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Markowska A, Kojs Z, Twardawa D, Pietras J, Markowska J. Selected markers of ovarian cancer and their relation to targeted therapy (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:236. [PMID: 38628658 PMCID: PMC11019661 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in surgical treatment techniques and chemotherapy-including anti-angiogenic and immune poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, the 5-year survival rate in ovarian cancer (OC) remains low. The reasons for this are the diagnosis of cancer in advanced clinical stages, chemoresistance and cancer recurrence. New therapeutic approaches are being developed, including the search for new biomarkers that are also targets for targeted therapy. The present review describes new molecular markers with relevance to targeted therapy, which to date have been studied only in experimental research. These include the angiogenic protein angiopoietin-2, the transmembrane glycoprotein ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1, the adhesion protein E-cadherin, the TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 and Kruppel-like factor 7. Drugs affecting cancer stem cells (CSCs) in OC, such as metformin and salinomycin, as well as inhibitors of CSCs markers aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (with the drug ATRA) and the transcription factor Nanog homeobox (microRNA) are also discussed. A new approach to prevention and possible therapies under investigation such as development of vaccines containing a subpopulation of CD117(+) and CD44(+) stem cells with a promising option for use in women with OC was described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Markowska
- Department of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kojs
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, 31-826 Kraków, Poland
| | - Damian Twardawa
- Medical Department, Bausch Health Poland, 02-674 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Pietras
- Department of Perinatology and Women's Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland
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Lamichhane A, Tavana H. Three-Dimensional Tumor Models to Study Cancer Stemness-Mediated Drug Resistance. Cell Mol Bioeng 2024; 17:107-119. [PMID: 38737455 PMCID: PMC11082110 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-024-00798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors often contain genetically different populations of cancer cells, stromal cells, various structural and soluble proteins, and other soluble signaling molecules. The American Cancer society estimated 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths in the United States in 2023. A major barrier against successful treatment of cancer patients is drug resistance. Gain of stem cell-like states by cancer cells under drug pressure or due to interactions with the tumor microenvironment is a major mechanism that renders therapies ineffective. Identifying approaches to target cancer stem cells is expected to improve treatment outcomes for patients. Most of our understanding of drug resistance and the role of cancer stemness is from monolayer cell cultures. Recent advances in cell culture technologies have enabled developing sophisticated three-dimensional tumor models that facilitate mechanistic studies of cancer drug resistance. This review summarizes the role of cancer stemness in drug resistance and highlights the various tumor models that are used to discover the underlying mechanisms and test potentially novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Lamichhane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
| | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA
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Chen Y, Qiang Y, Fan J, Zheng Q, Yan L, Fan G, Song X, Zhang N, Lv Q, Xiong J, Wang J, Cao J, Liu Y, Xiong J, Zhang W, Li F. Aggresome formation promotes ASK1/JNK signaling activation and stemness maintenance in ovarian cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1321. [PMID: 38351029 PMCID: PMC10864366 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Aggresomes are the product of misfolded protein aggregation, and the presence of aggresomes has been correlated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. However, the exact role of aggresomes in tumorigenesis and cancer progression remains largely unknown. Herein, the multiomics screening reveal that OTUD1 protein plays an important role in retaining ovarian cancer stem cell (OCSC) properties. Mechanistically, the elevated OTUD1 protein levels lead to the formation of OTUD1-based cytoplasmic aggresomes, which is mediated by a short peptide located in the intrinsically disordered OTUD1 N-terminal region. Furthermore, OTUD1-based aggresomes recruit ASK1 via protein-protein interactions, which in turn stabilize ASK1 in a deubiquitinase-independent manner and activate the downstream JNK signaling pathway for OCSC maintenance. Notably, the disruption of OTUD1-based aggresomes or treatment with ASK1/JNK inhibitors, including ibrutinib, an FDA-approved drug that was recently identified as an MKK7 inhibitor, effectively reduced OCSC stemness (OSCS) of OTUD1high ovarian cancer cells. In summary, our work suggests that aggresome formation in tumor cells could function as a signaling hub and that aggresome-based therapy has translational potential for patients with OTUD1high ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurou Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yulong Qiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiachen Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Leilei Yan
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guanlan Fan
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaofei Song
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiongying Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiaqiang Xiong
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Immunology, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Gynecology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, TaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Science), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Frąszczak K, Barczyński B. The Role of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:40. [PMID: 38201468 PMCID: PMC10778113 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological cancer and the eighth most common female cancer. The early diagnosis of ovarian cancer remains a clinical problem despite the significant development of technology. Nearly 70% of patients with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with stages III-IV metastatic disease. Reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are currently lacking. Ovarian cancer recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy pose vital problems and translate into poor outcomes. Cancer stem cells appear to be responsible for tumour recurrence resulting from chemotherapeutic resistance. These cells are also crucial for tumour initiation due to the ability to self-renew, differentiate, avoid immune destruction, and promote inflammation and angiogenesis. Studies have confirmed an association between CSC occurrence and resistance to chemotherapy, subsequent metastases, and cancer relapses. Therefore, the elimination of CSCs appears important for overcoming drug resistance and improving prognoses. This review focuses on the expression of selected ovarian CSC markers, including CD133, CD44, CD24, CD117, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, which show potential prognostic significance. Some markers expressed on the surface of CSCs correlate with clinical features and can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of ovarian cancer. However, due to the heterogeneity and plasticity of CSCs, the determination of specific CSC phenotypes is difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartłomiej Barczyński
- 1st Chair and Department of Oncological Gynaecology and Gynaecology, Medical University in Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland;
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Wilczyński JR, Wilczyński M, Paradowska E. "DEPHENCE" system-a novel regimen of therapy that is urgently needed in the high-grade serous ovarian cancer-a focus on anti-cancer stem cell and anti-tumor microenvironment targeted therapies. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1201497. [PMID: 37448521 PMCID: PMC10338102 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1201497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high-grade serous type, is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. The lack of screening programs and the scarcity of symptomatology result in the late diagnosis in about 75% of affected women. Despite very demanding and aggressive surgical treatment, multiple-line chemotherapy regimens and both approved and clinically tested targeted therapies, the overall survival of patients is still unsatisfactory and disappointing. Research studies have recently brought some more understanding of the molecular diversity of the ovarian cancer, its unique intraperitoneal biology, the role of cancer stem cells, and the complexity of tumor microenvironment. There is a growing body of evidence that individualization of the treatment adjusted to the molecular and biochemical signature of the tumor as well as to the medical status of the patient should replace or supplement the foregoing therapy. In this review, we have proposed the principles of the novel regimen of the therapy that we called the "DEPHENCE" system, and we have extensively discussed the results of the studies focused on the ovarian cancer stem cells, other components of cancer metastatic niche, and, finally, clinical trials targeting these two environments. Through this, we have tried to present the evolving landscape of treatment options and put flesh on the experimental approach to attack the high-grade serous ovarian cancer multidirectionally, corresponding to the "DEPHENCE" system postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Miłosz Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological, Endoscopic and Oncological Surgery, Polish Mother's Health Center-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
