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Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- CORRESPONDENCE: Prof. Heemin Kang, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, South Korea, Phone: +82-2-3290-3853, , https://www.dynamicnano.org/; Prof. Ki-Bum Lee, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA, Tel. +1-848-445-2081; Fax: +1-732-445-5312, , https://kblee.rutgers.edu/
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Ricci G, Minsker K, Kapish A, Osborn J, Ha S, Davide J, Califano JP, Sehlin D, Rustandi RR, Dick LW, Vlasak J, Culp TD, Baudy A, Bell E, Mukherjee M. Flow virometry for process monitoring of live virus vaccines-lessons learned from ERVEBO. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7432. [PMID: 33795759 PMCID: PMC8016999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct at line monitoring of live virus particles in commercial manufacturing of vaccines is challenging due to their small size. Detection of malformed or damaged virions with reduced potency is rate-limited by release potency assays with long turnaround times. Thus, preempting batch failures caused by out of specification potency results is almost impossible. Much needed are in-process tools that can monitor and detect compromised viral particles in live-virus vaccines (LVVs) manufacturing based on changes in their biophysical properties to provide timely measures to rectify process stresses leading to such damage. Using ERVEBO, MSD's Ebola virus vaccine as an example, here we describe a flow virometry assay that can quickly detect damaged virus particles and provide mechanistic insight into process parameters contributing to the damage. Furthermore, we describe a 24-h high throughput infectivity assay that can be used to correlate damaged particles directly to loss in viral infectivity (potency) in-process. Collectively, we provide a set of innovative tools to enable rapid process development, process monitoring, and control strategy implementation in large scale LVV manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffri Ricci
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Kevin Minsker
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Austin Kapish
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - James Osborn
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Sha Ha
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Joseph Davide
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Joseph P Califano
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Darrell Sehlin
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Richard R Rustandi
- Vaccines Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lawrence W Dick
- Vaccines Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Josef Vlasak
- Vaccines Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Timothy D Culp
- Vaccines Process Development, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Andreas Baudy
- Safety Assessment and Laboratory Animal Resources, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA, USA
| | - Edward Bell
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Vaccines Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP 42-3, West Point, PA, 19486, USA.
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Khadivjam B, El Bilali N, Lippé R. Analysis and Sorting of Individual HSV-1 Particles by Flow Virometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:289-303. [PMID: 31617185 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has been instrumental in characterizing normal and infected cells. However, until recently, it was not possible to use such an approach to analyze small entities such as bacteria, let alone viruses, owing to the 0.5 μm resolution of most instruments. To circumvent this limitation, some laboratories decorate pathogens with antibodies or nanoparticles. Our laboratory instead exploits an alternative approach that relies on the staining of internal viral constituents with permeable SYTO dyes or the fluorescent tagging of individual viral proteinaceous components, whether capsid, tegument or glycoproteins. This opens up a range of new research avenues and, for example, enabled us to characterize individual herpes simplex virus type 1 particles, discern their different subpopulations, measure the heterogeneity of mature virions in terms of protein content, sort these viral particles with >90% purity and, for the first time, directly address the impact of this heterogeneity on viral fitness. This approach, coined flow virometry or nanoscale flow cytometry, allows for the study of a wide variety of pathogens with high statistical significance and the potential discovery of novel virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Khadivjam
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil El Bilali
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Lippé
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
For several decades, flow cytometry has been a common approach to analyze cells and sort them to near-purity. It enables one to probe inner cellular molecules, surface receptors, or infected cells. However, the analysis of smaller entities such as viruses and exocytic vesicles has been more difficult but is becoming mainstream. This has in part been due to the development of new instrumentation with resolutions below that of conventional cytometers. It is also attributed to the several means employed to fluorescently label viruses, hence enabling them to stand out from similarly sized particles representing background noise. Thus far, more than a dozen different viruses ranging in size from 40 nm to giant viruses have been probed by this approach, which was recently dubbed "flow virometry." These studies have collectively highlighted the breadth of the applications of this method, which, for example, has elucidated the maturation of dengue virus, served as quality control for vaccinia vaccines, and enabled the sorting of herpes simplex virus discrete viral particles. The present review focuses on the means employed to characterize and sort viruses by this powerful technology and on the emerging uses of flow virometry. It similarly addresses some of its current challenges and limitations.
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