Effect of ovarian tumor characteristics on venous thromboembolic risk

Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Risk Prediction of Venous Thromboembolism for Patients With Ovarian Cancer in Real-World Settings From Electronic Health Records

PURPOSE

Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) have an elevated risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). To assess the risk of VTE, models were developed by statistical or machine learning algorithms. However, few models have accommodated deep learning (DL) algorithms in realistic clinical settings. We aimed to develop a predictive DL model, exploiting rich information from electronic health records (EHRs), including dynamic clinical features and the presence of competing risks.

METHODS

We extracted EHRs of 1,268 patients diagnosed with EOC from January 2007 through December 2017 at the National Cancer Center, Korea. DL survival networks using fully connected layers, temporal attention, and recurrent neural networks were adopted and compared with multi-perceptron-based classification models. Prediction accuracy was independently validated in the data set of 423 patients newly diagnosed with EOC from January 2018 to December 2019. Personalized risk plots displaying the individual interval risk were developed.

RESULTS

DL-based survival networks achieved a superior area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) between 0.95 and 0.98 while the AUROC of classification models was between 0.85 and 0.90. As clinical information benefits the prediction accuracy, the proposed dynamic survival network outperformed other survival networks for the test and validation data set with the highest time-dependent concordance index (0.974, 0.975) and lowest Brier score (0.051, 0.049) at 6 months after a cancer diagnosis. Our visualization showed that the interval risk fluctuating along with the changes in longitudinal clinical features.

CONCLUSION

Adaption of dynamic patient clinical features and accounting for competing risks from EHRs into the DL algorithms demonstrated VTE risk prediction with high accuracy. Our results show that this novel dynamic survival network can provide personalized risk prediction with the potential to assist risk-based clinical intervention to prevent VTE among patients with EOC.

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Is it time for thromboprophylaxis?

OBJECTIVES

Our objectives were to determine the incidence, timing, and risk factors for venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) in patients with advanced stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). We explored the utilization of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for VTE treatment.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included patients with advanced stage EOC receiving NACT followed by interval cytoreductive surgery (ICS) at a single institution. Risk factors were compared between patients with versus without VTE between EOC diagnosis and 180 days after ICS. Bleeding complications were compared between patient who received a DOAC versus non-DOAC.

RESULTS

VTE cases occurred amongst 33 of the 154 (21.4%) patients with 4 (2.6%) concurrent with EOC diagnosis, 9 (5.8%) between EOC diagnosis and NACT start, 13 (8.4%) between NACT start and ICS, and 7 (4.5%) within 180 days after ICS. There were no statistically significant differences in risk factors assessed (age, body mass index, functional status, histology, Khorana score, and smoking history) between patients with versus without VTE. Eleven patients (33.3%) received a DOAC for VTE treatment. There were no significant differences in number of intraoperative blood transfusions (p = 0.38), blood loss (p = 0.95), or bleeding complications (p = 0.53) between patients treated with a DOAC versus a non-DOAC.

CONCLUSION

There is a high incidence of VTE events (21.4%) in patients with advanced stage EOC undergoing NACT. Two-thirds of the VTEs may have been prevented with thromboprophylaxis as they occurred between EOC diagnosis and ICS. These data support consideration of thromboprophylaxis in all patients with advanced stage EOC undergoing NACT.

Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

As the second most common subtype of Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs), ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is associated with a high rate of cancer-associated thrombosis. Previous studies revealed the wide range prevalence (6-42%) of venous thromboembolism (VTE) among OCCC patients. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of VTE among OCCC patients as well as factors affecting it.

METHODS

PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to December 12th, 2022. Studies reporting venous thromboembolic events in women with clear cell carcinoma of the ovary were included. Demographic data, clinical, and paraclinical features of the patients were independently extracted by two reviewers.

RESULTS

Out of the 2254 records, 43 studies were processed for final review. The qualified studies involved 573 VTE cases among 2965 patients with OCCC. The pooled prevalence of VTE among OCCC patients was 21.32% (95%CI=(17.38-25.87)). Most VTE events were reported in Japanese women (26.15%), followed by Americans (24.41%) and UK (21.57%), and Chinese (13.61%) women. VTE was more common in patients with advanced stages (37.79%) compared to those with early stages of the disease (16.54%).

CONCLUSIONS

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma is associated with a high rate of cancer-associated thrombosis. VTE events in OCCC patients were higher in advanced stages and Japanese women.

