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Subramaniyam K, Harihar S. An Overview on the Emerging Role of the Plasma Protease Inhibitor Protein ITIH5 as a Metastasis Suppressor. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:399-409. [PMID: 38355846 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Most cancers are not detected until they have progressed to the point of becoming malignant and life-threatening. Chemotherapy and conventional medicines are often ineffective against cancer. Although we have made significant progress, new conceptual discoveries are still required to investigate new treatments. The role of metastasis suppressor genes as a therapeutic option for limiting tumor progression and metastasis has been on the anvil for some time. In this review, we discuss the role of ITIH5 as a metastasis suppressor gene and catalog its involvement in different cancers. We further shed light on the mode of action of ITIH5 based on the available data. The review will provide a new perspective on ITIH5 as an anti-metastatic protein and hopefully serve as an impetus for future studies towards the application of ITIH5 for clinical intervention in targeting metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnaveni Subramaniyam
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be) University, Visakhapatnam, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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2
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Prunier C, Chavrier P, Boissan M. Mechanisms of action of NME metastasis suppressors - a family affair. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1155-1167. [PMID: 37353690 PMCID: PMC10713741 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic progression is regulated by metastasis promoter and suppressor genes. NME1, the prototypic and first described metastasis suppressor gene, encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) involved in nucleotide metabolism; two related family members, NME2 and NME4, are also reported as metastasis suppressors. These proteins physically interact with members of the GTPase dynamin family, which have key functions in membrane fission and fusion reactions necessary for endocytosis and mitochondrial dynamics. Evidence supports a model in which NDPKs provide GTP to dynamins to maintain a high local GTP concentration for optimal dynamin function. NME1 and NME2 are cytosolic enzymes that provide GTP to dynamins at the plasma membrane, which drive endocytosis, suggesting that these NMEs are necessary to attenuate signaling by receptors on the cell surface. Disruption of NDPK activity in NME-deficient tumors may thus drive metastasis by prolonging signaling. NME4 is a mitochondrial enzyme that interacts with the dynamin OPA1 at the mitochondria inner membrane to drive inner membrane fusion and maintain a fused mitochondrial network. This function is consistent with the current view that mitochondrial fusion inhibits the metastatic potential of tumor cells whereas mitochondrial fission promotes metastasis progression. The roles of NME family members in dynamin-mediated endocytosis and mitochondrial dynamics and the intimate link between these processes and metastasis provide a new framework to understand the metastasis suppressor functions of NME proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Prunier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Chavrier
- Actin and Membrane Dynamics Laboratory, Institut Curie - Research Center, CNRS UMR144, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Boissan
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Endocrinienne Et Oncologique, Oncobiologie Cellulaire Et Moléculaire, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France.
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Harihar S, Welch DR. KISS1 metastasis suppressor in tumor dormancy: a potential therapeutic target for metastatic cancers? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:183-196. [PMID: 36720764 PMCID: PMC10103016 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Present therapeutic approaches do not effectively target metastatic cancers, often limited by their inability to eliminate already-seeded non-proliferative, growth-arrested, or therapy-resistant tumor cells. Devising effective approaches targeting dormant tumor cells has been a focus of cancer clinicians for decades. However, progress has been limited due to limited understanding of the tumor dormancy process. Studies on tumor dormancy have picked up pace and have resulted in the identification of several regulators. This review focuses on KISS1, a metastasis suppressor gene that suppresses metastasis by keeping tumor cells in a state of dormancy at ectopic sites. The review explores mechanistic insights of KISS1 and discusses its potential application as a therapeutic against metastatic cancers by eliminating quiescent cells or inducing long-term dormancy in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitaram Harihar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, USA
- The University of Kansas Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd. Kansas City, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Man X, Li Q, Wang B, Zhang H, Zhang S, Li Z. DNMT3A and DNMT3B in Breast Tumorigenesis and Potential Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:916725. [PMID: 35620052 PMCID: PMC9127442 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.916725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has become a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. DNA methylation has been revealed to play an enormously important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. DNA methylation is regulated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), including DNMT1, DNMT2, and DNMT3. DNMT3 family has three members: DNMT3A, DNMT3B, and DNMT3L. The roles and functions of DNMT1 in breast cancer have been well reviewed. In this article, the roles of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in breast tumorigenesis and development are reviewed. We also discuss the SNP and mutations of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in breast cancer. In addition, we summarize how DNMT3A and DNMT3B are regulated by non-coding RNAs and signaling pathways in breast cancer, and targeting the expression levels of DNMT3A and DNMT3B may be a promising therapeutic approach for breast cancer. This review will provide reference for further studies on the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of DNMT3A and DNMT3B in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Man
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Qi Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Animal Models of Human Diseases, Academy of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Baogang Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Oncologic Gynecology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Animal Models of Human Diseases, Academy of Translational Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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Zimmermann RC, Sardiu ME, Manton CA, Miah MS, Banks CAS, Adams MK, Koestler DC, Hurst DR, Edmonds MD, Washburn MP, Welch DR. Perturbation of BRMS1 interactome reveals pathways that impact metastasis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259128. [PMID: 34788285 PMCID: PMC8598058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor 1 (BRMS1) expression is associated with longer patient survival in multiple cancer types. Understanding BRMS1 functionality will provide insights into both mechanism of action and will enhance potential therapeutic development. In this study, we confirmed that the C-terminus of BRMS1 is critical for metastasis suppression and hypothesized that critical protein interactions in this region would explain its function. Phosphorylation status at S237 regulates BRMS1 protein interactions related to a variety of biological processes, phenotypes [cell cycle (e.g., CDKN2A), DNA repair (e.g., BRCA1)], and metastasis [(e.g., TCF2 and POLE2)]. Presence of S237 also directly decreased MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma migration in vitro and metastases in vivo. The results add significantly to our understanding of how BRMS1 interactions with Sin3/HDAC complexes regulate metastasis and expand insights into BRMS1's molecular role, as they demonstrate BRMS1 C-terminus involvement in distinct protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn C. Zimmermann
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Mihaela E. Sardiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Christa A. Manton
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- Pathology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baker University, Baldwin City, KS, United States of America