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Lučić I, Kurtović M, Mlinarić M, Piteša N, Čipak Gašparović A, Sabol M, Milković L. Deciphering Common Traits of Breast and Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10683. [PMID: 37445860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) are among the most common and deadly cancers affecting women worldwide. Both are complex diseases with marked heterogeneity. Despite the induction of screening programs that increase the frequency of earlier diagnosis of BC, at a stage when the cancer is more likely to respond to therapy, which does not exist for OC, more than 50% of both cancers are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Initial therapy can put the cancer into remission. However, recurrences occur frequently in both BC and OC, which are highly cancer-subtype dependent. Therapy resistance is mainly attributed to a rare subpopulation of cells, named cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells, as they are capable of self-renewal, tumor initiation, and regrowth of tumor bulk. In this review, we will discuss the distinctive markers and signaling pathways that characterize CSC, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment, and the strategies they employ to evade immune surveillance. Our focus will be on identifying the common features of breast cancer stem cells (BCSC) and ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC) and suggesting potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lučić
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Kurtović
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Mlinarić
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Čipak Gašparović
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Sabol
- Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lidija Milković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Serttas R, Erdogan S. Pretreatment of prostate cancer cells with salinomycin and Wnt inhibitor increases the efficacy of cabazitaxel by inducing apoptosis and decreasing cancer stem cells. Med Oncol 2023; 40:194. [PMID: 37264204 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are associated with metastasis and recurrence in prostate cancer as well as other cancers. We aimed to enhance the sensitivity of cabazitaxel in prostate cancer cell therapy by targeting CSCs with a Wnt inhibitor and salinomycin pretreatment. PC3, DU-145, and LNCaP human prostate cancer cells were exposed to Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibitor CCT036477 (iWnt) with salinomycin for 48 h, followed by cabazitaxel treatment for 48 h. Cell viability, mRNA, and protein expression changes were evaluated by MTT, RT-qPCR, and Western blot assays, respectively. Apoptosis was determined by image-based cytometry, and cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay. Three-dimensional culture was established to assess the malignant phenotype and stemness potential of transformed or cancer cells. CD44 + CSCs were isolated using magnetic-activated cell sorting system. Pretreatment of PC3, DU-145, and LNCaP cells with salinomycin iWnt significantly sensitized the cells to cabazitaxel therapy. Spheroid culture confirmed that the treatment modality was more effective than a single administration of chemotherapy. The pretreatment of PC3 cells increased the rate of apoptosis compared to single administration of cabazitaxel, which downregulated Bcl-2 and upregulated caspase 3, caspase 8 expressions. The pretreatment suppressed cell migration, downregulated the expression of Sox2 and Nanog, and significantly reduced CD44 + CSC numbers. Notably, the treatment modality reduced pAKT, p-P38 MAPK, and pERK1/2. The data suggest that pretreatment of prostate cancer cells with salinomycin and Wnt inhibitor may increase the efficacy of cabazitaxel therapy by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, and eliminating cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riza Serttas
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Suat Erdogan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Balkan Campus, 22030, Edirne, Turkey.
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The Female Reproductive Tract Microbiome and Cancerogenesis: A Review Story of Bacteria, Hormones, and Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050877. [PMID: 36900020 PMCID: PMC10000484 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota is the complex community of microorganisms that populate a particular environment in the human body, whereas the microbiome is defined by the entire habitat-microorganisms and their environment. The most abundant and, therefore, the most studied microbiome is that of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the microbiome of the female reproductive tract is an interesting research avenue, and this article explores its role in disease development. The vagina is the reproductive organ that hosts the largest number of bacteria, with a healthy profile represented mainly by Lactobacillus spp. On the other hand, the female upper reproductive tract (uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries) contains only a very small number of bacteria. Previously considered sterile, recent studies have shown the presence of a small microbiota here, but there are still debates on whether this is a physiologic or pathologic occurrence. Of particular note is that estrogen levels significantly influence the composition of the microbiota of the female reproductive tract. More and more studies show a link between the microbiome of the female reproductive tract and the development of gynecological cancers. This article reviews some of these findings.
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Ma H, Tian T, Cui Z. Targeting ovarian cancer stem cells: a new way out. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:28. [PMID: 36788591 PMCID: PMC9926632 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy due to tumor heterogeneity, the lack of reliable early diagnosis methods and the high incidence of chemoresistant recurrent disease. Although there are developments in chemotherapies and surgical techniques to improve the overall survival of OC patients, the 5-year survival of advanced OC patients is still low. To improve the prognosis of OC patients, it is important to search for novel therapeutic approaches. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells that participate in tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. It is important to study the role of CSCs in a highly heterogeneous disease such as OC, which may be significant to a better understanding of the oncogenetic and metastatic pathways of the disease and to develop novel strategies against its progression and platinum resistance. Here, we summarized the current findings about targeting methods against ovarian cancer stem cells, including related signaling pathways, markers and drugs, to better manage OC patients using CSC-based therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Ma
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- grid.412521.10000 0004 1769 1119Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhumei Cui
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.
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Sericultural By-Products: The Potential for Alternative Therapy in Cancer Drug Design. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020850. [PMID: 36677907 PMCID: PMC9861160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Major progress has been made in cancer research; however, cancer remains one of the most important health-related burdens. Sericulture importance is no longer limited to the textile industry, but its by-products, such as silk fibroin or mulberry, exhibit great impact in the cancer research area. Fibroin, the pivotal compound that is found in silk, owns superior biocompatibility and biodegradability, representing one of the most important biomaterials. Numerous studies have reported its successful use as a drug delivery system, and it is currently used to develop three-dimensional tumor models that lead to a better understanding of cancer biology and play a great role in the development of novel antitumoral strategies. Moreover, sericin's cytotoxic effect on various tumoral cell lines has been reported, but also, it has been used as a nanocarrier for target therapeutic agents. On the other hand, mulberry compounds include various bioactive elements that are well known for their antitumoral activities, such as polyphenols or anthocyanins. In this review, the latest progress of using sericultural by-products in cancer therapy is discussed by highlighting their notable impact in developing novel effective drug strategies.
