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Paulraj P, Barrie E, Jackson‐Cook C. Optical genome mapping reveals balanced and unbalanced genetic changes associated with tumor-forming potential in an early-stage prostate cancer epithelial subline (M2205). Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2307. [PMID: 37902189 PMCID: PMC10767587 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying cytogenetic changes in tumors can aid in diagnosis/prognosis and disease management. Complete cytogenetic characterization has historically required a multimethod/time-consuming approach. Optical genome mapping (OGM) offers a potential solution to this challenge by detecting both balanced and unbalanced abnormalities in a single assay. METHODS Genetic changes acquired with tumor-forming potential in a prostate xenograft subline [M2205] (derived from a Black male) that were detected using cytogenetic versus OGM analyses were compared to assess the utility of OGM for analyzing solid tumors. RESULTS Cytogenetic/OGM concordance was noted for (a) copy number gains (16, 1p, 3q, 5q, 7p, 8q, 9q, 11p, 11q, 15q, 20q), (b) copy number losses (Y, 3p, 4p, 6p, 7p, 9p, 11q), and (c) structural changes, including multibreak rearrangements. Discordance was noted for two structural findings, both of which had breakpoints localized to repetitive sequences. The OGM studies identified new findings and confirmed/further characterized 8q24 structural abnormalities. It also detected genes gained/disrupted in the 8q24 region (e.g., MYC, DEPTOR, and EXT1); but recognizing a jumping translocation required cytogenetic analyses. CONCLUSION These results support using OGM as a tool to analyze solid tumors in clinical/research settings. Moreover, this OGM analysis expanded the characterization of cytogenetic changes present in the M2205 subline, including alterations associated with tumors from Black males diagnosed with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabakaran Paulraj
- Department of PathologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- NeogenomicsPhoenixArizonaUSA
| | - Elizabeth Barrie
- Department of PathologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Colleen Jackson‐Cook
- Department of PathologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Department of Human & Molecular GeneticsVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
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2
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Gronert A, Zierau O, Thieme D, Keiler AM. Effect of HepG2 cell 3D cultivation on the metabolism of the anabolic androgenic steroid metandienone. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1319-1328. [PMID: 36772854 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of the metabolic fate of prohibited substances is crucial for the abuse detection. The human hepatocyte cell line HepG2 can be used to study biotransformation. In order to improve this in vitro model system, we compared the HepG2 spheroid generation using three different techniques: a forced floating, a scaffold-free and a scaffold-based method. We characterized the spheroids with regard to the expression levels of the proliferation marker Mki67, the liver-specific marker albumin and biotransformation enzymes. Moreover, the metandienone metabolite pattern was comparatively analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. With all three techniques, HepG2 spheroids were generated showing a degree of differentiation. The forced floating method resulted in very large spheroids (1 mm in diameter) showing signs of necrosis in the centre and a very low metandienone conversion rate. The spheroids formed by the two other techniques were comparable in size with 0.5 mm in diameter on average. Among the three different 3D cultivation methods, the HepG2 spheroids formed on Matrigel® as extracellular matrix were the most promising regarding biotransformation studies on anabolic androgenic steroids. Prospectively, HepG2 spheroids are a promising in vitro model system to study multidrug setups, drug-drug interactions and the biotransformation of other substance classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Gronert
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Environmental Monitoring and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
- Environmental Monitoring and Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Patrício D, Santiago J, Mano JF, Fardilha M. Organoids of the male reproductive system: Challenges, opportunities, and their potential use in fertility research. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1590. [PMID: 36442887 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Organoids are units of function of a given organ able to reproduce, in culture, a biological structure similar in architecture and function to its counterpart in vivo. Today, it is possible to develop an organoid from a fragment of tissue, a stem cell located in an adult organ, an embryonic stem cell, or an induced pluripotent stem cell. In the past decade, many organoids have been developed which mimic stomach, pancreas, liver and brain tissues, optic cups, among many others. Additionally, different male reproductive system organs have already been developed as organoids, including the prostate and testis. These 3D cultures may be of great importance for urological cancer research and have the potential to be used in fertility research for the study of spermatozoa production and maturation, germ cells-somatic cells interactions, and mechanisms of disease. They also provide an accurate preclinical pipeline for drug testing and discovery, as well as for the study of drug resistance. In this work, we revise the current knowledge on organoid technology and its use in healthcare and research, describe the male reproductive system organoids and other biomaterials already developed, and discuss their current application. Finally, we highlight the research gaps, challenges, and opportunities in the field and propose strategies to improve the use of organoids for the study of male infertility situations. This article is categorized under: Reproductive System Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Reproductive System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Patrício
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Santiago