| | - Md. Sayem Miah
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Health Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Charles A. S. Banks
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Adams
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Devin C. Koestler
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Hurst
- Pathology Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mick D. Edmonds
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Washburn
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Danny R. Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
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Pu J, Zhang T, Zhang D, He K, Chen Y, Sun X, Long W. High-Expression of Cytoplasmic Poly (A) Binding Protein 1 (PABPC1) as a Prognostic Biomarker for Early-Stage Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5361-5372. [PMID: 34262344 PMCID: PMC8275044 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s317631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Poly (A) binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of RNA polyadenylation, translation initiation, and mRNA stability and may be involved in tumorigenesis. Herein, we set out to identify the prognostic value of PABPC1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods Using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis, the present study investigated mRNA and protein expressions of PABPC1 in 231 ESCCs and their paired adjacent normal epithelial tissues. Results We observed a reduction in the average mRNA expression of PABPC1 in ESCC tissue specimen, but the mRNA expression of PABPC1 was significantly higher (P<0.001) in ESCC tissues with high PABPC1 expression and lower (P=0.033) in tissues with low PABPC1 expression. In immunohistochemical analysis, positive expression of the PABPC1 protein was identified in 179 ESCC tissue specimens (179/231, 77.5%), while the percentage of ESCC tissue specimens with high expression of PABPC1 was found to be 41.1% (95/231). PABPC1 expression was found to be significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P=0.011), pathological stage (P=0.021), tumor recurrence (P<0.001), and the outcome (P<0.001) of patients with ESCC. High expression of PABPC1 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) of ESCC patients (P<0.001) among all pathological stages, particularly in the early stages (pStage-I and -II), and identified to be an independent prognostic factor for OS of patients with ESCC in multivariate analysis (HR=2.622; 95% CI, 1.68–4.129). Comparatively, the expression of Ki-67, p53, and nm23 was not associated with OS. Conclusion In this study, we discovered that PABPC1 is a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for ESCC, particularly early-stage ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Pu
- Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengguo Zhang
- Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiming He
- Thoracic Surgery Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong Chen
- Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Sun
- Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Long
- Pathology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Ma X, He X, Wang C, Huang X, Li Y, Ma K. Small extracellular ring domain is necessary for CD82/KAI1'anti-metastasis function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 557:110-116. [PMID: 33862453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The peptide mimicking small extracellular loop of CD82/KAI1 has been reported to inhibit tumor cell migration and metastasis. This provides an evidence that small extracellular loop domain should be important for the function of CD82/KAI1. In this paper, to investigate the structure basis for the function of EC1 mimic peptide, we systematically analyzed the effects of each amino acid residue in EC1 mimic peptide on its bioactivity. We found that the interfering with the folding of secondary structure with proline, a potent breaker of secondary structure, completely abolished the migration and metastasis-inhibitory activity of EC1 mimic peptide. This means that the bioactivity of EC1 mimic peptide was conformation-dependent. Next, we substitute with proline for amino acid residues in the small extracellular ring region of CD82/KAI1 by the site-specific mutations to disrupting secondary structure and detected its effect on the function of CD82/KAI1. The results showed that the disturbing the secondary structure of small extracellular ring completely abolished the migration and metastasis-inhibitory activity of CD82/KAI1. These results further provide direct evidence that the small extracellular ring is an important function region of CD82/KAI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Department of Respirotory and Clinical Medecine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Xin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Keli Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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He X, Ma X, Wang C, Luan M, Li Y, Huang X, Ma K. The peptide mimicking small extracellular ring domain of CD82 inhibits tumor cell migration in vitro and metastasis in vivo. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:1927-1934. [PMID: 33811273 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetraspanin KAI1/CD82, a tumor metastasis suppressor, has emerged as a promising molecular target for the management of metastatic disease. However, the peptide mimicking small extracellular ring domain (EC1) of CD82 has not been fully investigated for the function of inhibiting cell migration in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. METHODS Different cancer cells were treated with EC1 mimic peptide in order to detect migration and invasion by the healing assay and transwell. Cell aggregation and adhesion assays were used to investigate the function of homotypic cell-cell aggregation and adhesion to tissue culture plates. Then, we established syngeneic and xenograft animal models to assess the metastasis inhibitory effect of EC1 mimic peptide in vivo. RESULTS In vitro studies, the EC1 mimic peptide had been showed to promote homotypic cell-cell aggregation, suppress cell migration, invasion and adherence in multiple tumor cell types. In vivo metastasis assays, the EC1 mimic peptide could strongly inhibit the pulmonary metastasis of LCC in syngeneic mice model and SW620 and H1299 in xenograft mice model. CONCLUSION This novel finding will improve our understanding of the mechanism by which CD82 inhibits metastasis, and suggests that EC1 mimic peptide may be a promising candidate for developing anti-metastasis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Xiaoguang Ma
- Department of Respirotory and Clinical Medecine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Mingchun Luan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
| | - Keli Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Hegde M, Joshi MB. Comprehensive analysis of regulation of DNA methyltransferase isoforms in human breast tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 147:937-971. [PMID: 33604794 PMCID: PMC7954751 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant reprogramming of epigenome is widely described during pathogenesis of breast cancer. Transformation of normal cell to hyperplastic cell and to neoplastic phenotype is associated with aberrant DNA (de)methylation, which, through promoter and enhancer methylation changes, activates oncogenes and silence tumor suppressor genes in variety of tumors including breast. DNA methylation, one of the major epigenetic mechanisms is catalyzed by evolutionarily conserved isoforms namely, DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in humans. Over the years, studies have demonstrated intricate and complex regulation of DNMT isoforms at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The recent findings of allosteric regulation of DNMT isoforms and regulation by other interacting chromatin modifying proteins emphasizes functional integrity and their contribution for the development of breast cancer and progression. DNMT isoforms are regulated by several intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. In the present review, we have extensively performed bioinformatics analysis of expression of DNMT isoforms along with their transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators such as transcription factors, interacting proteins, hormones, cytokines and dietary elements along with their significance during pathogenesis of breast tumors. Our review manuscript provides a comprehensive understanding of key factors regulating DNMT isoforms in breast tumor pathology and documents unsolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Planetarium Complex, Manipal, 576104, India.