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Rawangkan A, Wongsirisin P, Pook-In G, Siriphap A, Yosboonruang A, Kiddee A, Chuerduangphui J, Reukngam N, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Praphasawat R. Dinactin: A New Antitumor Antibiotic with Cell Cycle Progression and Cancer Stemness Inhibiting Activities in Lung Cancer. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121845. [PMID: 36551502 PMCID: PMC9774622 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most complex diseases, despite the existence of effective treatments such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Since cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for chemo- and radio-resistance, metastasis, and cancer recurrence, finding new therapeutic targets for CSCs is critical. Dinactin is a natural secondary metabolite produced by microorganisms. Recently, dinactin has been revealed as a promising antitumor antibiotic via various mechanisms. However, the evidence relating to cell cycle progression regulation is constrained, and effects on cancer stemness have not been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the new function of dinactin in anti-NSCLC proliferation, focusing on cell cycle progression and cancer stemness properties in Lu99 and A549 cells. Flow cytometry and immunoblotting analyses revealed that 0.1-1 µM of dinactin suppresses cell growth through induction of the G0/G1 phase associated with down-regulation of cyclins A, B, and D3, and cdk2 protein expression. The tumor-sphere forming capacity was used to assess the effect of dinactin on the cancer stemness potential in NSCLC cells. At a concentration of 1 nM, dinactin reduced both the number and size of the tumor-spheres. The quantitative RT-PCR analyses indicated that dinactin suppressed sphere formation by significantly reducing expression of CSC markers (i.e., ALDH1A1, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2) in Lu99 cells. Consequently, dinactin could be a promising strategy for NSCLC therapy targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Rawangkan
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- UNIt of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Pattama Wongsirisin
- Department of Medical Services, National Cancer Institute, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Grissana Pook-In
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Achiraya Siriphap
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Atchariya Yosboonruang
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Anong Kiddee
- Division of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | | | - Nanthawan Reukngam
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- UNIt of Excellence on Clinical Outcomes Research and IntegratioN (UNICORN), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Division of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Ratsada Praphasawat
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-54466666 (ext. 3824) or +66-86-926-2448
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Zou M, Yin X, Zhou X, Niu X, Wang Y, Su M. Salinomycin-Loaded High-Density Lipoprotein Exerts Promising Anti-Ovarian Cancer Effects by Inhibiting Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4059-4071. [PMID: 36105618 PMCID: PMC9467852 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s380598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective treatments for ovarian cancer remain elusive, and survival rates have long been considered grim. Ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) are associated with cancer progression and metastasis, as well as drug resistance and eventual treatment failure. Salinomycin (Sal) has an extensive effect on a variety of cancer stem cells (CSCs); however, its poor water solubility and toxicity to healthy tissues at high doses limit further research into its potential as an anti-cancer drug. We proposed a therapeutic strategy by constructing a tumor-targeting carrier that mimics high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to synthesize salinomycin-loaded high-density lipoprotein (S-HDL). This strategy helps reduce the side effects of salinomycin, thereby improving its clinical benefits. Methods OCSCs were isolated from ovarian cancer cells (OCCs) and the uptake of HDL nanoparticles was observed using laser confocal microscopes. After the cell viability analysis revealed the inhibitory effect of S-HDL on OCCs and OCSCs, the main biological processes influenced by S-HDL were predicted with a transcriptome sequencing analysis and verified in vitro and in vivo. Results Cellular uptake analysis showed that the HDL delivery system was able to significantly enhance the uptake of Sal by OCCs, tentatively validating the targeting role of recombinant HDL, so that S-HDL could reduce the toxicity of Sal and increase its anti-ovarian cancer effects. Conversely, S-HDL could exert anti-ovarian cancer effects by inhibiting the proliferation of OCCs and OCSCs, promoting apoptosis, blocking EMT, and suppressing stemness and angiogenesis-related protein expression in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion S-HDL had stronger anti-ovarian cancer effects than unencapsulated Sal. Thus, it may be a potential agent for ovarian cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirui Yin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Niu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Su
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, ChangChun, People's Republic of China
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The synergistic anticancer effect of salinomycin combined with cabazitaxel in CD44+ prostate cancer cells by downregulating wnt, NF-κB and AKT signaling. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:4873-4884. [PMID: 35705771 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07343-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-initiating or cancer stem cells (CSCs) reduce the effectiveness of conventional therapy. Thus, it is crucial to eliminate CSCs while killing bulky cancer cells using a combination of conventional chemotherapy and anti-CSC drugs. Salinomycin is a selective inhibitor against CSCs and shows promise in combination applications. The aim of the study was to examine the efficacy of co-administered cabazitaxel and salinomycin on the survival of prostate cancer cells and CSCs. METHODS AND RESULTS CD44 + stem cells were isolated from human PC3 prostate cancer cells by using magnetic activated cell sorting. The cells were concomitantly exposed to salinomycin and cabazitaxel, and the cell survival was determined by MTT test. Apoptosis was assessed by image-based cytometer, and cell migration was evaluated by wound healing assay. The expression of target mRNA and protein were assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Combination index (CI) analysis showed that simultaneous administration of salinomycin and cabazitaxel was able to exert strong synergistic effect on CD44 + subpopulation (CI = 0.33), but no synergism was observed in PC3 cells. The combination of the two agents significantly increased Bax, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and - 8 mRNA expression in CD44 + CSCs, causing apoptosis. The applied therapy strategy strongly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, protein expression of Akt1, NF-κB and Wnt. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our data suggest that combining salinomycin with cabazitaxel shows promise as a prostate cancer treatment approach that can target CSCs.