Podoplanin promotes tumor growth, platelet aggregation, and venous thrombosis in murine models of ovarian cancer

BACKGROUND

Podoplanin (PDPN) is a sialylated membrane glycoprotein that binds to C-type lectin-like receptor 2 on platelets resulting in platelet activation. PDPN is expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells, perivascular fibroblasts/pericytes, cancer cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and tumor stromal cells. PDPN's expression on malignant epithelial cells plays a role in metastasis. Furthermore, the expression of PDPN in brain tumors (high-grade gliomas) was found to correlate with an increased risk of venous thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE

We examined the expression of PDPN and its role in tumor progression and venous thrombosis in ovarian cancer.

METHODS

We used mouse models of ovarian cancer and venous thrombosis.

RESULTS

Ovarian cancer cells express PDPN and release PDPN-rich extracellular vesicles (EVs), and cisplatin and topotecan (chemotherapies commonly used in ovarian cancer) increase the expression of podoplanin in cancer cells. The expression of PDPN in ovarian cancer cells promotes tumor growth in a murine model of ovarian cancer and that knockdown of PDPN gene expression results in smaller primary tumors. Both PDPN-expressing ovarian cancer cells and their EVs cause platelet aggregation. In a mouse model of venous thrombosis, PDPN-expressing EVs released from HeyA8 ovarian cancer cells produce more frequent thrombosis than PDPN-negative EVs derived from PDPN-knockdown HeyA8 cells. Blood clots induced by PDPN-positive EVs contain more platelets than those in blood clots induced by PDPN-negative EVs.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, our findings demonstrate that the expression of PDPN by ovarian cancer cells promotes tumor growth and venous thrombosis in mice.

Trousseau's syndrome associated with an ovarian borderline tumour

A 71-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of sudden onset of weakness on the left side of her body. Her medical history was unremarkable, and on physical examination, hemiparesis and hyperreflexia on the left side were found. MRI of the brain showed multiple areas of restricted diffusion in both parietal lobes and in the cerebellum, consistent with embolic shower. Magnetic resonance angiography showed no abnormal findings. A contrast-enhanced CT scan revealed multiple pulmonary emboli. Abdominal MRI showed a 135 mm left ovarian tumour composed of a solid and a cystic component with liquid level formation. After a total hysterectomy and bilateral adnexectomy, the histopathology confirmed a seromucinous borderline tumour. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with Trousseau's syndrome associated with an ovarian seromucinous borderline tumour. To our knowledge, this is the first report mentioning a borderline ovarian tumour detected as Trousseau's syndrome.

Venous Thromboembolism in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Ovarian Cancer and Impact on Survival

OBJECTIVE

To determine the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with ovarian cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), identify risk factors for VTE, and assess the effect of VTE on treatment trajectory and overall survival.

METHODS

This is a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer treated with NACT between 2013 to 2016 in Alberta, Canada. The primary outcome was incidence of VTE during NACT. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for VTE and overall survival. Data related to patient demographics, cancer treatment, and incidence of VTE were collected. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier estimates and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 284 patients were included in this study. Average age at diagnosis was 63.8 years. The incidence of VTE during NACT was 13.3%. Patients with VTE were less likely to undergo interval debulking surgery (58.3%) than patients without VTE (78.6%). Kaplan-Meier estimates demonstrated a decrease in overall survival in patients who had VTE during NACT (15.0 mo; 95% CI 14.5-16.5) compared with patients who did not (26.8 mo; 95% CI 22.8-30.9) (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis identified albumin <35 g/L, BMI >30 kg/m², and non-serous histology as risk factors for VTE.

CONCLUSION

The risk of VTE in this cohort was 13.3%, which was associated with decreased overall survival. These findings suggest that thromboprophylaxis may have a role in this patient population.

The timing of venous thromboembolism in ovarian cancer patients: A nationwide Danish cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is associated with excess mortality and morbidity in cancer, and is influenced by patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors. We aimed to investigate the impact of such factors in a national cohort of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).