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Vasantharajan SS, Eccles MR, Rodger EJ, Pattison S, McCall JL, Gray ES, Calapre L, Chatterjee A. The Epigenetic landscape of Circulating tumour cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188514. [PMID: 33497709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the main reason for the high mortality in patients, contributing to 90% of cancer-related deaths. Biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic monitoring are essential to improve cancer outcomes. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) arise from solid tumours and are capable of metastatic dissemination via the bloodstream or lymphatic system. Thus, CTCs can potentially be developed as a minimally invasive biomarker for early detection and therapeutic monitoring. Despite its clinical potential, research on CTCs remains limited, and this is likely due to their low numbers, short half-life, and the lack of robust methods for their isolation. There is also a need for molecular characterisation of CTCs to identify tumour-specific features, such as epigenetic signatures of metastasis. This review provides an overview of the epigenetic landscape of CTCs. We discuss the role of epigenetic modifications in CTC dissemination,metastatic tumour formation and progression and highlight its clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School-Dunedin Campus, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Euan J Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School-Dunedin Campus, New Zealand.
| | - Sharon Pattison
- Department of Medicine, Otago Medical School-Dunedin Campus, New Zealand.
| | - John L McCall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otago Medical School-Dunedin Campus, New Zealand.
| | - Elin S Gray
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Leslie Calapre
- Centre for Precision Health, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School-Dunedin Campus, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Level 2, 3A Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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11
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Wang N, Wu D, Long Q, Yan Y, Chen X, Zhao Z, Yan H, Zhang X, Xu M, Deng W, Liu X. Dysregulated YY1/PRMT5 axis promotes the progression and metastasis of laryngeal cancer by targeting Hippo pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020. [PMCID: PMC7812261 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastases lead to high mortality in laryngeal cancer, but the regulation of its underlying mechanisms remains elusive. We identified Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) was significantly up‐regulated in laryngeal cancer tissues, which predicts poor patient prognosis. Functional assays demonstrated that PRMT5 overexpression promoted the invasive capacity and lymph node metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic experiments suggested that LATS2 was a downstream target of PRMT5. PRMT5 inhibition increased the expression of LATS2 and YAP phosphorylation in laryngeal cancer cells, thereby promoting laryngeal cancer metastasis. Furthermore, informatics and experimental data confirmed that PRMT5 gene was transcriptionally activated by YY1. Collectively, our results unravelled the important role of PRMT5 in laryngeal cancer tumorigenesis and metastasis. The dysregulation YY1/PRMT5/LATS2/YAP axis may contribute to laryngeal cancer progression; thus, PRMT5 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Life Sciences Jiaying University Meizhou China
| | - Di Wu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Qian Long
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Yue Yan
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaoqi Chen
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Honghong Yan
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Meilan Xu
- School of Life Sciences Jiaying University Meizhou China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xuekui Liu
- Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine Guangzhou China
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Puts G, Jarrett S, Leonard M, Matsangos N, Snyder D, Wang Y, Vincent R, Portney B, Abbotts R, McLaughlin L, Zalzman M, Rassool F, Kaetzel D. Metastasis Suppressor NME1 Modulates Choice of Double-Strand Break Repair Pathways in Melanoma Cells by Enhancing Alternative NHEJ while Inhibiting NHEJ and HR. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165896. [PMID: 32824412 PMCID: PMC7460576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced NME1 expression in melanoma cell lines, mouse models of melanoma, and melanoma specimens in human patients is associated with increased metastatic activity. Herein, we investigate the role of NME1 in repair of double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and choice of double-strand break repair (DSBR) pathways in melanoma cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, NME1 was shown to be recruited rapidly and directly to DSBs generated by the homing endonuclease I-PpoI. NME1 was recruited to DSBs within 30 min, in concert with recruitment of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein, an early step in DSBR complex formation, as well as loss of histone 2B. NME1 was detected up to 5 kb from the break site after DSB induction, suggesting a role in extending chromatin reorganization away from the repair site. shRNA-mediated silencing of NME1 expression led to increases in the homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathways of double-strand break repair (DSBR), and reduction in the low fidelity, alternative-NHEJ (A-NHEJ) pathway. These findings suggest low expression of NME1 drives DSBR towards higher fidelity pathways, conferring enhanced genomic stability necessary for rapid and error-free proliferation in invasive and metastatic cells. The novel mechanism highlighted in the current study appears likely to impact metastatic potential and therapy-resistance in advanced melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Puts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Stuart Jarrett
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Mary Leonard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nicolette Matsangos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Devin Snyder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Richard Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Benjamin Portney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Rachel Abbotts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (L.M.); (F.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lena McLaughlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (L.M.); (F.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Michal Zalzman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (R.A.); (L.M.); (F.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - David Kaetzel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (G.P.); (M.L.); (N.M.); (D.S.); (Y.W.); (R.V.); (B.P.); (M.Z.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-706-5080; Fax: +1-410-706-8297
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13
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Lah TT, Novak M, Breznik B. Brain malignancies: Glioblastoma and brain metastases. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 60:262-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Viswanathan R, Cheruba E, Cheow LF. DNA Analysis by Restriction Enzyme (DARE) enables concurrent genomic and epigenomic characterization of single cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e122. [PMID: 31418018 PMCID: PMC6821369 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide profiling of copy number alterations and DNA methylation in single cells could enable detailed investigation into the genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity of complex cell populations. However, current methods to do this require complex sample processing and cleanup steps, lack consistency, or are biased in their genomic representation. Here, we describe a novel single-tube enzymatic method, DNA Analysis by Restriction Enzyme (DARE), to perform deterministic whole genome amplification while preserving DNA methylation information. This method was evaluated on low amounts of DNA and single cells, and provides accurate copy number aberration calling and representative DNA methylation measurement across the whole genome. Single-cell DARE is an attractive and scalable approach for concurrent genomic and epigenomic characterization of cells in a heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Viswanathan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Elsie Cheruba
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Lih Feng Cheow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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15
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Krishna Latha T, Verma A, Thakur GK, Banerjee B, Kaur N, Singh UR, Sharma S. Down Regulation of KAI1/CD82 in Lymph Node Positive and Advanced T-Stage Group in Breast Cancer Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3321-3329. [PMID: 31759355 PMCID: PMC7063004 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis represents a deadly aspect of any cancer including breast cancer, given its high prevalence; treatment of metastatic breast cancer remains a clinically unmet need, which necessitates the exploration of metastasis suppressor genes (MSGs). KAI-1/CD82 is an important member of MSGs; the role of KAI1 has been well explored in prostate cancer, however its role in breast cancer is not fully explored and in fact the results of breast cancer studies are contentious. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate expression of KAI1 at both transcriptional and translational levels in the tissue of breast cancer patients and benign breast disease. Further, we analysed the relationship between expression levels of KAI1 and clinicopathological parameters in breast cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS mRNA expression was studied by Real time PCR and protein expression was analyzed by both Western blot and Immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The results of the study indicate that KAI1 expression was remarkably decreased in breast cancer both at the gene and the protein levels (P < 0.05) compared to benign breast disease. In addition, KAI1 expression levels were strongly associated with axillary lymph node status and advanced T stage (p < 0.05), however no association was found with tumor grade, age, menopausal status and receptor status like ER, PR and Her2. CONCLUSION Low expression of KAI1 might be helpful for predicting the lymph node metastasis and T staging, thus predicts malignant prognosis of breast cancer.<br />.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammineni Krishna Latha