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Shen S, Lin S, Chen Y, Zhang Y, He Y, Xu X, Feng Y, Lu Y, Mo R. Combating Cancer Stem-Like Cell-Derived Resistance to Anticancer Protein by Liposome-Mediated Acclimatization Strategy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2419-2428. [PMID: 35254834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics, which induce apoptosis of malignant cells by selectively binding to their receptors, hold tremendous promise for clinical cancer therapy. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has received considerable interest due to its favorable capability of activating apoptosis in cancer cells by interacting with death receptors (DRs). However, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) show deficient or lower DR and are highly resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis limiting the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we report a liposome-mediated acclimatization strategy to overcome the CSC-emanated TRAIL resistance. The liposomal assemblies coencapsulating plasmid DNA encoding TRAIL and salinomycin enable cancer cells as protein generators to express TRAIL, and more importantly, can acclimatize resistant CSCs to be sensitized to the TRAIL-triggered apoptosis by salinomycin-induced upregulation of DR expression on CSCs. This programmable liposome-based drug codelivery system shows the potential to efficiently eliminate CSCs and inhibit CSC-enriched tumor growth in the orthotopic colon tumor mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yingjiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yougong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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15
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Wilczyński JR, Wilczyński M, Paradowska E. Cancer Stem Cells in Ovarian Cancer-A Source of Tumor Success and a Challenging Target for Novel Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052496. [PMID: 35269636 PMCID: PMC8910575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal neoplasm of the female genital organs. Despite indisputable progress in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the problems of chemo-resistance and recurrent disease are the main obstacles for successful therapy. One of the main reasons for this is the presence of a specific cell population of cancer stem cells. The aim of this review is to show the most contemporary knowledge concerning the biology of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSCs) and their impact on chemo-resistance and prognosis in ovarian cancer patients, as well as to present the treatment options targeted exclusively on the OCSCs. The review presents data concerning the role of cancer stem cells in general and then concentrates on OCSCs. The surface and intracellular OCSCs markers and their meaning both for cancer biology and clinical prognosis, signaling pathways specifically activated in OCSCs, the genetic and epigenetic regulation of OCSCs function including the recent studies on the non-coding RNA regulation, cooperation between OCSCs and the tumor microenvironment (ovarian cancer niche) including very specific environment such as ascites fluid, the role of shear stress, autophagy and metabolic changes for the function of OCSCs, and finally mechanisms of OCSCs escape from immune surveillance, are described and discussed extensively. The possibilities of anti-OCSCs therapy both in experimental settings and in clinical trials are presented, including the recent II phase clinical trials and immunotherapy. OCSCs are a unique population of cancer cells showing a great plasticity, self-renewal potential and resistance against anti-cancer treatment. They are responsible for the progression and recurrence of the tumor. Several completed and ongoing clinical trials have tested different anti-OCSCs drugs which, however, have shown unsatisfactory efficacy in most cases. We propose a novel approach to ovarian cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Miłosz Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological, Endoscopic and Oncological Surgery, Polish Mother’s Health Center—Research Institute, 281/289 Rzgowska Str., 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Surgical and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, 4 Kosciuszki Str., 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Edyta Paradowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 106 Lodowa Str., 93-232 Lodz, Poland;
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Dudev T, Cheshmedzhieva D, Dorkov P, Pantcheva I. A DFT/PCM Study on the Affinity of Salinomycin to Bind Monovalent Metal Cations. Molecules 2022; 27:532. [PMID: 35056843 PMCID: PMC8779476 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The affinity of the polyether ionophore salinomycin to bind IA/IB metal ions was accessed using the Gibbs free energy of the competition reaction between SalNa (taken as a reference) and its rival ions: [M+-solution] + [SalNa] → [SalM] + [Na+-solution] (M = Li, K, Rb, Cs, Cu, Ag, Au). The DFT/PCM computations revealed that the ionic radius, charge density and accepting ability of the competing metal cations, as well as the dielectric properties of the solvent, have an influence upon the selectivity of salinomycin. The optimized structures of the monovalent metal complexes demonstrate the flexibility of the ionophore, allowing the coordination of one or two water ligands in SalM-W1 and SalM-W2, respectively. The metal cations are responsible for the inner coordination sphere geometry, with coordination numbers spread between 2 (Au+), 4 (Li+ and Cu+), 5/6 (Na+, K+, Ag+), 6/7 (Rb+) and 7/8 (Cs+). The metals' affinity to salinomycin in low-polarity media follows the order of Li+ > Cu+ > Na+ > K+ > Au+ > Ag+ > Rb+ > Cs+, whereas some derangement takes place in high-dielectric environment: Li+ ≥ Na+ > K+ > Cu+ > Au+ > Ag+ > Rb+ > Cs+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todor Dudev
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Diana Cheshmedzhieva
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Peter Dorkov
- Research & Development Department, Biovet Ltd., 4550 Peshtera, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivayla Pantcheva
- Laboratory of Biocoordination and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, “St. Kl. Ohridski” University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Vera DB, Fredes AN, Garrido MP, Romero C. Role of Mitochondria in Interplay between NGF/TRKA, miR-145 and Possible Therapeutic Strategies for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:life12010008. [PMID: 35054401 PMCID: PMC8779980 DOI: 10.3390/life12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological neoplasm, and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 90% of ovarian malignancies. The 5-year survival is less than 45%, and, unlike other types of cancer, the proportion of women who die from this disease has not improved in recent decades. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and tropomyosin kinase A (TRKA), its high-affinity receptor, play a crucial role in pathogenesis through cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. NGF/TRKA increase their expression during the progression of EOC by upregulation of oncogenic proteins as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and c-Myc. Otherwise, the expression of most oncoproteins is regulated by microRNAs (miRs). Our laboratory group reported that the tumoral effect of NGF/TRKA depends on the regulation of miR-145 levels in EOC. Currently, mitochondria have been proposed as new therapeutic targets to activate the apoptotic pathway in the cancer cell. The mitochondria are involved in a myriad of functions as energy production, redox control, homeostasis of Ca+2, and cell death. We demonstrated that NGF stimulation produces an augment in the Bcl-2/BAX ratio, which supports the anti-apoptotic effects of NGF in EOC cells. The review aimed to discuss the role of mitochondria in the interplay between NGF/TRKA and miR-145 and possible therapeutic strategies that may decrease mortality due to EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela B. Vera
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (D.B.V.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Allison N. Fredes
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (D.B.V.); (A.N.F.)
| | - Maritza P. Garrido
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (D.B.V.); (A.N.F.)
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Departament, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.P.G.); (C.R.)
| | - Carmen Romero
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, Clinical Hospital University of Chile, Santiago 8380456, Chile; (D.B.V.); (A.N.F.)
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Departament, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Correspondence: (M.P.G.); (C.R.)
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18
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Li J, Min Y. Pre-clinical evidence that salinomycin is active against retinoblastoma via inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and AMPK activation. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2021; 53:513-523. [PMID: 34365583 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-021-09915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The poor outcomes in retinoblastoma necessitate new treatments. Salinomycin is an attractive candidate, and has demonstrated selective anti-cancer properties in different cancer types. This work addressed the efficacy of salinomycin in retinoblastoma models and probe the associated mechanisms. Cellular functional assays were conducted to determine the effects salinomycin in vitro. Xenograft retinoblastoma mouse model was established to investigate the efficacy of salinomycin in vivo. Biochemical assays were conducted to analyze the mechanism of salinomycin's action focusing on mitochondrial functions, energy reduction-related signaling pathways. Salinomycin has positive effects towards retinoblastoma cells regardless of heterogeneity through suppressing growth and inducing apoptosis. Salinomycin also specifically inhibits cells displaying stemness and highly invasive phenotypes. Using retinoblastoma xenograft mouse model, we show that salinomycin at non-toxic dose effectively inhibits growth and induces apoptosis. Mechanistic studies show that salinomycin inhibits mitochondrial respiration via specifically suppressing complex I and II activities, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential and decreases energy reduction, followed by induction of oxidative stress and damage, AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition. Our study highlights that adding salinomycin to the existing treatment armamentarium for retinoblastoma is beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Min
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China.