METHODS

Patients in the Danish Gynecologic Cancer Database (DGCD) with EOC from 2005 to 2014 were followed from time of diagnosis to VTE, or censoring. Surgery, chemotherapy, and vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF)-inhibitors were included as time-varying exposures in Cox proportional hazard regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 551 VTE events were registered in 4991 EOC patients. Median follow-up time was 2.9 years. The 2-year cumulative incidence of VTE was 7.2%. Patients were at highest risk during the first year after EOC diagnosis. Previous VTE was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.26 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.42-4.39). Exposure to major pelvic surgery was associated with a HR of 3.21 (95% CI 2.29-4.50). Exposure to chemotherapy or (VEGF)-inhibitors were associated with HRs of 1.91 (95% CI 1.56-2.33) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.57-1.93), respectively. Hazard ratios for patients with clear cell histopathology was 1.46 (95% CI 0.97-2.20) and 2.42 for International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics stage III--IV (95% CI 1.93-3.03).

CONCLUSIONS

EOC is associated with a high risk of VTE, particularly within the first year after diagnosis. Major pelvic surgery and chemotherapy were strongly associated with VTE. Person-related risk factors were increasing age and previous VTE. Advanced stage was an independent tumor-related risk factor. These findings support the indication for thrombosis prophylaxis during chemotherapy.

Meta-Analysis of VTE Risk: Ovarian Cancer Patients by Stage, Histology, Cytoreduction, and Ascites at Diagnosis

Venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) have been a leading secondary cause of death among ovarian cancer patients, prompting multiple studies of risk factors. The objective of this meta-analysis is to quantify the associations between VTE and the most commonly reported risk factors among ovarian cancer patients. PubMed, Embase, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) were used to identify observational studies. Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed quality via the Newcastle–Ottawa tool. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratios for VTE with each of the following exposures: advanced cancer stage, clear cell histology, serous histology, ascites at diagnosis, and complete cytoreduction. The I² and Q tests were used to evaluate heterogeneity. Twenty cohort studies with 6,324 total ovarian cancer patients, 769 of whom experienced a VTE, were included. The odds of VTE in ovarian cancer patients were higher among patients with cancer stage III/IV (versus cancer stage I/II, pooled odds ratio (OR) 2.73; 95% CI 1.84–4.06; I²= 64%), clear cell (versus nonclear cell) histology (OR 2.11; 95% CI 1.55–2.89; I² = 6%), and ascites (versus no ascites) at diagnosis (OR 2.12; 95% CI 1.51–2.96; I² = 32%). Serous (versus nonserous) histology (OR 1.26; 95% CI 0.91–1.75; I² = 42%) and complete (versus incomplete) cytoreduction (OR 1.05; 95% CI 0.27–4.11; I² = 88%) were not associated with VTE. This meta-analysis quantifies the significantly elevated odds of VTE in ovarian cancer patients with advanced stage at diagnosis, clear cell histology, and ascites at diagnosis. Further studies are needed to account for confounders and inform clinical decision-making tools.

[Incidence and impact of venous thrombosis in the diagnosis and therapeutic management of ovarian cancer]

OBJECTIVE

Ovarian cancer is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), which worsens overall survival. The main objective of our study was to calculate the incidence of VTE in our population. We analyzed VTE impact on diagnosis and management of ovarian cancer.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective, monocentric study in ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer patients, divided into 2 groups (« Presence of VTE » and « Absence of VTE »). A univariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated with VTE was performed, and we compared delays of management in both groups.

RESULTS

Among 157 patients included in the study, 22.9% presented a VTE, and 52.8% were asymptomatic. The VTE was diagnosed prior to any treatment in 61.1% of patients and revealed the ovarian cancer in 27.8% of cases. In multivariate analysis, tumor size (OR=1.1, 95% CI: 1-2.21, P=0.012), malnutrition (OR=3.79, 95% CI: 1.16-12,4, P=0.028) and Ddimer level above 1.5μg/mL (OR=13.8, 95% CI 1.2-152.8, P=0.02) were significantly associated with VTE. No significant difference was found between the two groups in diagnostic or therapeutic strategy, as well as in delays of management.

CONCLUSION

We report a high incidence of VTE in ovarian cancer, including a lot of asymptomatic events. An early diagnosis with clinical examination and Ddimer level could improve its management and its prognosis.

Deep vein thrombosis and serum D-dimer after pelvic lymphadenectomy in gynecological cancer

INTRODUCTION

Venous thromboembolism prevention during the perioperative period requires comprehensive risk-level assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and to assess the cut-off levels of serum D-dimer as a screening strategy for deep vein thrombosis during the perioperative period.