- Department of Biochemistry University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Ankur Verma
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Basudev Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Surgery, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Usha Rani Singh
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Sharma
- Department of Pathology, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital , University of Delhi, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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16
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Pantoja-Uceda D, Neira JL, Contreras LM, Manton CA, Welch DR, Rizzuti B. The isolated C-terminal nuclear localization sequence of the breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 is disordered. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 664:95-101. [PMID: 30707944 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BRMS1 is a 246-residue-long protein belonging to the family of metastasis suppressors. It is a predominantly nuclear protein, although it can also function in the cytoplasm. At its C terminus, it has a region that is predicted to be a nuclear localization sequence (NLS); this region, NLS2, is necessary for metastasis suppression. We have studied in vitro and in silico the conformational preferences in aqueous solution of a peptide (NLS2-pep) that comprises the NLS2 of BRMS1, to test whether it has a preferred conformation that could be responsible for its function. Our spectroscopic (far-UV circular dichroism, DOSY-NMR and 2D-NMR) and computational (all-atom molecular dynamics) results indicate that NLS2-pep was disordered in aqueous solution. Furthermore, it did not acquire a structure even when experiments were performed in a more hydrophobic environment, such as the one provided by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (TFE). The hydrodynamic radius of the peptide in water was identical to that of a random-coil sequence, in agreement with both our molecular simulations and other theoretical predictions. Thus, we suggest that NLS2 is a disordered region, with non pre-formed structure, that participates in metastasis suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José L Neira
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos, Joint Units IQFR-CSIC-BIFI, and GBSC-CSIC-BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Lellys M Contreras
- Center for Environmental Biology and Chemistry Research, Facultad Experimental de Ciencias y Tecnología, Universidad de Carabobo, 2001, Valencia, Venezuela
| | - Christa A Manton
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Bruno Rizzuti
- CNR-NANOTEC, Licryl-UOS Cosenza and CEMIF.Cal, Department of Physics, University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, Italy.
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17
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The peptide mimicking small extracellular loop domain of CD82 inhibits tumor cell migration, adhesion and induces apoptosis by inhibiting integrin mediated signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2206-2211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Puberty involves a series of morphological, physiological and behavioural changes during the last part of the juvenile period that culminates in the attainment of fertility. The activation of the pituitary-gonadal axis by increased hypothalamic secretion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is an essential step in the process. The current hypothesis postulates that a loss of transsynaptic inhibition and a rise in excitatory inputs are responsible for the activation of GnRH release. Similarly, a shift in the balance in the expression of puberty activating and puberty inhibitory genes exists during the pubertal transition. In addition, recent evidence suggests that the epigenetic machinery controls this genetic balance, giving rise to the tantalising possibility that epigenetics serves as a relay of environmental signals known for many years to modulate pubertal development. Here, we review the contribution of epigenetics as a regulatory mechanism in the hypothalamic control of female puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Toro
- Primate Genetics Section/Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - C F Aylwin
- Primate Genetics Section/Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - A Lomniczi
- Primate Genetics Section/Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center/Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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19
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Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPK) are nucleotide metabolism enzymes encoded by NME genes (also called NM23). Given the fact that not all NME-encoded proteins are catalytically active NDPKs and that NM23 generally refers to clinical studies on metastasis, we use here NME/NDPK to denote the proteins. Since their discovery in the 1950's, NMEs/NDPKs have been shown to be involved in multiple physiological and pathological cellular processes, but the molecular mechanisms have not been fully determined. Recent progress in elucidating these underlying mechanisms has been presented by experts in the field at the 10th International Congress on the NDPK/NME/AWD protein family in October 2016 in Dubrovnik, Croatia, and is summarized in review articles or original research in this and an upcoming issue of Laboratory Investigation. Within this editorial, we discuss three major cellular processes that involve members of the multi-functional NME/NDPK family: (i) cancer and metastasis dissemination, (ii) membrane remodeling and nucleotide channeling, and iii) protein histidine phosphorylation.
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20
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Al-Hashimi F, J. Diaz-Cano S. Multi-target analysis of neoplasms for the evaluation of tumor progression: stochastic approach of biologic processes. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2018.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Li Y, Song J, Tong Y, Chung SK, Wong YH. RGS19 upregulates Nm23-H1/2 metastasis suppressors by transcriptional activation via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69945-69960. [PMID: 29050254 PMCID: PMC5642529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nm23 metastasis suppressor family is involved in physiological and pathological processes including tumorigenesis and metastasis. Although the inverse correlation of Nm23 level with tumor metastasis potential has been widely observed, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of Nm23 remain poorly understood. Our previous studies have revealed that Nm23-H1/2 isoforms are upregulated by RGS19, a regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) protein which accelerates the termination of Gi signals. Here, we examined the ability of RGS19 to stimulate transcriptional regulation of Nm23 by screening a panel of luciferase reporter genes. Transient and stable overexpression of RGS19 upregulated the Nm23-H1/2 protein levels and activated several transcription factors including CREB, AP-1 and SRE in HEK293 cells. Interestingly, agents that increase the intracellular cAMP level and the phosphorylation of CREB (e.g., adrenergic receptor agonist, forskolin, and cAMP analogues) upregulated the expression of Nm23-H1/2 in HEK293 cells and several cancer cell lines including A549, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-435s cells. Conversely, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) by H-89 suppressed the phosphorylation of CREB and reduced the expression of Nm23-H1/2. Furthermore, activation of PKA attenuated cancer cell migration in wound healing and transwell assays. Collectively, these results revealed a PKA-dependent mechanism for controlling Nm23-H1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- Division of Life Sciences and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiaxing Song
- Division of Life Sciences and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Division of Life Sciences and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yung H Wong
- Division of Life Sciences and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and the Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
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22
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Increased metastasis with loss of E2F2 in Myc-driven tumors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:38210-24. [PMID: 26474282 PMCID: PMC4741994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In human breast cancer, mortality is associated with metastasis to distant sites. Therefore, it is critical to elucidate the biological mechanisms that underlie tumor progression and metastasis. Using signaling pathway signatures we previously predicted a role for E2F transcription factors in Myc induced tumors. To test this role we interbred MMTV-Myc transgenic mice with E2F knockouts. Surprisingly, we observed that the loss of E2F2 sharply increased the percentage of lung metastasis in MMTV-Myc transgenic mice. Examining the gene expression profile from these tumors, we identified genetic components that were potentially involved in mediating metastasis. These genes were filtered to uncover the genes involved in metastasis that also impacted distant metastasis free survival in human breast cancer. In order to elucidate the mechanism by which E2F2 loss enhanced metastasis we generated knockdowns of E2F2 in MDA-MB-231 cells and observed increased migration in vitro and increased lung colonization in vivo. We then examined genes that were differentially regulated between tumors from MMTV-Myc, MMTV-Myc E2F2−/−, and lung metastases samples and identified PTPRD. To test the role of PTPRD in E2F2-mediated breast cancer metastasis, we generated a knockdown of PTPRD in MDA-MB-231 cells. We noted that decreased levels of PTPRD resulted in decreased migration in vitro and decreased lung colonization in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that E2F2 loss results in increased metastasis in breast cancer, potentially functioning through a PTPRD dependent mechanism.
