Sleep Duration and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study with a 16-Year Follow-up

Mechanisms, Consequences and Role of Interventions for Sleep Deprivation: Focus on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease in Elderly

Sleep is established as an essential physiological need that impacts physical, emotional, and cognitive functions profoundly. Physiologically, inadequate sleep weakens immune function, heightening susceptibility to infections and chronic illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Hormonal disruptions due to sleep loss further exacerbate metabolic dysregulation, contributing to weight gain and other health complications. Emotionally, sleep deprivation leads to mood disturbances, including increased irritability, heightened stress responses, and a greater likelihood of mood disorders like depression and anxiety. These effects are compounded by cognitive impairments such as reduced alertness, impaired memory consolidation, and compromised decision-making abilities, akin to the impairments caused by alcohol consumption. Motor skills and coordination also suffer, elevating the risk of accidents, particularly in high-stress environments. For older adults, sleep quality is closely linked to cognitive function and overall longevity. Optimal sleep patterns are associated with slower brain aging and improved health outcomes. However, sleep disorders exacerbate existing conditions such as epilepsy and asthma, necessitating interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications such as melatonin to mitigate their impact. Education emerges as a crucial tool in promoting healthier sleep habits across all age groups. Addressing misconceptions about sleep and integrating sleep health into public health policies are essential steps toward improving overall well-being. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity play significant roles in regulating sleep patterns, further emphasizing the interconnectedness of sleep with broader health outcomes. In summary, the articles underscore the intricate mechanisms through which sleep influences physiological functions and advocate for comprehensive approaches to enhance sleep hygiene and mitigate the adverse effects of sleep deprivation on human health.

Evaluating reliability in wearable devices for sleep staging

Sleep is crucial for physical and mental health, but traditional sleep quality assessment methods have limitations. This scoping review analyzes 35 articles from the past decade, evaluating 62 wearable setups with varying sensors, algorithms, and features. Our analysis indicates a trend towards combining accelerometer and photoplethysmography (PPG) data for out-of-lab sleep staging. Devices using only accelerometer data are effective for sleep/wake detection but fall short in identifying multiple sleep stages, unlike those incorporating PPG signals. To enhance the reliability of sleep staging wearables, we propose five recommendations: (1) Algorithm validation with equity, diversity, and inclusion considerations, (2) Comparative performance analysis of commercial algorithms across multiple sleep stages, (3) Exploration of feature impacts on algorithm accuracy, (4) Consistent reporting of performance metrics for objective reliability assessment, and (5) Encouragement of open-source classifier and data availability. Implementing these recommendations can improve the accuracy and reliability of sleep staging algorithms in wearables, solidifying their value in research and clinical settings.

Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes

Novel strategies are required to reduce the risk of developing diabetes and/or clinical outcomes and complications of diabetes. In this regard, the role of the circadian system may be a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes. We reviewed evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies linking the circadian system to various aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of diabetes. The circadian clock governs genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral signals in anticipation of cyclic 24-hour events through interactions between a "central clock" in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and "peripheral clocks" in the whole body. Currently, circadian rhythmicity in humans can be subjectively or objectively assessed by measuring melatonin and glucocorticoid levels, core body temperature, peripheral blood, oral mucosa, hair follicles, rest-activity cycles, sleep diaries, and circadian chronotypes. In this review, we summarized various circadian misalignments, such as altered light-dark, sleep-wake, rest-activity, fasting-feeding, shift work, evening chronotype, and social jetlag, as well as mutations in clock genes that could contribute to the development of diabetes and poor glycemic status in patients with diabetes. Targeting critical components of the circadian system could deliver potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.

The Link Between Sleeping and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Adults should get at least seven hours of sleep each night to preserve their overall health and well-being. Sleep disorders and other sleep-related issues affect a sizeable portion of the population. This reduction in sleep time may be brought on by the stress of modern life. This study's main goal was to look into the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and sleep. In this study, papers were thoroughly screened utilizing keywords using databases like PubMed, PubMed Central, and MEDLINE. Additionally, a few articles were taken from the Cochrane Library. This study screened papers by title and abstract before applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. Eleven related studies were carefully assessed, and a quality evaluation check was conducted. T2DM and sleep issues are frequent issues that frequently coexist. People with T2DM frequently experience sleep problems, which can be bad for their health, their mood, and their quality of life. On the other hand, sleep disturbances like obstructive sleep apnea increase the risk of metabolic diseases like T2DM. As part of standard clinical practice, all T2DM patients should be tested for sleep disturbances and given proper care. Evidence suggests that sleep problems may play a role in metabolic abnormalities as risk factors.

Association of Subjective Sleep Pattern with Self-reported Diabetes in China

There is limited research investigating the relationship between self-reported diabetes mellitus and subjective sleep patterns. Our study aims to explore this association by analyzing trends in a cohort study conducted in China using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey longitudinal research (CHNS). We used multilevel logistic regression models to analyze the relationship. Our findings indicate that the prevalence of self- reported diabetes in China increased from 1.10% in 2004 to 3.36% in 2015, with an increase in the prevalence of short-term sleep from 7.03-10.24%. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes increased with increasing BMI levels (Normal and below: 0.67-2.16%, Overweight: 1.58-4.35%, Obesity: 2.68-6.57%, p < 0.01). The short-term sleep subgroup had the highest prevalence (2.14-5.64%). Additionally, we found significant associations between age, education level, ethnicity, coffee, smoking, drinking and the self-reported diabetes. Interestingly, the risk ratios for self-reported diabetes differed between sleep durations. With 6-8hours as the reference group, the risk ratios for self-reported diabetes in the short-term, and long-term sleep subgroups were 1.80 (95% CI: 1.23-2.63), and 1.41 (95%CI: 1.01-1.96), respectively. Raising awareness about the impact of irregular sleep duration on diabetes risk is essential, and these initiatives may serve as effective policies for diabetes control.