METHODS

A total of 205 patients (ovarian cancer: 68, endometrial cancer: 76, cervical cancer: 61) who underwent gynecological surgery, including retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, were enrolled. We retrospectively analyzed the data on the cut-off value of D-dimer assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve preoperatively, and 2 or 3 months, postoperatively. All patients underwent leg vein ultrasonography regardless of the serum D-dimer level. Furthermore, CT scans were performed to evaluate both disease status and venous thromboembolism, including pulmonary thromboembolism. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test (D-dimer values of each cancer), Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test (incidence of deep vein thrombosis), and one-way analysis of variance (patient characteristics).

RESULTS

A total of 205 patients (ovarian cancer: 68, endometrial cancer: 76, cervical cancer: 61) who underwent gynecological surgery, including retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, were included in the analysis. Deep vein thrombosis rates were significantly higher in patients with ovarian cancer (P<0.001). The postoperative D-dimer value was significantly higher than the preoperative value. Postoperative D-dimer values were also significantly higher in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.001). The cut-off value of D-dimer was 1.55 µg/mL preoperatively (sensitivity, 48.0%; specificity, 94.1%), and this value was higher postoperatively, at 1.95 µg/mL (sensitivity, 37.0%; specificity, 90.9%).

CONCLUSION

Postoperative D-dimer values are higher not only after surgery but also in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy. The cut-off value of D-dimer at 2 or 3 months postoperatively was higher than preoperative value.

Cancer-associated prothrombotic pathways: leucocytosis, but not thrombocytosis, correlates with venous thromboembolism in women with ovarian cancer

Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in cancer vary between tumours. Leucocytosis, thrombocytosis, tumour histology and vascular compression may drive thrombosis in ovarian cancer. Thrombosis developed in 13.4% of our patients. Higher median leucocyte, neutrophil and monocyte counts were related to thrombosis. Thrombocytosis >350 × 10⁹ /L was frequent (63.8%), but not predictive of thrombosis. Identification of prothrombotic biomarkers may help personalise preventive treatments.

Incidence and potential predictors of thromboembolic events in epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients during perioperative period

OBJECTIVE

To assess the incidence and the risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) during the perioperative period.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the patients with epithelial ovarian cancer treated in our hospital, between January 2017 and July 2019, and a comprehensive review of the medical documentation was performed to collect relevant data. We then analyzed the related factors of the thrombosis in the EOC patients, using univariate and multivariate analysis to identify significant risk factors for VTE, and bootstrap resampling method was used to verify the multivariate analysis results. The ROC curve methods were conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value for the prediction of VTE.

RESULTS

We analyzed 233 cases of patients with EOC, of whom the incidence of VTE was 11.16%. According to multivariate and 5000 bootstrap samples analysis, preoperative D-dimer levels (>4.215 μg/ml, p = 0.041 and p = 0.032) and comorbid of cerebral infarction (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) had statistical significance in predicting VTE events; bootstrap analysis also found the Alb, CA125, OCCC had statistical significance. While According to multivariate and 5000 bootstrap samples analysis, age (>50.5 years old, p = 0.019 and p = 0.002) and nonoptimal debulking surgery (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002) showed significance in predicting VTE after surgery; bootstrap analysis also found the D-dimer levels (>4.215 μg/ml) and tuberculosis had statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

More effective thromboprophylaxis and pre-test assessment is necessary for EOC patients. For prediction VTE events, D-dimer levels (>4.215 μg/ml) were the independent predictors before operation. Age and debulking surgery were the independent predictors post operation.

Pulmonary thromboembolism secondary to pelvic thrombosis related to giant ovarian tumor

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is one of the major complications in oncologic patients. The incidence of PTE in these cases is 4 to 7 times higher than in non-oncologic patients. Ovarian tumors, specifically those of large sizes, may impair the blood flow through the pelvic veins as tumor pressure over the pelvic vessels increases the incidence of thrombosis. The authors report the case of the unexpected death of a 74-year-old female due to massive pulmonary thromboembolism, associated with an ovarian tumor almost of 15 kg of weight that filled the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The compressive effect on the walls of the pudendal and periuterine veins somehow facilitated the local thrombosis. According to the histological characterization on post-mortem samples, the mass was identified as an “atypical proliferative (borderline) mucinous tumor.” The case emphasizes the important association between pulmonary thromboembolism and ovarian tumors

Risk factors and treatment of venous thromboembolism in perioperative patients with ovarian cancer in China