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23
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Esposito S, Russo MV, Airoldi I, Tupone MG, Sorrentino C, Barbarito G, Di Meo S, Di Carlo E. SNAI2/Slug gene is silenced in prostate cancer and regulates neuroendocrine differentiation, metastasis-suppressor and pluripotency gene expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17121-34. [PMID: 25686823 PMCID: PMC4627296 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa)-related deaths are mostly due to metastasization of poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas often endowed with neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) areas. The SNAI2/Slug gene is a major regulator of cell migration and tumor metastasization. We here assessed its biological significance in NED, and metastatic potential of PCa. SNAI2 expression was down-regulated in most PCa epithelia, in association with gene promoter methylation, except for cell clusters forming: a. the expansion/invasion front of high-grade PCa, b. NED areas, or c. lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of SNAI2 in PC3 cells down-regulated the expression of neural-tissue-associated adhesion molecules, Neural-Cadherin, Neural-Cadherin-2, Neuronal-Cell-Adhesion-Molecule, and of the NED marker Neuron-Specific Enolase, whereas it abolished Chromogranin-A expression. The metastasis-suppressor genes, Nm23-H1 and KISS1, were up-regulated, while the pluripotency genes SOX2, NOTCH1, CD44v6, WWTR1/TAZ and YAP1 were dramatically down-regulated. Over-expression of SNAI2 in DU145 cells substantiated its ability to regulate metastasis-suppressor, NED and pluripotency genes. In PCa and lymph node metastasis, expression of SOX2 and NOTCH1 was highly related to that of SNAI2. In conclusion, I. SNAI2 silencing in PCa may turn-off the expression of NED markers and pluripotency genes, while turning-on that of specific metastasis-suppressors, II. SNAI2 expression in selected PCa cells, by regulating their self-renewal, NED and metastatic potential, endows them with highly malignant properties. SNAI2 may thus constitute a key target for modern approaches to PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Esposito
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco V Russo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Irma Airoldi
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Tupone
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Sorrentino
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,Specialisation School in Clinical Biochemistry, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbarito
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Serena Di Meo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Medicine and Sciences of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
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24
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Pixberg CF, Schulz WA, Stoecklein NH, Neves RPL. Characterization of DNA Methylation in Circulating Tumor Cells. Genes (Basel) 2015; 6:1053-75. [PMID: 26506390 PMCID: PMC4690028 DOI: 10.3390/genes6041053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics contributes to molecular mechanisms leading to tumor cell transformation and systemic progression of cancer. However, the dynamics of epigenetic remodeling during metastasis remains unexplored. In this context, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) might enable a direct insight into epigenetic mechanisms relevant for metastasis by providing direct access to systemic cancer. CTCs can be used as prognostic markers in cancer patients and are regarded as potential metastatic precursor cells. However, despite substantial technical progress, the detection and molecular characterization of CTCs remain challenging, in particular the analysis of DNA methylation. As recent studies have started to address the epigenetic state of CTCs, we discuss here the potential of such investigations to elucidate mechanisms of metastasis and to develop tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin F Pixberg
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Nikolas H Stoecklein
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rui P L Neves
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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25
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Diaz-Cano SJ. Pathological bases for a robust application of cancer molecular classification. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:8655-75. [PMID: 25898411 PMCID: PMC4425102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Any robust classification system depends on its purpose and must refer to accepted standards, its strength relying on predictive values and a careful consideration of known factors that can affect its reliability. In this context, a molecular classification of human cancer must refer to the current gold standard (histological classification) and try to improve it with key prognosticators for metastatic potential, staging and grading. Although organ-specific examples have been published based on proteomics, transcriptomics and genomics evaluations, the most popular approach uses gene expression analysis as a direct correlate of cellular differentiation, which represents the key feature of the histological classification. RNA is a labile molecule that varies significantly according with the preservation protocol, its transcription reflect the adaptation of the tumor cells to the microenvironment, it can be passed through mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and it is exposed to epigenetic modifications. More robust classifications should be based on stable molecules, at the genetic level represented by DNA to improve reliability, and its analysis must deal with the concept of intratumoral heterogeneity, which is at the origin of tumor progression and is the byproduct of the selection process during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The simultaneous analysis of multiple DNA targets and next generation sequencing offer the best practical approach for an analytical genomic classification of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J Diaz-Cano
- King's Health Partners, Cancer Studies, King's College Hospital-Viapath, Denmark Hill, London SE5-9RS, UK.