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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Kumar A, Cai S, Allam M, Henderson S, Ozbeyler M, Saiontz L, Coskun AF. Single-Cell and Spatial Analysis of Emergent Organoid Platforms. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:311-344. [PMID: 37191807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as a promising advancement of the two-dimensional (2D) culture systems to improve studies in organogenesis, drug discovery, precision medicine, and regenerative medicine applications. Organoids can self-organize as three-dimensional (3D) tissues derived from stem cells and patient tissues to resemble organs. This chapter presents growth strategies, molecular screening methods, and emerging issues of the organoid platforms. Single-cell and spatial analysis resolve organoid heterogeneity to obtain information about the structural and molecular cellular states. Culture media diversity and varying lab-to-lab practices have resulted in organoid-to-organoid variability in morphology and cell compositions. An essential resource is an organoid atlas that can catalog protocols and standardize data analysis for different organoid types. Molecular profiling of individual cells in organoids and data organization of the organoid landscape will impact biomedical applications from basic science to translational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Cai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mayar Allam
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Samuel Henderson
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melissa Ozbeyler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lilly Saiontz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ahmet F Coskun
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Bioengineering Graduate Program, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, , Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Cai PY, Asad M, Augello MA, Martin L, Louie C, Basourakos SP, Gaffney CD, Shoag J, Tu JJ, Khani F, Mosquera JM, Loda M, Scherr DS, Barbieri CE, Robinson BD. A multidisciplinary approach to optimize primary prostate cancer biobanking. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:271.e1-271.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Epithelial NELF guards intestinal barrier function to ameliorate colitis by maintaining junctional integrity. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:279-288. [PMID: 34697434 PMCID: PMC8881342 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00465-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Well-orchestrated transcriptional programs in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are essential for maintenance of optimal mucosal barrier functions, whereas the contribution of elongation-related mechanisms to barrier function remains unknown. Here, a combination of genetic and genomic approaches defined a critical role of IEC-intrinsic negative elongation factor (NELF) complex in maintenance of epithelial homeostasis. By direct occupancy at endogenous gene loci, NELF sustained expression of a subset of genes related to junctional integrity. As a result, epithelial NELF deficiency results in subdued levels of these junction-related genes and excessive IEC necroptosis in vivo secondary to commensal microbial invasion. In a colitis model, NELF-deficient mice exhibited severely impaired barrier integrity characterized by increased intestinal permeability and significantly exacerbated intestinal inflammation with lethal consequences. Our findings reveal the protective function of the NELF complex against intestinal damage and inflammation and suggest that elongation represents a biologically important step in defining IEC transcriptome.
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Grayson KA, Jyotsana N, Ortiz-Otero N, King MR. Overcoming TRAIL-resistance by sensitizing prostate cancer 3D spheroids with taxanes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246733. [PMID: 33661931 PMCID: PMC7932526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional spheroid cultures have been shown to better physiologically mimic the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that occur in solid tumors more than traditional 2D cell cultures. One challenge in spheroid production is forming and maintaining spheroids of uniform size. Here, we developed uniform, high-throughput, multicellular spheroids that self-assemble using microwell plates. DU145 and PC3 cells were cultured as 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids to compare sensitization of TRAIL-resistance cancer cells to TRAIL mediated apoptosis via chemotherapy based on dimensionality. Monocultured monolayers and spheroids were treated with soluble TRAIL alone (24 hr), DTX or CBZ alone (24 hr), or a combination of taxane and TRAIL (24 + 24 hr) to determine the effectiveness of taxanes as TRAIL sensitizers. Upon treatment with soluble TRAIL or taxanes solely, monolayer cells and spheroids exhibited no significant reduction in cell viability compared to the control, indicating that both cell lines are resistant to TRAIL and taxane alone in 2D and 3D. Pretreatment with CBZ or DTX followed by TRAIL synergistically amplified apoptosis in 2D and 3D DU145 cell cultures. PC3 spheroids were more resistant to the combination therapy, displaying a more additive effect in the DTX + TRAIL group compared to 2D. There was a downregulation of DR4/5 expression in spheroid form compared to monolayers in each cell line. Additionally, normal fibroblasts (NFs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were cocultured with both PCa cell lines as spheroids to determine if CAFs confer additional resistance to chemotherapy. We determined that co-cultured spheroids show similar drug resistance to monocultured spheroids when treated with taxane plus TRAIL treatment. Collectively, these findings suggest how the third dimension and cocultures of different cell types effect the sensitization of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells to TRAIL, suggesting therapeutic targets that could overcome TRAIL-resistance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Korie A. Grayson
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nidhi Jyotsana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nerymar Ortiz-Otero