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Hou R, Jiang L. LINC00115 promotes stemness and inhibits apoptosis of ovarian cancer stem cells by upregulating SOX9 and inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through competitively binding to microRNA-30a. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34238293 PMCID: PMC8268259 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRs) are differentially expressed in ovarian cancer (OC) cells and influence OC progression. This study intended to explore the underlying roles of LINC00115 and miR-30a in OC. METHODS Gene Expression Omnibus database was used to find OC microarray datasets and bioinformatics analysis predicted the potential molecular mechanism of OC. OC stem cells (OCSCs) surface marker was isolated from human OC cell line and identified. CD133+ OCSCs were transfected with LINC00115, miR-30a and SOX9 alone or together to detect sphere-forming ability and apoptosis of OCSCs. Caspase-3 activity and DNA damage in cell supernatant were detected. The levels of CD44, NANOG, POU5F1, LINC00115, CD133, miR-30a and SOX9 were measured. Then sh-LNC00115-treated OCSCs were added with Wnt/β-catenin activator SKL2001 to observe the changes of cell stemness and activity. Finally, animal models were established to evaluate the effect of LINC00115 on OCSC in vivo. RESULTS LINC00115 and SOX9 were highly expressed in OC, while miR-30a was lowly expressed. After silencing LINC00115 or overexpressing miR-30a, the sphere-forming rate of CD133+ OCSC and levels of CD133, CD44, NANOG and POU5F1 decreased, while apoptotic rate, Caspase-3 activity and histone-related DNA damage increased. SOX9 reversed these trends. Additionally, LINC00115 could bind to miR-30a and miR-30a could target SOX9. SKL2001 partially reversed cell stemness and activity in sh-LNC00115-treated OCSCs. Finally, silencing LINC00115 could inhibit OCSCs growth in vivo. CONCLUSION LINC00115 promoted stemness and inhibited apoptosis of OCSCs by upregulating SOX9 and in activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through competitively binding to miR-30a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Sipos A, Ujlaki G, Mikó E, Maka E, Szabó J, Uray K, Krasznai Z, Bai P. The role of the microbiome in ovarian cancer: mechanistic insights into oncobiosis and to bacterial metabolite signaling. Mol Med 2021; 27:33. [PMID: 33794773 PMCID: PMC8017782 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is characterized by dysbiosis, referred to as oncobiosis in neoplastic diseases. In ovarian cancer, oncobiosis was identified in numerous compartments, including the tumor tissue itself, the upper and lower female genital tract, serum, peritoneum, and the intestines. Colonization was linked to Gram-negative bacteria with high inflammatory potential. Local inflammation probably participates in the initiation and continuation of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, local bacterial colonies in the peritoneum may facilitate metastasis formation in ovarian cancer. Vaginal infections (e.g. Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis) increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Bacterial metabolites, produced by the healthy eubiome or the oncobiome, may exert autocrine, paracrine, and hormone-like effects, as was evidenced in breast cancer or pancreas adenocarcinoma. We discuss the possible involvement of lipopolysaccharides, lysophosphatides and tryptophan metabolites, as well as, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids and polyamines in the carcinogenesis of ovarian cancer. We discuss the applicability of nutrients, antibiotics, and probiotics to harness the microbiome and support ovarian cancer therapy. The oncobiome and the most likely bacterial metabolites play vital roles in mediating the effectiveness of chemotherapy. Finally, we discuss the potential of oncobiotic changes as biomarkers for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer and microbial metabolites as possible adjuvant agents in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Gyula Ujlaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Edit Mikó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Eszter Maka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Judit Szabó
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Zoárd Krasznai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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21
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Wang Q, Yen YT, Xie C, Liu F, Liu Q, Wei J, Yu L, Wang L, Meng F, Li R, Liu B. Combined delivery of salinomycin and docetaxel by dual-targeting gelatinase nanoparticles effectively inhibits cervical cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:510-519. [PMID: 33657950 PMCID: PMC7935125 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1886378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-tumor heterogeneity is widely accepted as one of the key factors, which hinders cancer patients from achieving full recovery. Especially, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may exhibit self-renewal capacity, which makes it harder for complete elimination of tumor. Therefore, simultaneously inhibiting CSCs and non-CSCs in tumors becomes a promising strategy to obtain sustainable anticancer efficacy. Salinomycin (Sal) was reported to be critical to inhibit CSCs. However, the poor bioavailability and catastrophic side effects brought about limitations to clinical practice. To solve this problem, we previously constructed gelatinase-stimuli nanoparticles composed of nontoxic, biocompatible polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (PEG-PCL) copolymer with a gelatinase-cleavable peptide Pro-Val-Gly-Leu-Iso-Gly (PVGLIG) inserted between the two blocks of the copolymer. By applying our “smart” gelatinase-responsive nanoparticles for Sal delivery, we have demonstrated specific accumulation in tumor, anti-CSCs ability and reduced toxicity of Sal-NPs in our previous study. In the present study, we synthesized Sal-Docetaxel-loaded gelatinase-stimuli nanoparticles (Sal-Doc NP) and confirmed single emulsion as the optimal method of producing Sal-Doc NPs (Sal-Doc SE-NP) in comparison with nanoprecipitation. Sal-Doc SE-NPs inhibited both CSCs and non-CSCs in mice transplanted with cervical cancer, and might be associated with enhanced restriction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway. Besides, the tumorigenic capacity and growing speed were obviously suppressed in Sal-Doc-SE-NPs-treated group in rechallenge experiment. Our results suggest that Sal-Doc-loaded gelatinase-stimuli nanoparticles could be a promising strategy to enhance antitumor efficacy and reduce side effects by simultaneously suppressing CSCs and non-CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying-Tzu Yen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Xie
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangcen Liu
- Department of pathology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanyan Meng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rutian Li
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Yi Qi Jie Du Formula and Salinomycin Combination Treatment Mediates Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Stem Cell Proliferation, Migration and Apoptosis via CD44/Ras Signaling Pathway. DIGITAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dcmed.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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23
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Kiełbasiński K, Peszek W, Grabarek BO, Boroń D, Wierzbik-Strońska M, Oplawski M. Effect of Salinomycin on Expression Pattern of Genes Associated with Apoptosis in Endometrial Cancer Cell Line. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1269-1277. [PMID: 32400328 PMCID: PMC7604770 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200513074022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Salinomycin is part of a group of ionophore antibiotics characterized by an activity towards tumor cells. To this day, the mechanism through which salinomycin induces their apoptosis is not fully known yet. The goal of this study was to assess the expression pattern of genes and the proteins coded by them connected with the process of programmed cell death in an endometrial cancer cell Ishikawa culture exposed to salinomycin and compared to the control. Materials and Methods Analysis of the effect of salinomycin on Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells (ECACC 99040201) included a cytotoxicity MTT test (with a concentration range of 0.1-100 µM), assessment of the induction of apoptosis and necrosis by salinomycin at a concentration of 1 µM as well the assessment of the expression of the genes chosen in the microarray experiment (microarray HG-U 133A_2) and the proteins coded by them connected with apoptosis (RTqPCR, ELISA assay). The statistical significance level for all analyses carried out as part of this study was p<0.05. Results It was observed that salinomycin causes the death of about 50% of cells treated by it (50.74±0.80% of all cells) at a concentration of 1µM. The decrease in the number of living cells was determined directly after treatment of the cells with the drug (time 0). The average percent of late apoptotic cells was 1.65±0.24% and 0.57±0.01% for necrotic cells throughout the entire observation period. Discussion Microarray analysis indicated the following number of mRNA differentiating the culture depending on the time of incubation with the drug: H_12 vs C = 114 mRNA, H_8 vs C = 84 mRNA, H_48 vs. C = 27 mRNA, whereas 5 mRNAs were expressed differently at all times. During the whole incubation period of the cells with the drug, the following dependence of the expression profile of the analyzed transcripts was observed: Bax>p53>FASL>BIRC5>BCL2L. Conclusion The analysis carried out indicated that salinomycin, at a concentration of 1 µM, stopped the proliferation of 50% of endometrial cancer cells, mainly by inducing the apoptotic process of the cells. The molecular exponent of the induction of programmed cell death was an observed increase in the transcriptional activity of pro-apoptotic genes: Bax;p53;FASL and a decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic genes: BCL2L2; BIRC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kiełbasiński