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26
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Lomniczi A, Wright H, Ojeda SR. Epigenetic regulation of female puberty. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:90-107. [PMID: 25171849 PMCID: PMC6824271 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in recent years toward deciphering the molecular and genetic underpinnings of the pubertal process. The availability of powerful new methods to interrogate the human genome has led to the identification of genes that are essential for puberty to occur. Evidence has also emerged suggesting that the initiation of puberty requires the coordinated activity of gene sets organized into functional networks. At a cellular level, it is currently thought that loss of transsynaptic inhibition, accompanied by an increase in excitatory inputs, results in the pubertal activation of GnRH release. This concept notwithstanding, a mechanism of epigenetic repression targeting genes required for the pubertal activation of GnRH neurons was recently identified as a core component of the molecular machinery underlying the central restraint of puberty. In this chapter we will discuss the potential contribution of various mechanisms of epigenetic regulation to the hypothalamic control of female puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Hollis Wright
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Sergio R Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Ave, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Schiano C, Casamassimi A, Rienzo M, de Nigris F, Sommese L, Napoli C. Involvement of Mediator complex in malignancy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:66-83. [PMID: 24342527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mediator complex (MED) is an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein, fundamental for growth and survival of all cells. In eukaryotes, the mRNA transcription is dependent on RNA polymerase II that is associated to various molecules like general transcription factors, MED subunits and chromatin regulators. To date, transcriptional machinery dysfunction has been shown to elicit broad effects on cell proliferation, development, differentiation, and pathologic disease induction, including cancer. Indeed, in malignant cells, the improper activation of specific genes is usually ascribed to aberrant transcription machinery. Here, we focus our attention on the correlation of MED subunits with carcinogenesis. To date, many subunits are mutated or display altered expression in human cancers. Particularly, the role of MED1, MED28, MED12, CDK8 and Cyclin C in cancer is well documented, although several studies have recently reported a possible association of other subunits with malignancy. Definitely, a major comprehension of the involvement of the whole complex in cancer may lead to the identification of MED subunits as novel diagnostic/prognostic tumour markers to be used in combination with imaging technique in clinical oncology, and to develop novel anti-cancer targets for molecular-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Rienzo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Linda Sommese
- U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), IRCCS, Via E. Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; U.O.C. Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology [SIMT], Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology [LIT], Azienda Universitaria Policlinico (AOU), 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Teng Y, Xie X, Walker S, White DT, Mumm JS, Cowell JK. Evaluating human cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:453. [PMID: 24089705 PMCID: PMC3852235 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vivo metastasis assays have traditionally been performed in mice, but the process is inefficient and costly. However, since zebrafish do not develop an adaptive immune system until 14 days post-fertilization, human cancer cells can survive and metastasize when transplanted into zebrafish larvae. Despite isolated reports, there has been no systematic evaluation of the robustness of this system to date. METHODS Individual cell lines were stained with CM-Dil and injected into the perivitelline space of 2-day old zebrafish larvae. After 2-4 days fish were imaged using confocal microscopy and the number of metastatic cells was determined using Fiji software. RESULTS To determine whether zebrafish can faithfully report metastatic potential in human cancer cells, we injected a series of cells with different metastatic potential into the perivitelline space of 2 day old embryos. Using cells from breast, prostate, colon and pancreas we demonstrated that the degree of cell metastasis in fish is proportional to their invasion potential in vitro. Highly metastatic cells such as MDA231, DU145, SW620 and ASPC-1 are seen in the vasculature and throughout the body of the fish after only 24-48 hours. Importantly, cells that are not invasive in vitro such as T47D, LNCaP and HT29 do not metastasize in fish. Inactivation of JAK1/2 in fibrosarcoma cells leads to loss of invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, and in zebrafish these cells show limited spread throughout the zebrafish body compared with the highly metastatic parental cells. Further, knockdown of WASF3 in DU145 cells which leads to loss of invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo also results in suppression of metastasis in zebrafish. In a cancer progression model involving normal MCF10A breast epithelial cells, the degree of invasion/metastasis in vitro and in mice is mirrored in zebrafish. Using a modified version of Fiji software, it is possible to quantify individual metastatic cells in the transparent larvae to correlate with invasion potential. We also demonstrate, using lung cancers, that the zebrafish model can evaluate the metastatic ability of cancer cells isolated from primary tumors. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish model described here offers a rapid, robust, and inexpensive means of evaluating the metastatic potential of human cancer cells. Using this model it is possible to critically evaluate whether genetic manipulation of signaling pathways affects metastasis and whether primary tumors contain metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiayang Xie
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Steven Walker
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - David T White
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - John K Cowell
- Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Lomniczi A, Wright H, Castellano JM, Sonmez K, Ojeda SR. A system biology approach to identify regulatory pathways underlying the neuroendocrine control of female puberty in rats and nonhuman primates. Horm Behav 2013; 64:175-86. [PMID: 23998662 PMCID: PMC3933372 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This article is part of a Special Issue "Puberty and Adolescence". Puberty is a major developmental milestone controlled by the interaction of genetic factors and environmental cues of mostly metabolic and circadian nature. An increased pulsatile release of the decapeptide gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons is required for both the initiation and progression of the pubertal process. This increase is brought about by coordinated changes that occur in neuronal and glial networks associated with GnRH neurons. These changes ultimately result in increased neuronal and glial stimulatory inputs to the GnRH neuronal network and a reduction of transsynaptic inhibitory influences. While some of the major players controlling pubertal GnRH secretion have been identified using gene-centric approaches, much less is known about the system-wide control of the overall process. Because the pubertal activation of GnRH release involves a diversity of cellular phenotypes, and a myriad of intracellular and cell-to-cell signaling molecules, it appears that the overall process is controlled by a highly coordinated and interactive regulatory system involving hundreds, if not thousands, of gene products. In this article we will discuss emerging evidence suggesting that these genes are arranged as functionally connected networks organized, both internally and across sub-networks, in a hierarchical fashion. According to this concept, the core of these networks is composed of transcriptional regulators that, by directing expression of downstream subordinate genes, provide both stability and coordination to the cellular networks involved in initiating the pubertal process. The integrative response of these gene networks to external inputs is postulated to be coordinated by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Okugawa Y, Inoue Y, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Shimura T, Okigami M, Kawamoto A, Hiro J, Saigusa S, Mohri Y, Uchida K, Kusunoki M. Loss of the metastasis suppressor gene KiSS1 is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in human colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1449-54. [PMID: 23784200 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer research is currently focused on blocking the metastatic process at its early steps. Some particularly attractive targets are metastasis suppressor genes, which control cancer cell dissemination. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the expression of KiSS1, a metastasis suppressor gene, and disease progression in colorectal cancer patients. One-hundred and seventy-five patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer were enrolled in this study. We analyzed KiSS1 mRNA expression by real-time reverse transcription PCR in colorectal cancer tissue and paired adjacent normal mucosa. KiSS1 protein expression in early- and advanced-stage colorectal cancer samples was determined by immunohistochemical analysis. Decreased KiSS1 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and was an independent prognostic factor. Logistic regression analysis revealed that decreased KiSS1 expression was an independent risk factor for lymph node metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that KiSS1 was highly expressed in the cell cytoplasm of early-stage colorectal cancer cells. The loss of KiSS1 appears to correlate with the progression of lymph node metastasis. An assessment of KiSS1 expression may assist in the accurate colorectal cancer diagnosis and may contribute to predict clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinaga Okugawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pediatric Surgery, Division of Reparative Medicine, Institute of Life Sciences, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Abstract