The aim of this study was to assess the major risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Chinese patients with ovarian cancer and to explore optimal methods of prophylaxis and treatment.A retrospective analysis of patients from Qilu Hospital of Shandong University was conducted from January 1, 2014, to January 1, 2017. We analyzed 388 patients who underwent surgery with a final diagnosis of ovarian cancer, of whom 35 developed VTE. Risk factors for preoperative and postoperative VTE were investigated. Preoperative patients with VTE were treated with anticoagulant therapy; chemotherapy with carboplatin paclitaxel was administered for 2 or 3 courses before cytoreductive surgery.Fifteen patients were diagnosed with preoperative VTE and 20 with postoperative VTE. Eight of these 35 patients were also diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE), and 1 patient died. Univariate analysis showed differences in age, preoperative D-dimer value, platelet count, preoperative chemotherapy, operative time, and cardiovascular disease according to the presence or absence of VTE. In multivariate analysis, age 55 years and older, tumor diameter greater than 10 cm, preoperative platelet count greater than 300  × 10/L, and a D-dimer value greater than 0.5 μg/mL were independent risk factors for preoperative VTE, whereas a D-dimer value greater than 0.5 μg/mL and surgery time greater than 150 minutes were independent risk factors for postoperative VTE. Four preoperative patients with PE who underwent treatment with anticoagulant therapy and chemotherapy with carboplatin paclitaxel had disappearance of signs of PE and their ascites and mass sizes decreased substantially, leading to subsequent optimal cytoreduction.Preoperative screening and perioperative preventive measures should be taken in gynecological oncology surgery, especially when patients have risk factors identified in this study. For patients with ovarian cancer who have been diagnosed with thrombosis before surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and anticoagulant drugs can be used to control the progression of thrombosis and cancer.

Incidence and Timing of Thromboembolic Events in Patients With Ovarian Cancer Undergoing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

OBJECTIVE

To identify the incidence and timing of venous thromboembolism as well as any associated risk factors in patients with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer and receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy from January 2009 to May 2014 at a single academic institution. The timing and number of venous thromboembolic events for the entire cohort were categorized as follows: presenting symptom, during neoadjuvant chemotherapy treatment, after debulking surgery, and during adjuvant chemotherapy.

RESULTS

Of the 125 total patients with ovarian cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 13 of 125 patients (10.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-17.2%) had a venous thromboembolism as a presenting symptom and were excluded from further analysis. Of the 112 total patients at risk, 30 (26.8%, 95% CI 19.3-35.9%) experienced a venous thromboembolism. Based on the phase of care, 13 (11.6%, 95% CI 6.8-19.1%) experienced a venous thromboembolism during neoadjuvant chemotherapy, six (5.4%, 95% CI 2.4-11.5%) developed a postoperative venous thromboembolism, and 11 (9.9%, 95% CI 5.5-17%) developed a venous thromboembolism during adjuvant chemotherapy. Two of the four patients with clear cell histology developed a venous thromboembolism in this cohort.

CONCLUSION

Overall new diagnosis of venous thromboembolism was associated with one fourth of the patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy for ovarian cancer with nearly half of these diagnosed during chemotherapy cycles before interval debulking surgery. Efforts to reduce venous thromboembolism so far have largely focused on the postoperative period. Additional attention to venous thromboembolic prophylaxis during chemotherapy (neoadjuvant and adjuvant) in this patient population is warranted in an effort to decrease the rates of venous thromboembolism.

Early-Stage Mucinous Ovarian Adenocarcinoma with Extensive Clotting in a Previously Healthy Young Female Patient: An Uncommon Presentation of a Relatively Uncommon Disease

Patient: Female, 24

Final Diagnosis: Mucinous ovarian adenocarcinoma

Symptoms: Nonproductive cough • shortness of breath with exertion

Medication: —

Clinical Procedure: —

Specialty: Oncology

Clinical significance of plasma D-dimer in ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

D-dimer has been widely used for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer, but there is still controversy on its prediction value of ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVES

To explore the clinical significance of plasma D-dimer level on ovarian cancer systematically.

METHODS

Using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science libraries, all the relevant studies for the diagnostic and prognostic value of plasma D-dimer for ovarian cancer and the relationship between elevated D-dimer level and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk of ovarian cancer were searched till May 30, 2016. Standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were appropriately pooled.