- Department of Obsterics and Gynaecology in Ruda Slaska, Medical University of Silesia, Ruda Slaska, Poland
| | - Wojciech Peszek
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Beniamin O Grabarek
- Department of Clinical Trials, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Kraków, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dariusz Boroń
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland,Department of Clinical Trials, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Krakow Branch, Kraków, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Oplawski
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics with Gynecologic Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Memorial Specialized Hospital, Kraków, Poland
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Xiaobing L, Chunling N, Wenyu C, Yan C, Zhenzhen L. Effect of Danggui-Shaoyao-San-Containing Serum on the Renal Tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1204-1212. [PMID: 32297575 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200416094318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of Danggui-Shaoyao-San (DSS)-containing serum on the renal tubular Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) in high glucose- induced HK-2 cells and its mechanism. METHODS 20 rats were randomly divided into four groups: blank control group, DSS low dose group (DSS-L), DSS middle dose group (DSS-M), and DSS high dose group (DSS-H). DSS was administrated to the corresponding group (7g/kg/d, 14g/kg/d and 21g/kg/d) for 7 consecutive days, and the same volume of saline was given to the blank control group by gavage. The rat drug-containing serum was successfully prepared. HK-2 cells were divided into five groups: blank control group, model group, DSS-L, DSS-M, DSS-H, according to the corresponding drug and dose of each treatment group. Protein and mRNA levels of Jagged1, Notch1, Hes5, Notch Intracellular Domain (NICD), E-cadherin, alpha- Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA) and vimentin at 24h, 48h and 72h were detected by Western Blot and RT-qPCR. RESULTS The protein and mRNA levels of Jagged1, Notch1, Hes5, NICD, α-SMA and vimentin in the treatment groups were remarkably decreased compared with the model group (P<0.05), and the protein and mRNA levels of E-cadherin were notably increased (P<0.05) by Western Blot and RT-qPCR. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that DSS could prevent DN by ameliorating renal tubular EMT through inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiaobing
- College of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Niu Chunling
- College of Basic Medicine, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Chen Wenyu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450011, China
| | - Chen Yan
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450011, China
| | - Li Zhenzhen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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Salinomycin Treatment Specifically Inhibits Cell Proliferation of Cancer Stem Cells Revealed by Longitudinal Single Cell Tracking in Combination with Fluorescence Microscopy. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10144732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A cell line derived from a tumor is a heterogeneous mixture of phenotypically different cells. Such cancer cell lines are used extensively in the search for new anticancer drugs and for investigating their mechanisms of action. Most studies today are population-based, implying that small subpopulations of cells, reacting differently to the potential drug go undetected. This is a problem specifically related to the most aggressive single cancer cells in a tumor as they appear to be insensitive to the drugs used today. These cells are not detected in population-based studies when developing new anticancer drugs. Thus, to get a deeper understanding of how all individual cancer cells react to chemotherapeutic drugs, longitudinal tracking of individual cells is needed. Here we have used digital holography for long time imaging and longitudinal tracking of individual JIMT-1 breast cancer cells. To gain further knowledge about the tracked cells, we combined digital holography with fluorescence microscopy. We grouped the JIMT-1 cells into different subpopulations based on expression of CD24 and E-cadherin and analyzed cell proliferation and cell migration for 72 h. We investigated how the cancer stem cell (CSC) targeting drug salinomycin affected the different subpopulations. By uniquely combining digital holography with fluorescence microscopy we show that salinomycin specifically targeted the CD24− subpopulation, i.e., the CSCs, by inhibiting cell proliferation, which was evident already after 24 h of drug treatment. We further found that after salinomycin treatment, the surviving cells were more epithelial-like due to the selection of the CD24+ cells.
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26
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Gao Y, Shang Q, Li W, Guo W, Stojadinovic A, Mannion C, Man YG, Chen T. Antibiotics for cancer treatment: A double-edged sword. J Cancer 2020; 11:5135-5149. [PMID: 32742461 PMCID: PMC7378927 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various antibiotics have been used in the treatment of cancers, via their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) capabilities. However, increasingly studies have indicated that antibiotics may also induce cancer generation by disrupting intestinal microbiota, which further promotes chronic inflammation, alters normal tissue metabolism, leads to genotoxicity and weakens the immune response to bacterial malnutrition, thereby adversely impacting cancer treatment. Despite the advent of high-throughput sequencing technology in recent years, the potential adverse effects of antibiotics on cancer treatments via causing microbial imbalance has been largely ignored. In this review, we discuss the double-edged sword of antibiotics in the field of cancer treatments, explore their potential mechanisms and provide solutions to reduce the potential negative effects of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggu District, Nanchang, 330031 People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Qingyao Shang
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggu District, Nanchang, 330031 People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Wenyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggu District, Nanchang, 330031 People's Republic of China
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggu District, Nanchang, 330031 People's Republic of China
| | - Alexander Stojadinovic
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospec Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospec Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall University, 340 Kingsland Street, Nutley, NJ 07110, USA
| | - Yan-gao Man
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, 30 Prospec Avenue, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA
| | - Tingtao Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Road, Honggu District, Nanchang, 330031 People's Republic of China
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Sneha S, Nagare RP, Sidhanth C, Krishnapriya S, Garg M, Ramachandran B, Murhekar K, Sundersingh S, Ganesan TS. The hedgehog pathway regulates cancer stem cells in serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:601-616. [PMID: 32382997 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Signaling by cancer stem cells (CSCs) is known to occur at least in part through conserved developmental pathways. Here, the role of one of these pathways, i.e., the hedgehog pathway, was evaluated in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). METHODS AND RESULTS We found that in HGSOC, hedgehog inhibitors (HHIs) GANT61, LDE225 and GDC0449 reduced or inhibited the formation of spheroids enriched in CSCs. Primary malignant cells (PMCs) in ascites from HGSOC patients cultured in the presence of HHIs showed significant reduction in CSCs. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) significantly increased the expression of ALDH1A1, which was inhibited by GANT61. In the presence of a SHH neutralizing antibody (5E1), a significant reduction in the number of spheroids was observed in HGSOC-derived cell lines. Further, the motility, migration and clonogenic growth of the cells were significantly reduced by HHIs. In the presence of GANT61, a reduction of cells from PMCs in the G0 phase of the cell cycle was observed. The magnitude of difference in expression of Gli1 in tumors from the same HGSOC patients at presentation and at interval debulking surgery was greater in patients who had a recurrence on follow up. GANT61 also significantly inhibited the growth of CSCs in nude mice. Finally, RNA sequencing of HGSOC cells treated with GANT61 showed a significantly reduced expression of CSC markers. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the hedgehog pathway plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of CSCs in HGSOC and could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smarakan Sneha
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Rohit P Nagare
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Chirukandath Sidhanth
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Syama Krishnapriya
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University Campus, Sector-125, 201303, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Balaji Ramachandran
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanchan Murhekar
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Trivadi S Ganesan
- Laboratory for Cancer Biology, Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Research, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600036, India.
