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Malekpour A, Rahmanifar F. Conventional histomorphometry and fast free of acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) visualization of sciatic nerve in chicken ( Gallus domesticus). VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:167-173. [PMID: 34345382 PMCID: PMC8328249 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.98930.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Histomorphometry and use of the fast free of acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) protocol were studied on the sciatic nerve in chicken (Gallus domesticus). In the first part of the study, the sciatic nerves of 20 chickens of four age groups (7, 14, 26 and 40 days) were studied (n=5 birds per age class). Their sciatic nerve samples were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Masson's trichrome and were histomorphometrically evaluated. In the second part of the study, FACT protocol was applied on the sciatic nerve of a 26 days old chicken. After clearing of 1.00 mm-thick sciatic nerve sections, they were immunolabelled using Hoechst for nuclei staining and recorded by a Z-stack motorized fluorescent microscope. In the conventional histo-morphometry, the epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium were thicker and the nerve bundle diameter was bigger in the left sciatic nerve of chicken of all age groups compared to the right sciatic nerve. On the contrary, the axon diameter and the myelinated nerve fiber diameter were bigger, the myelin sheath was thicker, the nodes of Ranvier intervals were higher and the density of myelinated nerve fibers was also higher in the right sciatic nerve compared to the left one. In conclusion, histomorphometric parameters in the left and right sciatic nerve during chicken growth were significantly different. Furthermore, the FACT protocol could be used for the 3D imaging of the chicken sciatic nerve and its immunostained evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolrasoul Malekpour
- DVM Graduate, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Rahmanifar
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Dorsal Horn of Mouse Lumbar Spinal Cord Imaged with CLARITY. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3689380. [PMID: 32855963 PMCID: PMC7443243 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3689380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The organization of the mouse spinal dorsal horn has been delineated in 2D for the six Rexed laminae in our publication Atlas of the Spinal Cord: Mouse, Rat, Rhesus, Marmoset, and Human. In the present study, the tissue clearing technique CLARITY was used to observe the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the mouse spinal cord in 3D, using a variety of immunohistochemical markers. We confirm prior observations regarding the location of glycine and serotonin immunoreactivities. Novel observations include the demonstration of numerous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) perikarya, as well as CGRP fibers and terminals in all laminae of the dorsal horn. We also observed sparse choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in small perikarya and fibers and terminals in all dorsal horn laminae, while gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) immunoreactivities were found only in small perikarya and fibers. Finally, numerous serotonergic fibers were observed in all laminae of the dorsal horn. In conclusion, CLARITY confirmed the 2D immunohistochemical properties of the spinal cord. Furthermore, we observed novel anatomical characteristics of the spinal cord and demonstrated that CLARITY can be used on spinal cord tissue to examine many proteins of interest.
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Gradinaru V, Treweek J, Overton K, Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-Tissue Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 47:355-376. [PMID: 29792820 PMCID: PMC6359929 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years, a rapidly developing experimental approach has enabled high-resolution and high-content information retrieval from intact multicellular animal (metazoan) systems. New chemical and physical forms are created in the hydrogel-tissue chemistry process, and the retention and retrieval of crucial phenotypic information regarding constituent cells and molecules (and their joint interrelationships) are thereby enabled. For example, rich data sets defining both single-cell-resolution gene expression and single-cell-resolution activity during behavior can now be collected while still preserving information on three-dimensional positioning and/or brain-wide wiring of those very same neurons-even within vertebrate brains. This new approach and its variants, as applied to neuroscience, are beginning to illuminate the fundamental cellular and chemical representations of sensation, cognition, and action. More generally, reimagining metazoans as metareactants-or positionally defined three-dimensional graphs of constituent chemicals made available for ongoing functionalization, transformation, and readout-is stimulating innovation across biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Jennifer Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Kristin Overton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,H oward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Wang H, Khoradmehr A, Tamadon A. FACT or PACT: A Comparison between Free-Acrylamide and Acrylamide-Based Passive Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Tissue Clearing for whole Tissue Imaging. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:103-114. [PMID: 30825283 PMCID: PMC6397597 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Major biological processes rely on the spatial organization of cells in complex, highly orchestrated three-dimensional (3D)
tissues. Until the recent decade, most of information on spatial neural representation primarily came from microscopic imaging
of “2D” (5-50 μm) tissue using traditional immunohistochemical techniques. However, serially sectioned and imaged tissue
sections for tissue visualization can lead to unique non-linear deformations, which dramatically hinders scientists’ insight into
the structural organization of intact organs. An emerging technique known as CLARITY renders large-scale biological tissues