RESULTS

A total of 15 eligible studies involving a total of 1437 cancer patients were included. No significant association was found between high D-dimer level and overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer (HR 1.32, 95% CI: 0.90-1.95, P  =  .044). However, subgroup analysis indicated that the sample sizes could explain the heterogeneity between studies. And elevated D-dimer could predict increased risk of mortality when the sample sizes were >100 (HR 1.800, 95% CI: 1.283-2.523, P  =  .845). Besides, plasma D-dimer level was significantly higher in malignant ovarian cancer patients compared with benign controls (SMD 0.774, 95% CI: 0.597-0.951, P  =  .39), higher in advanced ovarian cancer patients (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO] classification III and IV) than in early stage ovarian cancer patients (FIGO classification I and II, SMD 0.611, 95% CI: 0.373-0.849, P  =  .442). And high D-dimer level indicated high VTE risk (OR 4.068, 95% CI: 2.423-6.829, P  =  .629) of ovarian cancer patients.

CONCLUSION

The plasma D-dimer level in ovarian cancer patients can predict the changes that correlated with disease progression and the VTE risk. But its predictive value for the prognosis of ovarian cancer was significantly dependent on the sample sizes. More well-designed studies with large sample sizes are needed to validate and update the findings of present study.

Evaluation of venous thrombosis and tissue factor in epithelial ovarian cancer

OBJECTIVE

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) and high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) are associated with the highest risk of VTE among patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane glycoprotein which can trigger thrombosis. We sought to evaluate if there is an association between VTE and tumor expression of tissue factor (TF), plasma TF, and microvesicle TF (MV TF) activity in this high-risk population.

METHODS

We performed a case-control study of OCCC and HGSOC patients with and without VTE. 105 patients who underwent surgery at a tertiary care center between January 1995 and October 2013 were included. Plasma TF was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A TF-dependent Factor Xa generation assay was used to measure MV TF activity. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed to evaluate tumor expression of TF.

RESULTS

35 women with OCCC or HGSOC diagnosed with VTE within 9months of surgery were included in the case group. Those with VTE had a worse OS, p<0.0001, with a greater than three-fold increase in risk of death, HR 3.33 (CI 1.75-6.35). There was no significant difference in median plasma TF level or MV TF activity level between patients with and without VTE. OCCC patients had greater expression of TF in their tumors than patients with HGSOC, p<0.0001.

CONCLUSIONS

TFMV activity and plasma TF level were not predictive of VTE in this patient population. Given the extensive expression of TF in OCCC tumors, it is unlikely IHC expression will be useful in risk stratification for VTE in this population.

High-level secretion of tissue factor-rich extracellular vesicles from ovarian cancer cells mediated by filamin-A and protease-activated receptors

Thromboembolic events occur frequently in ovarian cancer patients. Tissue factor (TF) is often overexpressed in tumours, including ovarian clear-cell carcinoma (CCC), a subtype with a generally poor prognosis. TF-coagulation factor VII (fVII) complexes on the cell surface activate downstream coagulation mechanisms. Moreover, cancer cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which act as vehicles for TF. We therefore examined the characteristics of EVs produced by ovarian cancer cells of various histological subtypes. CCC cells secreted high levels of TF within EVs, while the high-TF expressing breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 shed fewer TF-positive EVs. We also found that CCC tumours with hypoxic tissue areas synthesised TF and fVII in vivo, rendering the blood of xenograft mice bearing these tumours hypercoagulable compared with mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumours. Incorporation of TF into EVs and secretion of EVs from CCC cells exposed to hypoxia were both dependent on the actin-binding protein, filamin-A (filA). Furthermore, production of these EVs was dependent on different protease-activated receptors (PARs) on the cell surface. These results show that CCC cells could produce large numbers of TF-positive EVs dependent upon filA and PARs. This phenomenon may be the mechanism underlying the increased incidence of venous thromboembolism in ovarian cancer patients.

Tissue Factor-Factor VII Complex As a Key Regulator of Ovarian Cancer Phenotypes

Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein widely expressed in normal human cells. Blood coagulation factor VII (fVII) is a key enzyme in the extrinsic coagulation cascade that is predominantly secreted by hepatocytes and released into the bloodstream. The TF–fVII complex is aberrantly expressed on the surface of cancer cells, including ovarian cancer cells. This procoagulant complex can initiate intracellular signaling mechanisms, resulting in malignant phenotypes. Cancer tissues are chronically exposed to hypoxia. TF and fVII can be induced in response to hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells at the gene expression level, leading to the autonomous production of the TF–fVII complex. Here, we discuss the roles of the TF–fVII complex in the induction of malignant phenotypes in ovarian cancer cells. The hypoxic nature of ovarian cancer tissues and the roles of TF expression in endometriosis are discussed. Arguments will be extended to potential strategies to treat ovarian cancers based on our current knowledge of TF–fVII function.