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Liu Z, Anderson JD, Deng L, Mackay S, Bailey J, Kersh L, Rowe SM, Guimbellot JS. Human Nasal Epithelial Organoids for Therapeutic Development in Cystic Fibrosis. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060603. [PMID: 32485957 PMCID: PMC7349680 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a human nasal epithelial (HNE) organoid model derived directly from patient samples that is well-differentiated and recapitulates the airway epithelium, including the expression of cilia, mucins, tight junctions, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), and ionocytes. This model requires few cells compared to airway epithelial monolayer cultures, with multiple outcome measurements depending on the application. A novel feature of the model is the predictive capacity of lumen formation, a marker of baseline CFTR function that correlates with short-circuit current activation of CFTR in monolayers and discriminates the cystic fibrosis (CF) phenotype from non-CF. Our HNE organoid model is amenable to automated measurements of forskolin-induced swelling (FIS), which distinguishes levels of CFTR activity. While the apical side is not easily accessible, RNA- and DNA-based therapies intended for systemic administration could be evaluated in vitro, or it could be used as an ex vivo biomarker of successful repair of a mutant gene. In conclusion, this highly differentiated airway epithelial model could serve as a surrogate biomarker to assess correction of the mutant gene in CF or other diseases, recapitulating the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Justin D. Anderson
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Lily Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Stephen Mackay
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Johnathan Bailey
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
| | - Latona Kersh
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Steven M. Rowe
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Guimbellot
- Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Z.L.); (J.D.A.); (S.M.); (L.K.); (S.M.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (L.D.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-234-0250; Fax: +1-205-975-5983
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Crowell PD, Giafaglione JM, Hashimoto T, Diaz JA, Goldstein AS. Evaluating the Differentiation Capacity of Mouse Prostate Epithelial Cells Using Organoid Culture. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31814611 DOI: 10.3791/60223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelium is comprised predominantly of basal and luminal cells. In vivo lineage tracing has been utilized to define the differentiation capacity of mouse prostate basal and luminal cells during development, tissue-regeneration and transformation. However, evaluating cell-intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of prostate epithelial differentiation capacity using a lineage tracing approach often requires extensive breeding and can be cost-prohibitive. In the prostate organoid assay, basal and luminal cells generate prostatic epithelium ex vivo. Importantly, primary epithelial cells can be isolated from mice of any genetic background or mice treated with any number of small molecules prior to, or after, plating into three-dimensional (3D) culture. Sufficient material for evaluation of differentiation capacity is generated after 7-10 days. Collection of basal-derived and luminal-derived organoids for (1) protein analysis by Western blot and (2) immunohistochemical analysis of intact organoids by whole-mount confocal microscopy enables researchers to evaluate the ex vivo differentiation capacity of prostate epithelial cells. When used in combination, these two approaches provide complementary information about the differentiation capacity of prostate basal and luminal cells in response to genetic or pharmacological manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston D Crowell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Jenna M Giafaglione
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Takao Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Johnny A Diaz
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles;
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McCray T, Moline D, Baumann B, Vander Griend DJ, Nonn L. Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis identifies a putative epithelial stem cell population in human primary prostate cells in monolayer and organoid culture conditions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2019; 7:123-138. [PMID: 31317052 PMCID: PMC6627543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human primary prostate epithelial (PrE) cells represent patient-derived in vitro models and are traditionally grown as a monolayer in two-dimensional culture. It has been recently demonstrated that expansion of primary cells into three-dimensional prostatic organoids better mimics prostate epithelial glands by recapitulating epithelial differentiation and cell polarity. Here, we sought to identify cell populations present in monolayer PrE cells and organoid culture, grown from the same patient, using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Single-cell RNA-sequencing is a powerful tool to analyze transcriptome profiles of thousands of individual cells simultaneously, creating an in-depth atlas of cell populations within a sample. Organoids consisted of six distinct cell clusters (populations) of intermediate differentiation compared to only three clusters in the monolayer prostate epithelial cells. Integrated analysis of the datasets allowed for direct comparison of the monolayer and organoid samples and identified 10 clusters, including a distinct putative prostate stem cell population that was high in Keratin 13 (KRT13), Lymphocyte Antigen 6D (LY6D), and Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA). Many of the genes within the clusters were validated through RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence in PrE samples from 5 additional patients. KRT13+ cells were observed in discrete areas of the parent tissue and organoids. Pathway analyses and lack of EdU incorporation corroborated a stem-like phenotype based on the gene expression and quiescent state of the KRT13+ cluster. Other clusters within the samples were similar to epithelial populations reported within patient prostate tissues. In summary, these data show that the epithelial stem population is preserved in PrE cultures, with organoids uniquely expanding intermediate cell types not present in monolayer culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara McCray
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Moline
- Committee on Development, Regenerative, and Stem Cell Biology (DRSB), University of ChicagoChicago 60637, Illinois, USA
| | - Bethany Baumann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer CenterChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer CenterChicago 60612, Illinois, USA
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