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Jiayue Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | - Sha Sha
- Center for Biomedical Innovation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Salvador D, Neto C, Benoliel MJ, Caeiro MF. Assessment of the Presence of Hepatitis E virus in Surface Water and Drinking Water in Portugal. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E761. [PMID: 32438739 PMCID: PMC7285264 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus, belonging to the Hepeviridae family, resistant to environmental conditions, and transmitted by the consumption of contaminated water. This virus is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic outbreaks, leading to thousands of infections per year in several countries, and is thus considered an emerging disease in Europe and Asia. This study refers to a survey in Portugal during 2019, targeting the detection and eventual quantification of enteric viruses in samples from surface and drinking water. Samples positive for HEV RNA were recurrently found by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), in both types of matrix. The infectivity of these samples was evaluated in cultured Vero E6 cells and RNA from putative viruses produced in cultures evidencing cytopathic effects and was subjected to RT-qPCR targeting HEV genomic RNA. Our results evidenced the existence of samples positive either for HEV RNA (77.8% in surface water and 66.7% in drinking water) or for infectious HEV (23.0% in surface water and 27.7% in drinking water). These results highlight the need for effective virological control of water for human consumption and activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salvador
- Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Prof. Egas Moniz, Edifício Egas Moniz, Piso 0, Ala C, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Direção de Laboratório e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Avenida de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.); (M.J.B.)
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Edifício C2—Piso 2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Célia Neto
- Direção de Laboratório e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Avenida de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Maria João Benoliel
- Direção de Laboratório e Controlo da Qualidade da Água (LAB) da Empresa Portuguesa das Águas Livres (EPAL), Avenida de Berlim, 15, 1800-031 Lisboa, Portugal; (C.N.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Maria Filomena Caeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Edifício C2—Piso 2, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Quantitative PCR Detection of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater and Environmental Water Sources by the Lisbon Municipality: A Case Study. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12020544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current regulations and legislation require critical revision to determine safety for alternative water sources and water reuse as part of the solution to global water crisis. In order to fulfill those demands, Lisbon municipality decided to start water reuse as part of a sustainable hydric resources management, and there was a need to confirm safety and safeguard for public health for its use in this context. For this purpose, a study was designed that included a total of 88 samples collected from drinking, superficial, underground water, and wastewater at three different treatment stages. Quantitative Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection (qPCR) of enteric viruses Norovirus (NoV) genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) and Hepatitis A (HepA) was performed, and also FIB (E. coli, enterococci and fecal coliforms) concentrations were assessed. HepA virus was only detected in one untreated influent sample, whereas NoV GI/ NoV GI were detected in untreated wastewater (100/100%), secondary treated effluent (47/73%), and tertiary treated effluent (33/20%). Our study proposes that NoV GI and GII should be further studied to provide the support that they may be suitable indicators for water quality monitoring targeting wastewater treatment efficiency, regardless of the level of treatment.
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Matrajt G, Naughton B, Bandyopadhyay AS, Meschke JS. A Review of the Most Commonly Used Methods for Sample Collection in Environmental Surveillance of Poliovirus. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:S90-S97. [PMID: 30376094 PMCID: PMC6206110 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We performed a review of the environmental surveillance methods commonly used to collect and concentrate poliovirus (PV) from water samples. We compared the sampling approaches (trap vs grab), the process methods (precipitation vs filtration), and the various tools and chemical reagents used to separate PV from other viruses and pathogens in water samples (microporous glass, pads, polyethylene glycol [PEG]/dextran, PEG/sodium chloride, NanoCeram/ViroCap, and ester membranes). The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, and the geographical areas where they are currently used are discussed. Several methods have demonstrated the ability to concentrate and recover PVs from environmental samples. The details of the particular sampling conditions and locations should be considered carefully in method selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Matrajt
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
| | | | | | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Washington
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8
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Overview of Trends in the Application of Metagenomic Techniques in the Analysis of Human Enteric Viral Diversity in Africa's Environmental Regimes. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080429. [PMID: 30110939 PMCID: PMC6115975 DOI: 10.3390/v10080429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been an increase in the quest for metagenomics as an approach for the identification and study of the diversity of human viruses found in aquatic systems, both for their role as waterborne pathogens and as water quality indicators. In the last few years, environmental viral metagenomics has grown significantly and has enabled the identification, diversity and entire genome sequencing of viruses in environmental and clinical samples extensively. Prior to the arrival of metagenomics, traditional molecular procedures such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing, were mostly used to identify and classify enteric viral species in different environmental milieu. After the advent of metagenomics, more detailed reports have emerged about the important waterborne viruses identified in wastewater treatment plant effluents and surface water. This paper provides a review of methods that have been used for the concentration, detection and identification of viral species from different environmental matrices. The review also takes into consideration where metagenomics has been explored in different African countries, as well as the limitations and challenges facing the approach. Procedures including sample processing, experimental design, sequencing technology, and bioinformatics analysis are discussed. The review concludes by summarising the current thinking and practices in the field and lays bare key issues that those venturing into this field need to consider and address.