Prevention of lymphocele development in gynecologic cancers by the electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing device

OBJECTIVE

A number of new techniques have been developed to prevent lymphocele formation after pelvic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic cancers. We assessed whether the electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing device (EBVSD) could decrease the incidence of postoperative lymphocele secondary to pelvic lymphadenectomy.

METHODS

A total of 321 patients with gynecologic cancer underwent pelvic lymphadenectomy from 2005 to 2011. Pelvic lymphadenectomy without EBVSD was performed in 134 patients, and pelvic lymphadenectomy with EBVSD was performed in 187 patients. We retrospectively compared the incidence of lymphocele and symptoms between both groups.

RESULTS

Four to 8 weeks after operation, 108 cases of lymphocele (34%) were detected by computed tomography scan examination. The incidence of lymphocele after pelvic lymphadenectomy was 56% (75/134) in the tie ligation group, and 18% (33/187) in the EBVSD group. We found a statistically significant difference in the incidence of lymphocele between both groups (p<0.01). To detect the independent risk factor for lymphocele development, we performed multivariate analysis with logistic regression for three variables (device, number of dissected lymph nodes, and operation time). Among these variables, we found a significant difference (p<0.001) for only one device.

CONCLUSION

Use of the EBVSD during gynecological cancer operation is useful for preventing the development of lymphocele secondary to pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Clinical analysis of endometrial cancer patients with obesity, diabetes, and hypertension

The purpose of our study was to study the postoperation outcome and incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in endometrial cancer (EC) patients with or without hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. This analysis included 219 patients with endometrial carcinoma who were treated between 2002 and 2012 at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangzhou University Hospital. Patients were divided into five groups based on the comorbidities. Group 1 EC & Diabetes, Group 2 EC & Hypertension, Group 3 EC & Obesity, Group 4 EC Combined two, Group 5 no combined. Then the five groups were analyzed in postoperation outcomes and DVT incidence using one-way analysis of variance or Pearson χ(2) tests. we found that there was no significant difference in pelvic lymph node metastasis (P=0.102), aortic lymph node metastasis (P=0.221), and operative time (P=0.503). But there was significant difference in blood loss (P<0.01), hospital stay (P<0.01). No significant difference (P>0.05) in treatment outcome between surgical operation, surgical operation+ radiotherapy and radiotherapy. Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism have some significantly (P<0.01) (P<0.01), respectively. Compared to patients who simply suffer from endometrial cancer, diabetes make patients easy bleeding in surgery and increase hospitalization time in corresponding. VTE is a common complication of EC surgery with comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension, and it's a remarkable proportion of events occurring late after surgery.

Statins, aspirin and risk of thromboembolic events in ovarian cancer patients

OBJECTIVES

Studies suggest that statins and low dose aspirin reduce risk of VTEs in the general population. We aimed to study the effect of these drugs on the incidence of VTEs in patients with ovarian cancer.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer between 2000 and 2011 were identified through the Clalit Health Services (CHS) chronic disease registry. Data were extracted from CHS database and from computerized pharmacy records. Use of medications was analyzed as a time dependent covariate in a Cox regression model.

RESULTS

Of 1746 patients 175 (10%) had a VTE during a median follow up of 3.13 years. 83 patients (5.6%) had a VTE within 2 years of diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Use of chemotherapy and stage 3 and 4 at presentation were associated with an increased risk for VTEs. Statins were used by 43.5% of the patients, and 32.3% used aspirin. Aspirin use was associated with a marginally significant reduction in incidence of VTEs within 2 years of diagnosis, HR 0.423 (95% CI 0.182-1.012, p-value 0.053). Statin use was not associated with risk of VTEs.

CONCLUSION

This is the first study looking at the effect of statins and aspirin on the incidence of VTEs in ovarian cancer patients. In our cohort, statins did not decrease the risk for a VTE and aspirin use was associated with a reduced risk which was marginally significant. Our results might be explained by use of low potency statins and by alternate mechanisms for VTE formation in cancer patients.