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Klimt M, Stadler M, Binder U, Krauss J. Synthesis of novel benzylamine antimycotics and evaluation of their antimycotic potency. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300381. [PMID: 38345272 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of 23 novel benzylamines was synthesized by reductive amination from halogen-substituted 3- and 4-benzyloxybenzaldehyde derivatives and 6-methylhept-2-yl amine or n-octylamine. The antimycotic activity of the resulting amines was evaluated in a microdilution assay against the apathogenic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica as test microorganism. Promising compounds were also tested against human pathogenic Candida species. The influence of halogen substituents at the benzyl ether side chain was studied in this screening, as well as the influence of the branched side chain of (±)-6-methylhept-2-yl amine in comparison with the n-octyl side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Klimt
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Stadler
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Structure-Activity Relationships of 4-Aminopiperidines as Novel Antifungal Agents Targeting Ergosterol Biosynthesis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237208. [PMID: 34885791 PMCID: PMC8658910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aliphatic heterocycles piperidine and morpholine are core structures of well-known antifungals such as fenpropidin and fenpropimorph, commonly used as agrofungicides, and the related morpholine amorolfine is approved for the treatment of dermal mycoses in humans. Inspired by these lead structures, we describe here the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aminopiperidines as a novel chemotype of antifungals with remarkable antifungal activity. A library of more than 30 4-aminopiperidines was synthesized, starting from N-substituted 4-piperidone derivatives by reductive amination with appropriate amines using sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Antifungal activity was determined on the model strain Yarrowia lipolytica, and some compounds showed interesting growth-inhibiting activity. These compounds were tested on 20 clinically relevant fungal isolates (Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Mucormycetes) by standardized microbroth dilution assays. Two of the six compounds, 1-benzyl-N-dodecylpiperidin-4-amine and N-dodecyl-1-phenethylpiperidin-4-amine, were identified as promising candidates for further development based on their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Antifungal activity was determined for 18 Aspergillus spp. and 19 Candida spp., and their impact on ergosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis was determined. Toxicity was determined on HL-60, HUVEC, and MCF10A cells, and in the alternative in vivo model Galleria mellonella. Analysis of sterol patterns after incubation gave valuable insights into the putative molecular mechanism of action, indicating inhibition of the enzymes sterol C14-reductase and sterol C8-isomerase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Krauss J, Stadler M, Bracher F. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel Benzylamine-Type Antifungals as Butenafine-Related Antimycotics. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [PMID: 28376264 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Benzylamine-type antimycotics like naftifine, butenafine, or terbinafine are a well-known class of antimycotics since the 1980s. The following paper describes the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel benzylamine-type antimycotics characterized by an isooctyl side chain and various substituents at the benzylamine moiety. The compounds were prepared from benzaldehyde derivatives and 2-amino-6-methylheptane by reductive amination with sodium triacetoxyborohydride and subsequent precipitation with hydrogen chloride. The antimycotic activity of the resulting compounds was evaluated in an agar diffusion assay against the yeasts C. glabrata and Yarrowia lipolytica, the mold Aspergillus niger and the dermatophyte H. burtonii. The compounds were also tested in a microdilution assay against the yeast Candida glabrata and the dermatophyte H. burtonii to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Compounds with an aromatic ether side chain or a short alkyl ether side chain showed significant antimycotic activity against C. glabrata, comparable to terbinafine or clotrimazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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Kataria P, Sharma G, Thakur K, Bansal V, Dogra S, Katare OP. Emergence of nail lacquers as potential transungual delivery system in the management of onchomycosis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:937-52. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1174691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gajanand Sharma
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kanika Thakur
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Om Prakash Katare
- Division of Pharmaceutics, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Mangoyi R, Midiwo J, Mukanganyama S. Isolation and characterization of an antifungal compound 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone from Combretum zeyheri. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:405. [PMID: 26573005 PMCID: PMC4647299 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Combretum zeyheri, belongs to the family Combretaceae and is one of the most popular herbal plants in tropical and subtropical countries. The leaves of Combretum zeyheri have been used as herbal medicine and have been reported to have pharmacological activity which includes anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anticancer and antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize compounds from C. zeyheri leaves which are responsible for its antifungal activity. Methods The preliminary isolation of C. zeyheri active compounds was carried out using chromatographic techniques which include sephadex gel column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compounds were then investigated for their antifungal activity using broth dilution assay. The combined effect of the most potent compound and an antifungal drug miconazole was investigated using the checkerboard assay. Time-kill assays were conducted for the combinations using the colony counting method. The mechanism of action of 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone as a potent antifungal agent was investigated by determining its inhibitory activity on Candida albicans drug efflux pumps using the ciprofloxacin assay. The ability of 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone to inhibit antioxidant enzymes as well as the biosynthesis of ergosterol were also investigated. Results A total of four pure compounds (A-D) were isolated from C. zeyheri leaf extract. Compound B (5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone) was found to be active against Candida albicans using broth dilution method. This compound was also found to have synergistic activity on growth of C. albicans when combined with miconazole, completely inhibiting growth after only 4 hrs of incubation. Analysis of ergosterol content from Candida albicans showed a time-dependent decrease to 91 % and 63 % at 16 and 24 hrs respectively, in cells treated with ½ MIC of 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone. The compound 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone also showed inhibition of both the drug efflux pumps (with IC50 = 51.64 μg/ml) and the antioxidant enzymes (at 5 μM). Conclusion The compound 5-hydroxy-7,4’-dimethoxyflavone may be partly responsible for the reported antifungal activity of C. zeyheri, and may serve as a potential source of lead compounds that can be developed as antifungal phytomedicines.
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Müller C, Binder U, Maurer E, Grimm C, Giera M, Bracher F. Fungal sterol C22-desaturase is not an antimycotic target as shown by selective inhibitors and testing on clinical isolates. Steroids 2015; 101:1-6. [PMID: 26022150 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of concise enzymes in ergosterol biosynthesis is one of the most prominent strategies for antifungal chemotherapy. Nevertheless, the enzymes sterol C5-desaturase and sterol C22-desaturase, which introduce double bonds into the sterol core and side chain, have not been fully investigated yet for their potential as antifungal drug targets. Lathosterol side chain amides bearing N-alkyl groups of proper length are known as potent inhibitors of the enzymes sterol C5-desaturase and sterol Δ(24)-reductase in mammalian cholesterol biosynthesis. Here we present the results of our evaluation of these amides for their ability to inhibit enzymes in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis. In the presence of inhibitor(s) an accumulation of sterols lacking a double bond at C22/23 (mainly ergosta-5,7-dien-3β-ol) was observed in Candida glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Yarrowia lipolytica. Hence, the lathosterol side chain amides were identified as selective inhibitors of the fungal sterol C22-desaturase, which was discussed as a specific target for novel antifungals. One representative inhibitor, (3S,20S)-20-N-butylcarbamoylpregn-7-en-3β-ol was subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing on patient isolates according to modified EUCAST guidelines. But, the test organisms showed no significant reduction of cell growth and/or viability up to an inhibitor concentration of 100μg/mL. This leads to the conclusion that sterol C22-desaturase is not an attractive target for the development of antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Maurer
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Schöpfstr. 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Krauß J, Hornacek M, MÜller C, Staudacher V, Stadler M, Bracher F. Synthesis and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel N-Alkyl Tetra- and Perhydroquinoline Derivatives. Sci Pharm 2014; 83:1-14. [PMID: 26839797 PMCID: PMC4727778 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1409-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel N-alkyl tetra- and perhydroquinoline derivatives and their hydrochlorides were prepared from tetrahydro- or trans-perhydroquinoline by direct alkylation with alkyl halides and subsequent precipitation with HCl gas. The antimicrobial activity of the resulting amines was evaluated in an agar diffusion assay. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the active compounds were determined by the microdilution method. In contrast to the tetrahydroquinolines, the perhydro analogues showed significant antifungal activity. In an assay for the detection of target enzymes in ergosterol biosynthesis, N-undecylperhydroquinoline was identified as an inhibitor of Δ8,7-isomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Krauß
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Michal Hornacek
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph MÜller
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Staudacher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Stadler
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy - Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Krauss J, Müller C, Kießling J, Richter S, Staudacher V, Bracher F. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of NovelN-Alkyl Tetra- and Decahydroisoquinolines: Novel Antifungals that Target Ergosterol Biosynthesis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2014; 347:283-90. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201300338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Krauss
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Julia Kießling
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Sabine Richter
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Verena Staudacher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Munich Germany
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