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Momenbeitollahi N, Cloet T, Li H. Pushing the detection limits: strategies towards highly sensitive optical-based protein detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5995-6011. [PMID: 34363087 PMCID: PMC8346249 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are one of the main constituents of living cells. Studying the quantities of proteins under physiological and pathological conditions can give valuable insights into health status, since proteins are the functional molecules of life. To be able to detect and quantify low-abundance proteins in biofluids for applications such as early disease diagnostics, sensitive analytical techniques are desired. An example of this application is using proteins as biomarkers for detecting cancer or neurological diseases, which can provide early, lifesaving diagnoses. However, conventional methods for protein detection such as ELISA, mass spectrometry, and western blotting cannot offer enough sensitivity for certain applications. Recent advances in optical-based micro- and nano-biosensors have demonstrated promising results to detect proteins at low quantities down to the single-molecule level, shining lights on their capacities for ultrasensitive disease diagnosis and rare protein detection. However, to date, there is a lack of review articles synthesizing and comparing various optical micro- and nano-sensing methods of enhancing the limits of detections of the antibody-based protein assays. The purpose of this article is to critically review different strategies of improving assay sensitivity using miniaturized biosensors, such as assay miniaturization, improving antibody binding capacity, sample purification, and signal amplification. The pros and cons of different methods are compared, and the future perspectives of this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teran Cloet
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Huiyan Li
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Paquet-Mercier F, Juncker D, Bergeron S. Precise Chip-to-Chip Reagent Transfer for Cross-Reactivity-Free Multiplex Sandwich Immunoassays. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2237:141-149. [PMID: 33237415 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1064-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Common multiplex sandwich immunoassays suffer from cross-reactivity due to the mixing of detection antibodies and the combinatorial, undesired interaction between all reagents and analytes. Here we present the snap chip to perform antibody colocalization microarrays that eliminates undesirable interactions by running an array of singleplex assays realized by sequestering detection antibodies in individual nanodroplets. When detecting proteins in biological fluids, the absence of cross-reactivity allows a higher level of multiplexing, reduced background, increased sensitivity, and ensures accurate and specific results. The use of the snap chip is illustrated by measuring highly related analytes such as proteins isoforms and phospho-proteins, both particularly prone to cross-reactivity, in a single experiment. The main steps of the protocol are preparation of sample, incubation on an assay slide harboring the microarrayed capture antibodies, transfer of the microarrayed detection antibodies on their cognate spots, and measurement of the assay results by fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Juncker
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Biomedical Engineering Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bigdelou P, Chan KK, Tang J, Yu KN, Whited J, Wang D, Lee MY, Sun XL. High-throughput multiplex assays with mouse macrophages on pillar plate platforms. Exp Cell Res 2020; 396:112243. [PMID: 32835658 PMCID: PMC7572780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is challenging to rapidly identify immune responses that reflect the state and capability of immune cells due to complex heterogeneity of immune cells and their plasticity to pathogens and modulating molecules. Thus, high-throughput and easy-to-use cell culture and analysis platforms are highly desired for characterizing complex immune responses and elucidating their underlying mechanisms as well. In response to this need, we have developed a micropillar chip and a 384-pillar plate, printed mouse macrophage, RAW 264.7 cell line in alginate on the pillar plate platforms, and established multiplex cell-based assays to rapidly measure cell viability, expression of cell surface markers, and secretion of cytokines upon stimulation with model compound, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as synthetic N-glycan polymers that mimic native glycoconjugates and could bind to lectin receptors on RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, changes in RAW 264.7 cell viability, expression levels of cell surface makers, and release of cytokines measured from the pillar plate platforms in the presence and absence of LPS were well correlated with those obtained from their counterpart, the 96-well plate with 2D-cultured macrophages. With this approach, we identified that α2,3-linked N-sialyllactose polymer has significant macrophage modulation activity among the N-glycan polymers tested. Therefore, we successfully demonstrated that our pillar plate platforms with 3D-cultured macrophages can streamline immune cell imaging and analysis in high throughput in response to compound stimulation. We envision that the pillar plate platforms could potentially be used for rapid characterization of immune cell responses and for screening immune cell-modulating molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Bigdelou
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Ka Keung Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, West 601, Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Joshua Whited
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
| | - Xue-Long Sun
- Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Center of Gene Regulation of Health and Disease (GRHD), Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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