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Wang H, Sikora P, Rutgersson C, Lindh M, Brodin T, Björlenius B, Larsson DGJ, Norder H. Differential removal of human pathogenic viruses from sewage by conventional and ozone treatments. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:479-488. [PMID: 29402695 PMCID: PMC7106402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sewage contains a mixed ecosystem of diverse sets of microorganisms, including human pathogenic viruses. Little is known about how conventional as well as advanced treatments of sewage, such as ozonation, reduce the environmental spread of viruses. Analyses for viruses were therefore conducted for three weeks in influent, after conventional treatment, after additional ozonation, and after passing an open dam system at a full-scale treatment plant in Knivsta, Sweden. Viruses were concentrated by adsorption to a positively charged filter, from which they were eluted and pelleted by ultracentrifugation, with a recovery of about 10%. Ion Torrent sequencing was used to analyze influent, leading to the identification of at least 327 viral species, most of which belonged to 25 families with some having unclear classification. Real-time PCR was used to test for 21 human-related viruses in inlet, conventionally treated, and ozone-treated sewage and outlet waters. The viruses identified in influent and further analyzed were adenovirus, norovirus, sapovirus, parechovirus, hepatitis E virus, astrovirus, pecovirus, picobirnavirus, parvovirus, and gokushovirus. Conventional treatment reduced viral concentrations by one to four log10, with the exception of adenovirus and parvovirus, for which the removal was less efficient. Ozone treatment led to a further reduction by one to two log10, but less for adenovirus. This study showed that the amount of all viruses was reduced by conventional sewage treatment. Further ozonation reduced the amounts of several viruses to undetectable levels, indicating that this is a promising technique for reducing the transmission of many pathogenic human viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Sikora
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Genomics Gothenburg, SciLife Labs, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carolin Rutgersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Berndt Björlenius
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe) at University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Heléne Norder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Fagnant CS, Toles M, Zhou NA, Powell J, Adolphsen J, Guan Y, Ockerman B, Shirai JH, Boyle DS, Novosselov I, Meschke JS. Development of an elution device for ViroCap virus filters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:574. [PMID: 29046968 PMCID: PMC5648745 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of waterborne pathogens is vital for monitoring the spread of diseases, and electropositive filters are frequently used for sampling wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface water. Viruses adsorbed to electropositive filters require elution prior to detection or quantification. Elution is typically facilitated by a peristaltic pump, although this requires a significant startup cost and does not include biosafety or cross-contamination considerations. These factors may pose a barrier for low-resource laboratories that aim to conduct environmental surveillance of viruses. The objective of this study was to develop a biologically enclosed, manually powered, low-cost device for effectively eluting from electropositive ViroCap™ virus filters. The elution device described here utilizes a non-electric bilge pump, instead of an electric peristaltic pump or a positive pressure vessel. The elution device also fully encloses liquids and aerosols that could contain biological organisms, thereby increasing biosafety. Moreover, all elution device components that are used in the biosafety cabinet are autoclavable, reducing cross-contamination potential. This device reduces costs of materials while maintaining convenience in terms of size and weight. With this new device, there is little sample volume loss due to device inefficiency, similar virus yields were demonstrated during seeded studies with poliovirus type 1, and the time to elute filters is similar to that required with the peristaltic pump. The efforts described here resulted in a novel, low-cost, manually powered elution device that can facilitate environmental surveillance of pathogens through effective virus recovery from ViroCap filters while maintaining the potential for adaptability to other cartridge filters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolette Angela Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jacob Powell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John Adolphsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yifei Guan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Byron Ockerman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jeffry Hiroshi Shirai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David S Boyle
- PATH, 2201 Westlake Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Igor Novosselov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Stevens Way, Box 352600, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - John Scott Meschke
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Choi YS, Koo ES, Kim MS, Choi JD, Shin Y, Jeong YS. Re-emergence of a GII.4 Norovirus Sydney 2012 Variant Equipped with GII.P16 RdRp and Its Predominance over Novel Variants of GII.17 in South Korea in 2016. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:168-178. [PMID: 28120262 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9278-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causative pathogen of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Of the seven genogroups of noroviruses suggested recently, genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) had been the most common genotype identified in hospitalized patients in the last few decades. However, since the latter half of 2014, new variants of GII.17 have been reported as the main causes of outbreaks over GII.4 in East Asia and have also occurred in America and Europe. In this study, we monitored norovirus GII in coastal streams at South Gyeongsang province and South Jeolla province of South Korea from March 2015 to May 2016. Norovirus GII.17 capsid sequences were predominantly detected until September 2015 in water samples. However, we found that the number of positive cases of the norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 capsid sequence has been increasing since December 2015, overtaking that of GII.17 in 2016. The RdRp genotype of this predominant GII.4 variant in 2016 was identified as GII.P16. The emergence and predominance of the GII.4 pandemic capsid sequence harboring a different RdRp genotype suggested the potential for a future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Seon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seo Koo
