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Frawley R, Johnson VJ, Burleson GR, Shockley KR, Cesta MF, Travlos G, Cora M, Roberts G, Germolec D. Evaluation of immunotoxicity of sodium metavanadate following drinking water exposure in female B6C3F1/N mice in a 28-day study. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1686-1701. [PMID: 37403832 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3 ) is a pentavalent vanadium compound used in the metal industry and dietary supplements; human exposure occurs through inhalation of fumes and dust and ingestion of NaVO3 -containing products. The objective of this study was to assess the potential immunotoxicity of NaVO3 . Female B6C3F1/N mice were exposed to 0-500 ppm NaVO3 in drinking water for 28 days and evaluated for effects on immune cell populations and innate, cellular-mediated, and humoral-mediated immunity. There was a decreasing trend in body weight (BW) and BW gain in NaVO3 exposed mice, with a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in BW gain at ≥250 ppm, relative to control. Conversely, increasing trends in spleen weights and an increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the spleen:BW ratio at ≥250 ppm NaVO3 were observed. NaVO3 exposure altered antibody production against sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Antibody forming cells (AFC)/106 spleen cells exhibited a decreasing trend, with a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) at 500 ppm NaVO3 , concurrent with an increase in percent B cells. NaVO3 had no effect on the serum anti-SRBC IgM antibody titers or anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin antibody production. Exposure to NaVO3 decreased the percentage of natural killer cells at all dose levels (p ≤ 0.05), with no effect on the lytic activity. NaVO3 altered T-cell populations at 500 ppm but had no effect on T-cell proliferative responses or the lytic activity of cytotoxic T cells. Collectively, these data indicate that NaVO3 exposure can adversely affect the immune system by inducing alterations in humoral-mediated immunity, specifically the AFC response, with no effect on cell-mediated or innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Frawley
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary R Burleson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark F Cesta
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Greg Travlos
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michelle Cora
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dori Germolec
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Phoksawat W, Nithichanon A, Lerdsamran H, Wongratanacheewin S, Meesing A, Pipattanaboon C, Kanthawong S, Aromseree S, Yordpratum U, Laohaviroj M, Lulitanond V, Chareonsudjai S, Puthavathana P, Kamuthachad L, Kamsom C, Thapphan C, Salao K, Chonlapan A, Nawawishkarun P, Prasertsopon J, Overgaard HJ, Edwards SW, Phanthanawiboon S. Phenotypic and functional changes of T cell subsets after CoronaVac vaccination. Vaccine 2022; 40:6963-6970. [PMID: 36283898 PMCID: PMC9595408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major global public health concern and several protective vaccines, or preventive/therapeutic approaches have been developed. Sinovac-CoronaVac, an inactivated whole virus vaccine, can protect against severe COVID-19 disease and hospitalization, but less is known whether it elicits long-term T cell responses and provides prolonged protection. METHODS This is a longitudinal surveillance study of SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG levels, neutralizing antibody levels (NAb), T cell subsets and activation, and memory B cells of 335 participants who received two doses of CoronaVac. SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific IgG levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while NAb were measured against two strains of SARS-CoV-2, the Wuhan and Delta variants. Activated T cells and subsets were identified by flow cytometry. Memory B and T cells were evaluated by enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot). FINDINGS Two doses of CoronaVac elicited serum anti-RBD antibody response, elevated B cells with NAb capacity and CD4+ T cell-, but not CD8+ T cell-responses. Among the CD4+ T cells, CoronaVac activated mainly Th2 (CD4+ T) cells. Serum antibody levels significantly declined three months after the second dose. INTERPRETATION CoronaVac mainly activated B cells but T cells, especially Th1 cells, were poorly activated. Activated T cells were mainly Th2 biased, demonstrating development of effector B cells but not long-lasting memory plasma cells. Taken together, these results suggest that protection with CoronaVac is short-lived and that a third booster dose of vaccine may improve protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisitsak Phoksawat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arnone Nithichanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Hatairat Lerdsamran
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | | | - Atibordee Meesing
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chonlatip Pipattanaboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakawrat Kanthawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Umaporn Yordpratum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Marut Laohaviroj
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Viraphong Lulitanond
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Ludthawun Kamuthachad
- Medical Microbiology Program, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatcharin Kamsom
- Medical Microbiology Program, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chakrit Thapphan
- Medical Microbiology Program, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanin Salao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Arunya Chonlapan
- Service and Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Punnapat Nawawishkarun
- Service and Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jarunee Prasertsopon
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Hans J. Overgaard
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Steven W. Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
| | - Supranee Phanthanawiboon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand,Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Broketa M, Bruhns P. Single-Cell Technologies for the Study of Antibody-Secreting Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:821729. [PMID: 35173713 PMCID: PMC8841722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.821729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting cells (ASC), plasmablasts and plasma cells, are terminally differentiated B cells responsible for large-scale production and secretion of antibodies. ASC are derived from activated B cells, which may differentiate extrafollicularly or form germinal center (GC) reactions within secondary lymphoid organs. ASC therefore consist of short-lived, poorly matured plasmablasts that generally secrete lower-affinity antibodies, or long-lived, highly matured plasma cells that generally secrete higher-affinity antibodies. The ASC population is responsible for producing an immediate humoral B cell response, the polyclonal antibody repertoire, as well as in parallel building effective humoral memory and immunity, or potentially driving pathology in the case of autoimmunity. ASC are phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct from other B cells and further distinguishable by morphology, varied lifespans, and anatomical localization. Single cell analyses are required to interrogate the functional and transcriptional diversity of ASC and their secreted antibody repertoire and understand the contribution of individual ASC responses to the polyclonal humoral response. Here we summarize the current and emerging functional and molecular techniques for high-throughput characterization of ASC with single cell resolution, including flow and mass cytometry, spot-based and microfluidic-based assays, focusing on functional approaches of the secreted antibodies: specificity, affinity, and secretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Broketa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège doctoral, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Matteo Broketa, ; Pierre Bruhns,