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Overcoming Resistance to Platinum-Based Drugs in Ovarian Cancer by Salinomycin and Its Derivatives-An In Vitro Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030537. [PMID: 31991882 PMCID: PMC7037477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether ionophore salinomycin (SAL) and its semi-synthetic derivatives are recognized as very promising anticancer drug candidates due to their activity against various types of cancer cells, including multidrug-resistant populations. Ovarian cancer is the deadliest among gynecologic malignancies, which is connected with the development of chemoresistant forms of the disease in over 70% of patients after initial treatment regimen. Thus, we decided to examine the anticancer properties of SAL and selected SAL derivatives against a series of drug-sensitive (A2780, SK-OV-3) and derived drug-resistant (A2780 CDDP, SK-OV-3 CDDP) ovarian cancer cell lines. Although SAL analogs showed less promising IC50 values than SAL, they were identified as the antitumor agents that significantly overcome the resistance to platinum-based drugs in ovarian cancer, more potent than unmodified SAL and commonly used anticancer drugs—5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and cisplatin. Moreover, when compared with SAL used alone, our experiments proved for the first time increased selectivity of SAL-based dual therapy with 5-fluorouracil or gemcitabine, especially towards A2780 cell line. Looking closer at the results, SAL acted synergistically with 5-fluorouracil towards the drug-resistant A2780 cell line. Our results suggest that combinations of SAL with other antineoplastics may become a new therapeutic option for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Liu HD, Xia BR, Jin MZ, Lou G. Organoid of ovarian cancer: genomic analysis and drug screening. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:1240-1251. [PMID: 31939100 PMCID: PMC7316695 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02276-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most common malignant tumors of the female reproductive system, and its standard treatments are cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Great advances have been achieved in novel treatment strategies, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological tumors due to therapeutic resistance and the gap between preclinical data and actual clinical efficacy. Organoids are a 3D culture model that markedly affects gene analysis, drug screening, and drug sensitivity determination of tumors, especially when used in targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In addition, organoid can lead to advances in the preclinical research of ovarian cancer due to its convenient cultivation, good genetic stability, and high homology with primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-D Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - B-R Xia
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - M-Z Jin
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - G Lou
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Zhou J, Liu S, Wang Y, Dai W, Zou H, Wang S, Zhang J, Pan J. Salinomycin effectively eliminates cancer stem-like cells and obviates hepatic metastasis in uveal melanoma. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31718679 PMCID: PMC6852970 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular tumor. Hepatic metastasis is the major and direct death-related reason in UM patients. Given that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are roots of metastasis, targeting CSCs may be a promising strategy to overcome hepatic metastasis in UM. Salinomycin, which has been identified as a selective inhibitor of CSCs in multiple types of cancer, may be an attractive agent against CSCs thereby restrain hepatic metastasis in UM. The objective of the study is to explore the antitumor activity of salinomycin against UM and clarify its underlying mechanism. METHODS UM cells were treated with salinomycin, and its effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, CSCs population, and the related signal transduction pathways were determined. The in vivo antitumor activity of salinomycin was evaluated in the NOD/SCID UM xenograft model and intrasplenic transplantation liver metastasis mouse model. RESULTS We found that salinomycin remarkably obviated growth and survival in UM cell lines and in a UM xenograft mouse model. Meanwhile, salinomycin significantly eliminated CSCs and efficiently hampered hepatic metastasis in UM liver metastasis mouse model. Mechanistically, Twist1 was fundamental for the salinomycin-enabled CSCs elimination and migration/invasion blockage in UM cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that targeting UM CSCs by salinomycin is a promising therapeutic strategy to hamper hepatic metastasis in UM. These results provide the first pre-clinical evidence for further testing of salinomycin for its antitumor efficacy in UM patients with hepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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Cheng N, Li H, Han Y, Sun S. Transcription factor Six2 induces a stem cell-like phenotype in renal cell carcinoma cells. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1808-1816. [PMID: 31420918 PMCID: PMC6768107 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for 2-3% of adult malignant tumors, and the incidence of RCC worldwide has increased by about 2% over the past two decades. The homeobox protein Six2 has been shown to promote the stemness of breast cancer cells and play a role in kidney development, but its involvement in RCC progression has not previously been investigated. Here, we found that six2 expression was significantly increased in RCC tissues and negatively correlated with the overall survival of patients with RCC. In addition, six2 expression exhibited a remarkably higher level relative to that in normal renal cells. Functional experiments showed that six2 knockdown attenuated the stemness of RCC cells, which was evident by decreased spheroid formation ability and stemness marker (sox2 and nanog) expression. Mechanistic studies indicated that Six2 directly bound to the enhancer of sox2, promoting sox2 expression and downstream effector expression of nanog. Furthermore, overexpression of sox2 rescued the inhibitory effects of six2 on the stemness of RCC cells. Notably, six2 expression is positively correlated with sox2 and nanog expression in RCC tissues. Collectively, our results point toward a six2/sox2 axis responsible for RCC cell stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Cheng
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Hongjuan Li
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Yan Han
- PediatricsShandong Provincial Qianfoshan HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Shuzhen Sun
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatism and ImmunologyShandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJinanChina
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32
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Vanneste M, Huang Q, Li M, Moose D, Zhao L, Stamnes MA, Schultz M, Wu M, Henry MD. High content screening identifies monensin as an EMT-selective cytotoxic compound. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1200. [PMID: 30718715 PMCID: PMC6361972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Specifically targeting cancer cells in an EMT-like state may have therapeutic value. In this study, we developed a cell imaging-based high-content screening protocol to identify EMT-selective cytotoxic compounds. Among the 2,640 compounds tested, salinomycin and monensin, both monovalent cation ionophores, displayed a potent and selective cytotoxic effect against EMT-like cells. The mechanism of action of monensin was further evaluated. Monensin (10 nM) induced apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in TEM 4-18 cells. In addition, monensin rapidly induced swelling of Golgi apparatus and perturbed mitochondrial function. These are previously known effects of monensin, albeit occurring at much higher concentrations in the micromolar range. The cytotoxic effect of monensin was not blocked by inhibitors of ferroptosis. To explore the generality of our findings, we evaluated the toxicity of monensin in 24 human cancer cell lines and classified them as resistant or sensitive based on IC50 cutoff of 100 nM. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis identified EMT as the top enriched gene set in the sensitive group. Importantly, increased monensin sensitivity in EMT-like cells is associated with elevated uptake of 3H-monensin compared to resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Vanneste