MDM2 binding protein (MTBP) is a protein that interacts with oncoprotein murine double minute (MDM2), a major inhibitor of the tumor suppressor p53. Overexpression of MTBP leads to p53-independent cell proliferation arrest, which is in turn blocked by simultaneous overexpression of MDM2. Importantly, reduced expression of MTBP in mice increases tumor metastasis and enhances migratory potential of mouse embryonic fibroblasts regardless of the presence of p53. Clinically, loss of MTBP expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is associated with reduced patient survival, and is shown to serve as an independent prognostic factor when p53 is mutated in tumors. These results indicate the involvement of MTBP in suppressing tumor progression. Our recent findings demonstrate that overexpression of MTBP in human osteosarcoma cells lacking wild-type p53 inhibits metastasis, but not primary tumor growth, when cells are transplanted in femurs of immunocompromised mice. These data indicate that MTBP functions as a metastasis suppressor independent of p53 status. Furthermore, overexpression of MTBP suppresses cell migration and filopodia formation, in part, by inhibiting function of an actin crosslinking protein α-actinin-4. Thus, increasing evidence indicates the significance of MTBP in tumor progression. We summarize published results related to MTBP function and discuss caveats and future directions in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Iwakuma
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow blvd., Wahl East, Room 2005, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Gelao L, Criscitiello C, Fumagalli L, Locatelli M, Manunta S, Esposito A, Minchella I, Goldhirsch A, Curigliano G. Tumour dormancy and clinical implications in breast cancer. Ecancermedicalscience 2013; 7:320. [PMID: 23717341 PMCID: PMC3660156 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2013.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of adjuvant therapy in breast cancer is to reduce the risk of recurrence. Some patients develop metastases many years after apparently successful treatment of their primary cancer. Tumour dormancy may explain the long time between initial diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and occurrence of relapse. The regulation of the switch from clinical dormancy to cancer regrowth in locoregional and distant sites is poorly understood. In this review, we report some data supporting the existence of various factors that may explain cancer dormancy including genetic and epigenetic changes, angiogenic switch, microenvironment, and immunosurveillance. A better definition and understanding of these factors should allow the identification of patients at high risk of relapse and to develop new therapeutic strategies in order to improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gelao
- Early Drug Development for Innovative Therapy Division, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Yan L, Cai Q, Xu Y. The ubiquitin-CXCR4 axis plays an important role in acute lung infection-enhanced lung tumor metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:4706-16. [PMID: 23690484 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our goals were to test the effect of acute lung infection on tumor metastasis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We combined bacteria-induced and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury/inflammation (ALI) mouse models with mouse metastatic models to study the effect of acute inflammation on lung metastasis in mice. The mechanisms were investigated in ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo studies. RESULTS Both bacteria- and LPS-induced ALI significantly enhanced lung metastasis of four tail vein-injected mouse tumor cell lines. Bacteria also enhanced lung metastasis when 4T1 cells were orthotopically injected. The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from LPS- or bacteria-injected mice stimulated migration of tumor cells. In vivo tracking of metastatic RM-9 cells showed that bacterial injection enhanced early dissemination of tumor cells to the lung. The majority of the BALF migratory activity could be blocked by AMD3100, a chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) inhibitor. All tested cell lines expressed CXCR4. The levels of extracellular ubiquitin, but not stromal cell-derived factor-1, in BALF were significantly increased by LPS. Ubiquitin was able to induce AMD3100-sensitive migration of tumor cells. Finally, the antibacterial agent amoxicillin and the CXCR4 inhibitor AMD3100 blocked the enhancement effect of bacterial infection on tumor metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Acute lung infection dramatically increased cancer cell homing to the lung and lung metastasis. This change may be due to an alteration of the lung microenvironment and preparation of a favorable metastatic "niche." This effect was seen in multiple cancer types and thus may have broad applications for cancer patients in prevention and/or treatment of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Teng Y, Ghoshal P, Ngoka L, Mei Y, Cowell JK. Critical role of the WASF3 gene in JAK2/STAT3 regulation of cancer cell motility. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:1994-9. [PMID: 23677069 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
WASF3 has been shown to be required for invasion and metastasis in different cancer cell types and knockdown of WASF3 leads to suppression of invasion/metastasis. Aberrant signaling through the interleukin 6/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) axis in cancer cells has emerged as a major mechanism for cancer progression. In this study, we demonstrate that interleukin 6 induces both WASF3 expression and phosphoactivation in breast and prostate cancer cell lines through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway in two different ways. First, we show that STAT3 binds directly to the WASF3 promoter and increases transcription levels, which correlates with increased migration potential. Inactivation of STAT3 with short hairpin RNA, dominant negative constructs or S3I-201 leads to reduced WASF3 levels and reduced migration. Second, we have shown that JAK2, while activating STAT3, also interacts with and activates WASF3. Inhibition of JAK2 with short hairpin RNA or AG490 leads to loss of migration due to reduced WASF3 activation levels and prevention of its membrane localization. Together, these results define a novel signaling network whereby JAK2/STAT3 signaling creates a feed-forward loop to raise activated WASF3 levels that promote cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Teng
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, CN 2115, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Georgescauld F, Moynié L, Habersetzer J, Cervoni L, Mocan I, Borza T, Harris P, Dautant A, Lascu I. Intersubunit ionic interactions stabilize the nucleoside diphosphate kinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57867. [PMID: 23526954 PMCID: PMC3589492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most nucleoside diphosphate kinases (NDPKs) are hexamers. The C-terminal tail interacting with the neighboring subunits is crucial for hexamer stability. In the NDPK from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) this tail is missing. The quaternary structure of Mt-NDPK is essential for full enzymatic activity and for protein stability to thermal and chemical denaturation. We identified the intersubunit salt bridge Arg80-Asp93 as essential for hexamer stability, compensating for the decreased intersubunit contact area. Breaking the salt bridge by the mutation D93N dramatically decreased protein thermal stability. The mutation also decreased stability to denaturation by urea and guanidinium. The D93N mutant was still hexameric and retained full activity. When exposed to low concentrations of urea it dissociated into folded monomers followed by unfolding while dissociation and unfolding of the wild type simultaneously occur at higher urea concentrations. The dissociation step was not observed in guanidine hydrochloride, suggesting that low concentration of salt may stabilize the hexamer. Indeed, guanidinium and many other salts stabilized the hexamer with a half maximum effect of about 0.1 M, increasing protein thermostability. The crystal structure of the D93N mutant has been solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Georgescauld