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Matteo Broketa, ; Pierre Bruhns,
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Jhou JP, Yu IS, Hwai H, Chen CS, Chen PL, Tzeng SJ. The Lupus-Associated Fcγ Receptor IIb-I232T Polymorphism Results in Impairment in the Negative Selection of Low-Affinity Germinal Center B Cells Via c-Abl in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1866-1878. [PMID: 29774664 PMCID: PMC6221021 DOI: 10.1002/art.40555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) is an essential negative regulator of B cells that blocks B cell receptor (BCR) signaling and triggers c‐Abl–dependent apoptosis of B cells. FcγRIIb‐deficient mice display splenomegaly with expansion of B cells, leading to lupus. FcγRIIb‐I232T is a hypofunctional polymorphism associated with lupus susceptibility in humans, an autoimmune disease linked to diminished deletion of autoreactive B cells. In the context of the FcγRIIb‐I232T polymorphism, we investigated the role of FcγRIIb in the deletion of low‐affinity germinal center (GC) B cells, an important mechanism for preventing autoimmunity. Methods We generated FcγRIIb232T/T mice to mimic human FcγRIIb‐I232T carriers and immunized mice with chicken gamma globulin (CGG)–conjugated NP, a T cell–dependent antigen, to examine the response of GC B cells. Results Compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, FcγRIIb232T/T mice showed increased numbers of low‐affinity NP‐specific IgG and NP‐specific B cells and plasma cells; additionally, the expression of a somatic mutation (W33L) in their VH186.2 genes encoding high‐affinity BCR was reduced. Notably, FcγRIIb232T/T mice had a higher number of GC light zone B cells and showed less apoptosis than WT mice, despite having equivalent follicular helper T cell numbers and function. Moreover, phosphorylation of c‐Abl was reduced in FcγRIIb232T/T mice, and treatment of WT mice with the c‐Abl inhibitor nilotinib during the peak of GC response resulted in reduced affinity maturation reminiscent of FcγRIIb232T/T mice. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence of a critical role of FcγRIIb/c‐Abl in the negative selection of GC B cells in FcγRIIb232T/T mice. Importantly, our findings indicate potential benefits of up‐regulating FcγRIIb expression in B cells for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I-Shing Yu
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw Hwai
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tseng TC, Huang DY, Lai LC, Hwai H, Hsiao YW, Jhou JP, Chuang EY, Tzeng SJ. Dual immuno-renal targeting of 7-benzylidenenaltrexone alleviates lupus nephritis via FcγRIIB and HO-1. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:413-425. [PMID: 29508016 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Known as a selective δ1 opioid receptor (DOR1) antagonist, the 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) is also a DOR1-independent immunosuppressant with unknown mechanisms. Here we investigated if BNTX could be beneficial for diseased MRL/lpr lupus mice. We treated mice with 0.5, 2, 5 or 10 mg/kg/day of BNTX for 2 weeks. At as low as 2 mg/kg/day, BNTX significantly improved splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Notably, B cell numbers, particularly autoreactive plasma cells, were preferentially reduced; moreover, BNTX enhanced surface expression of FcγRIIB, an immune complex (IC)-dependent apoptotic trigger of B cells. Consequently, serum autoantibody concentrations were significantly decreased, leading to diminished glomerular IC deposition and renal fibrosis, thereby improving proteinuria. Microarray and pathway analyses revealed heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and p38 MAPK as key mediators of BNTX-induced upregulation of FcγRIIB. Moreover, HO-1 expression was also induced by BNTX via p38 MAPK at renal proximal tubules to further cytoprotection. Taken together, we demonstrate that BNTX can alleviate lupus nephritis by reducing autoreactive B cells via FcγRIIB and by augmenting renal protection via HO-1. Accordingly, we propose a new strategy to treat lupus nephritis via such a dual immuno-renal targeting using either a single agent or combined agents to simultaneously deplete B cells and enhance renal protection. KEY MESSAGES 7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) alleviates lupus nephritis in diseased MRL/lpr mice. BNTX reduces autoreactive plasma cell numbers and serum autoantibody titers. BNTX upregulates FcγRIIB levels via p38 MAPK and HO-1 to reduce B cell numbers. Reduction of immune complex deposition and fibrosis by BNTX improves proteinuria. BNTX induces HO-1 via p38 MAPK to enhance protection of renal proximal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chih Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duen-Yi Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chuan Lai
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Haw Hwai
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Hsiao
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyun-Pei Jhou
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eric Y Chuang
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Center of Genomic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hwai H, Chen YY, Tzeng SJ. B-Cell ELISpot Assay to Quantify Antigen-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cells in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1808:133-141. [PMID: 29956179 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8567-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood is commonly used to assess the cellular and humoral immune responses in clinical studies. It is a convenient sample to collect for immunological research as compared to the surgically excised and biopsied lymphoid specimens. To determine the functional status of immune system from peripheral blood, the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay is a popular method of choice owing to its high sensitivity, great accuracy, and easy performance. The ELISpot allows detection and quantification of cellular functionality at the single-cell level. Therefore, ELISpot assay is commonly applied to detect cytokines and cytotoxic granules released from T cells as well as to measure antibodies secreted from B cells. Because the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used for evaluation of the vaccine efficacy in clinical trials, standardization and reproducibility are crucial to minimize assay variability amongst samples from different sources. Here we introduce methods to isolate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for quantification of the antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells using the ELISpot assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw Hwai
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jong Tzeng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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