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mengshi Li
- Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Devon Moose
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mark A Stamnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael Schultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,University of Iowa High Throughput Screening Facility (UIHTS), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Urology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Antoszczak M. A medicinal chemistry perspective on salinomycin as a potent anticancer and anti-CSCs agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 164:366-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Targeting Mitochondria for Treatment of Chemoresistant Ovarian Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010229. [PMID: 30626133 PMCID: PMC6337358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy in the Western world. This is due, in part, to the fact that despite standard treatment of surgery and platinum/paclitaxel most patients recur with ultimately chemoresistant disease. Ovarian cancer is a unique form of solid tumor that develops, metastasizes and recurs in the same space, the abdominal cavity, which becomes a unique microenvironment characterized by ascites, hypoxia and low glucose levels. It is under these conditions that cancer cells adapt and switch to mitochondrial respiration, which becomes crucial to their survival, and therefore an ideal metabolic target for chemoresistant ovarian cancer. Importantly, independent of microenvironmental factors, mitochondria spatial redistribution has been associated to both tumor metastasis and chemoresistance in ovarian cancer while specific sets of genetic mutations have been shown to cause aberrant dependence on mitochondrial pathways in the most aggressive ovarian cancer subtypes. In this review we summarize on targeting mitochondria for treatment of chemoresistant ovarian cancer and current state of understanding of the role of mitochondria respiration in ovarian cancer. We feel this is an important and timely topic given that ovarian cancer remains the deadliest of the gynecological diseases, and that the mitochondrial pathway has recently emerged as critical in sustaining solid tumor progression.
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Dichloroacetate and Salinomycin Exert a Synergistic Cytotoxic Effect in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17744. [PMID: 30531808 PMCID: PMC6288092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we examined a hypothesis that dichloroacetate, a metabolic inhibitor, might efficiently potentiate the cytotoxic effect of salinomycin, an antibiotic ionophore, on two human colorectal cancer derived cell lines DLD-1 and HCT116. First, we performed a series of dose response experiments in the 2D cell culture by applying mono- and combination therapy and by using the Chou-Talalay method found that salinomycin in combination with dichloroacetate acted synergistically in both cell lines. Secondly, in order to recapitulate the in vivo tumor architecture, we tested various doses of these compounds, alone and in combination, in the 3D multicellular spheroid culture. The effect of combination of dichloracetate and salinomycin on multicellular spheroid size was stronger than the sum of both monotherapies, particularly in HCT116 cells. Further, we demonstrate that the synergistic effect of compounds may be related to the inhibitory effect of dichloroacetate on multidrug resistance proteins, and in contrast, it is not related to dichloroacetate-induced reduction of intracellular pH. Our findings indicate that the combination therapy of salinomycin and dichloroacetate could be an effective option for colorectal cancer treatment and provide the first mechanistic explanation of the synergistic action of these compounds.
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Kaushik V, Yakisich JS, Kumar A, Azad N, Iyer AKV. Ionophores: Potential Use as Anticancer Drugs and Chemosensitizers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100360. [PMID: 30262730 PMCID: PMC6211070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion homeostasis is extremely important for the survival of both normal as well as neoplastic cells. The altered ion homeostasis found in cancer cells prompted the investigation of several ionophores as potential anticancer agents. Few ionophores, such as Salinomycin, Nigericin and Obatoclax, have demonstrated potent anticancer activities against cancer stem-like cells that are considered highly resistant to chemotherapy and responsible for tumor relapse. The preclinical success of these compounds in in vitro and in vivo models have not been translated into clinical trials. At present, phase I/II clinical trials demonstrated limited benefit of Obatoclax alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs. However, future development in targeted drug delivery may be useful to improve the efficacy of these compounds. Alternatively, these compounds may be used as leading molecules for the development of less toxic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Great Plains Health, North Platte, NE 69101, USA.
| | - Neelam Azad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.
| | - Anand K V Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA.
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Versini A, Saier L, Sindikubwabo F, Müller S, Cañeque T, Rodriguez R. Chemical biology of salinomycin. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ovarian Cancers: Genetic Abnormalities, Tumor Heterogeneity and Progression, Clonal Evolution and Cancer Stem Cells. MEDICINES 2018; 5:medicines5010016. [PMID: 29389895 PMCID: PMC5874581 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Four main histological subtypes of ovarian cancer exist: serous (the most frequent), endometrioid, mucinous and clear cell; in each subtype, low and high grade. The large majority of ovarian cancers are diagnosed as high-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGS-OvCas). TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in HGS-OvCas; about 50% of these tumors displayed defective homologous recombination due to germline and somatic BRCA mutations, epigenetic inactivation of BRCA and abnormalities of DNA repair genes; somatic copy number alterations are frequent in these tumors and some of them are associated with prognosis; defective NOTCH, RAS/MEK, PI3K and FOXM1 pathway signaling is frequent. Other histological subtypes were characterized by a different mutational spectrum: LGS-OvCas have increased frequency of BRAF and RAS mutations; mucinous cancers have mutation in ARID1A, PIK3CA, PTEN, CTNNB1 and RAS. Intensive research was focused to characterize ovarian cancer stem cells, based on positivity for some markers, including CD133, CD44, CD117, CD24, EpCAM, LY6A, ALDH1. Ovarian cancer cells have an intrinsic plasticity, thus explaining that in a single tumor more than one cell subpopulation, may exhibit tumor-initiating capacity. The improvements in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of ovarian cancers should lead to more efficacious treatments.
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Angiogenesis and cancer stem cells: New perspectives on therapy of ovarian cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:87-94. [PMID: 28651817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Failure in ovarian cancer therapy, following cytoreduction and chemotherapy, is related to the presence of cancer stem cells - a small subpopulation of cells resistant to chemotherapy and irradiation - in the tumour which may cause cancer relapse and manifestation of metastases. Therapies targeted at Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), such as those employing metformin (a drug used in the treatment of diabetes type II) and salinomycin, an antibiotic isolated from Streptococcus albus bacteria, seem promising. Anti-angiogenic therapy with bevacizumab was found to be effective in all phases of ovarian cancer treatment. The presence of CSCs has been associated with angiogenesis. Several CSC biomarkers correlate with the markers of angiogenesis and some signalling pathways, e.g. Notch, and are used by both CSCs and by pro-angiogenic factors.
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