transparent for 3D phenotype mapping and thereby, greatly facilitates structure-function relationships analyses. Since then,
numerous modifications and improvements have been reported to push the boundaries of knowledge on tissue clearing
techniques in research on assembled biological systems. This review aims to outline our current knowledge on next-generation
protocols of fast free-of-acrylamide clearing tissue (FACT) and passive CLARITY (PACT). The most important question is what
method we should select for tissue clearing, FACT or PACT. This review also highlights how FACT differs from PACT on
spanning multiple dimensions of the workflow. We systematically compared a number of factors including hydrogel formation,
clearing solution, and clearing temperatures between free-acrylamide and acrylamide-based passive sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS) tissue clearing and discussed negative effects of polyacrylamide on clearing, staining, and imaging in detail. Such
information may help to gain a perspective for interrogating neural circuits spatial interactions between molecules and cells
and provide guidance for developing novel tissue clearing strategies to probe deeply into intact organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Arezoo Khoradmehr
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Khoradmehr A, Mazaheri F, Anvari M, Tamadon A. A Simple Technique for Three-Dimensional Imaging and Segmentation of Brain Vasculature U sing Fast Free-of-Acrylamide Clearing Tissue in Murine. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 21:49-56. [PMID: 30507088 PMCID: PMC6275429 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fast Free-of-Acrylamide Clearing Tissue (FACT) is a recently developed protocol for the whole tissue
three-dimensional (3D) imaging. The FACT protocol clears lipids using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to increase the
penetration of light and reflection of fluorescent signals from the depth of cleared tissue. The aim of the present study
was using FACT protocol in combination with imaging of auto-fluorescency of red blood cells in vessels to image the
vasculature of a translucent mouse tissues.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, brain and other tissues of adult female mice or rats were dissected
out without the perfusion. Mice brains were sliced for vasculature imaging before the clearing. Brain slices and other
whole tissues of rodent were cleared by the FACT protocol and their clearing times were measured. After 1 mm of the
brain slice clearing, the blood vessels containing auto-fluorescent red blood cells were imaged by a z-stack motorized
epifluorescent microscope. The 3D structures of the brain vessels were reconstructed by Imaris software.
Results Auto-fluorescent blood vessels were 3D imaged by the FACT in mouse brain cortex. Clearing tissues of
mice and rats were carried out by the FACT on the brain slices, spinal cord, heart, lung, adrenal gland, pancreas, liver,
esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, skeletal muscle, bladder, ovary, and uterus.
Conclusion The FACT protocol can be used for the murine whole tissue clearing. We highlighted that the 3D imaging
of cortex vasculature can be done without antibody staining of non-perfused brain tissue, rather by a simple auto-
fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Khoradmehr
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fahime Mazaheri
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Morteza Anvari
- Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Yazd Reproduction Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Zhang WL, Liu SH, Zhang WC, Hu W, Jiang M, Tamadon A, Feng Y. Skeletal Muscle CLARITY: A Preliminary Study of Imaging The Three-Dimensional Architecture of Blood Vessels and Neurons. CELL JOURNAL 2018; 20:132-137. [PMID: 29633589 PMCID: PMC5893283 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2018.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective Passive CLARITY is a whole-tissue clearing protocol, based on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) clearing, for imaging
intact tissue containing transgenic or immunolabeled fluorescent proteins. In this study, we present an improved passive
CLARITY protocol with efficient immunolabeling without the need for electrophoresis or complex instrumentation.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after perfusion of C57BL/6N mice with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)
and then with acrylamide-paraformaldehyde (PFA), the quadriceps femoris muscle was removed. The muscle samples
were post-fixed and degassed to initiate polymerization. After removing the excess hydrogel around the muscle, lipids were
washed out with the passive CLARITY technique. The transparent whole intact muscles were labeled for vessel and neuron
markers, and then imaged by confocal microscopy. Three-dimensional images were reconstructed to present the muscle
tissue architecture.
Results We established a simple clearing protocol using wild type mouse muscle and labeling of vasculatures and
neurons. Imaging the fluorescent signal was achieved by protein fixation, adjusting the pH of the SDS solution and
using an optimum temperature (37˚C) for tissue clearing, all of which contributed to the superiority of our protocol.
Conclusion We conclude that this passive CLARITY protocol can be successfully applied to three-dimensional
cellular and whole muscle imaging in mice, and will facilitate structural analyses and connectomics of large assemblies
of muscle cells, vessels and neurons in the context of three-dimensional systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li Zhang
- Department of Digestive Diseases of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao Hua Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Chen Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Amin Tamadon
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Yi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai China.
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Hu W, Tamadon A, Hsueh AJW, Feng Y. Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286393 DOI: 10.3791/56141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P <0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University
| | - Aaron J W Hsueh
- Program of Reproductive and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University;
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