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Su Kim
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Duck Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Yongsik Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kim MS, Koo ES, Choi YS, Kim JY, Yoo CH, Yoon HJ, Kim TO, Choi HB, Kim JH, Choi JD, Park KS, Shin Y, Kim YM, Ko G, Jeong YS. Distribution of Human Norovirus in the Coastal Waters of South Korea. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163800. [PMID: 27681683 PMCID: PMC5040428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of human norovirus in the aquatic environment can cause outbreaks related to recreational activities and the consumption of norovirus-contaminated clams. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of norovirus genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) in the coastal aquatic environment in South Korea (March 2014 to February 2015). A total of 504 water samples were collected periodically from four coastal areas (total sites = 63), of which 44 sites were in estuaries (clam fisheries) and 19 were in inflow streams. RT-PCR analysis targeting ORF2 region C revealed that 20.6% of the water samples were contaminated by GI (13.3%) or GII (16.6%). The prevalence of human norovirus was higher in winter/spring than in summer/fall, and higher in inflow streams (50.0%) than in estuaries (7.9%). A total of 229 human norovirus sequences were identified from the water samples, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences clustered into eight GI genotypes (GI.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 9) and nine GII genotypes (GII.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, and 21). This study highlighted three issues: 1) a strong correlation between norovirus contamination via inflow streams and coastal areas used in clam fisheries; 2) increased prevalence of certain non-GII.4 genotypes, exceeding that of the GII.4 pandemic variants; 3) seasonal shifts in the dominant genotypes of both GI and GII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Su Kim
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eung Seo Koo
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Seon Choi
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Yoo
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Yoon
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Tae-Ok Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Bae Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jong Deok Choi
- Department of Seafood Science and Technology, Institute of Marine Industry, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Gyeongnam, South Korea
| | - Kwon-Sam Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan, South Korea
| | - Yongsik Shin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Biotechnology, Mokpo National Maritime University, Mokpo, South Korea
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - GwangPyo Ko
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Seok Jeong
- Department of Biology and Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Rames E, Roiko A, Stratton H, Macdonald J. Technical aspects of using human adenovirus as a viral water quality indicator. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 96:308-26. [PMID: 27065054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvements in water treatment technologies in developed countries, waterborne viruses are still associated with many of cases of illness each year. These illnesses include gastroenteritis, meningitis, encephalitis, and respiratory infections. Importantly, outbreaks of viral disease from waters deemed compliant from bacterial indicator testing still occur, which highlights the need to monitor the virological quality of water. Human adenoviruses are often used as a viral indicator of water quality (faecal contamination), as this pathogen has high UV-resistance and is prevalent in untreated domestic wastewater all year round, unlike enteroviruses and noroviruses that are often only detected in certain seasons. Standard methods for recovering and measuring adenovirus numbers in water are lacking, and there are many variations in published methods. Since viral numbers are likely under-estimated when optimal methods are not used, a comprehensive review of these methods is both timely and important. This review critically evaluates how estimates of adenovirus numbers in water are impacted by technical manipulations, such as during adenovirus concentration and detection (including culturing and polymerase-chain reaction). An understanding of the implications of these issues is fundamental to obtaining reliable estimation of adenovirus numbers in water. Reliable estimation of HAdV numbers is critical to enable improved monitoring of the efficacy of water treatment processes, accurate quantitative microbial risk assessment, and to ensure microbiological safety of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Rames
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Anne Roiko
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia; Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia
| | - Helen Stratton
- Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Edmund Rice Drive, Queensland, 4222, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joanne Macdonald
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, 90 Sippy Downs Dr, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia; Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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