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucile Moynié
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Johann Habersetzer
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laura Cervoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Università degli Studi “La Sapienza”, Roma, Italy
| | - Iulia Mocan
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Tudor Borza
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale des Macromolécules, CNRS URA 2185, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pernile Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alain Dautant
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (AD); (IL)
| | - Ioan Lascu
- IBGC, University Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- IBGC, CNRS UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail: (AD); (IL)
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Teng Y, Mei Y, Hawthorn L, Cowell JK. WASF3 regulates miR-200 inactivation by ZEB1 through suppression of KISS1 leading to increased invasiveness in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:203-11. [PMID: 23318438 PMCID: PMC3998093 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The WASF3 gene promotes invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells which have undergone epithelial-to-mesenchyme transition (EMT). Overexpression of WASF3 in cells that do not show EMT increases their invasion potential as a result of increased ZEB1/2 levels which specifically suppress the anti-invasion chromosome 1 miR-200a/ 200b/429 cluster. ZEB1/2 upregulation by WASF3 results from downregulation of KISS1, leading to release of inhibition of NFκB by IκBα. We further show that ZEB1 expression is regulated by the NFκB transcription factor. Knockdown of WASF3 in breast cancer cells leads to reduced ZEB1 levels and increased miR-200 and E-cadherin levels, resulting in loss of invasion potential. The central regulation of this interactive pathway by WASF3 accounts for the increased invasion associated with increased WASF3 expression seen in aggressive breast cancer cells. WASF3, therefore, is a potential target to suppress invasion and metastasis in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Teng
- Georgia Health Sciences University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Y Mei
- Georgia Health Sciences University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - L Hawthorn
- Georgia Health Sciences University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - J K Cowell
- Georgia Health Sciences University, Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
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The microRNA -23b/-27b cluster suppresses the metastatic phenotype of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52106. [PMID: 23300597 PMCID: PMC3530545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that regulate the stability and/or translation of complementary mRNA targets. MiRs have emerged not only as critical modulators of normal physiologic processes, but their deregulation may significantly impact prostate and other cancers. The expression of miR-23b and miR-27b, which are encoded by the same miR cluster (miR-23b/-27b), are downregulated in metastatic, castration-resistant tumors compared to primary prostate cancer and benign tissue; however, their possible role in prostate cancer progression is unknown. We found that ectopic expression of miR-23b/-27b in two independent castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines resulted in suppression of invasion and migration, as well as reduced survival in soft agar (a measure of anoikis). However, there was no effect of miR-23b/-27b on cell proliferation suggesting that these miRs function as metastasis (but not growth) suppressors in prostate cancer. Conversely, inhibition of miR-23b/-27b in the less aggressive androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cell line resulted in enhanced invasion and migration also without affecting proliferation. Mechanistically, we found that introduction of miR-23b/-27b in metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer cell lines resulted in a significant attenuation of Rac1 activity without affecting total Rac1 levels and caused increased levels of the tumor suppressor E-cadherin. Inhibition of these miRs had the opposite effect in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. These results suggest that miR-23b/-27b are metastasis suppressors that might serve as novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents for castration-resistant disease.
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Abstract
The reactivation of cancer cells following a seemingly successful treatment of the primary tumour with initial therapies (such as tumour excision or systemic therapy) is a well-known phenomenon. This metastatic rebirth is preceded by an interlude, termed dormancy, when cancer sleeps undetected for periods that can last years or even decades. Discoveries over the past 10 years have revealed the therapeutic potential of prolonging dormancy for maintaining a clinically asymptomatic state, or the permanent clearance of dormant residual disseminated cancer cells to affect a 'cure'. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of dormancy and use genitourinary cancers as models to demonstrate how dormancy principles could be exploited clinically. Data from these models have yielded promising therapeutic strategies to address dormancy as well as diagnostics that could enable clinicians to monitor the dormant state of cancer in patients. This Review also aims to convey that dormancy, as a whole, likely results from coalescing contributions made by each of the three types of dormancy discussed (cellular, angiogenic and immunological). In our opinion, dormancy-directed therapies will prove most effective when the effect of these cumulative contributions are understood and targeted.
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Dong SW, Wang L, Sui J, Deng XY, Chen XD, Zhang ZW, Liu X, Liu ZM, Zhang JH, Yang QS, Jia YF, Song X. Expression Patterns of ER, HER2, and NM23-H1 in Breast Cancer Patients with Different Menopausal Status. Mol Diagn Ther 2012; 15:211-9. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03256412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tanaka M, Kuriyama S, Aiba N. Nm23-H1 regulates contact inhibition of locomotion, which is affected by ephrin-B1. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4343-53. [PMID: 22718351 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.104083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact inhibition of locomotion (CIL) is the process by which cells stop the continual migration in the same direction after collision with another cell. Highly invasive malignant cells exhibit diminished CIL when they contact stromal cells, which allows invasion of the tissue by tumors. We show that Nm23-H1 is essential for the suppression of Rac1 through inactivation of Tiam1 at the sites of cell-cell contact, which plays a pivotal role in CIL. U87MG cells show CIL when they contact normal glia. In spheroid confrontation assays U87MG cells showed only limited invasion of the glial population, but reduction of Nm23-H1 expression in U87MG cells abrogated CIL resulting in invasion. In U87MG cells, Nm23-H1 is translocated to the sites of contact with glia through association with α-catenin and N-cadherin. Mutants of Nm23-H1, which lacked the binding ability with Tiam1, or α-catenin did not restore CIL. Moreover, the expression of ephrin-B1 in tumor cells disrupted CIL and promoted invasion. As one mechanism, ephrin-B1 inhibits the association of Nm23-H1 with Tiam1, which contributes for activation of Rac1. These results indicate a novel function of Nm23-H1 to control CIL, and its negative regulation by ephrin-B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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41
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Eckhardt BL, Francis PA, Parker BS, Anderson RL. Strategies for the discovery and development of therapies for metastatic breast cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:479-97. [PMID: 22653217 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all deaths caused by solid cancers occur as a result of metastasis--the formation of secondary tumours in distant organs such as the lungs, liver, brain and bone. A major obstruction to the development of drugs with anti-metastatic efficacy is our fragmented understanding of how tumours 'evolve' and metastasize, at both the biological and genetic levels. Furthermore, although there is significant overlap in the metastatic process among different types of cancer, there are also marked differences in the propensity to metastasize, the extent of metastasis, the sites to which the tumour metastasizes, the kinetics of the process and the mechanisms involved. Here, we consider the case of breast cancer, which has some marked distinguishing features compared with other types of cancer. Considerable progress has been made in the development of preclinical models and in the identification of relevant signalling pathways and genetic regulators of metastatic breast cancer, and we discuss how these might facilitate the development of novel targeted anti-metastatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedrich L Eckhardt
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Abstract
MDM2 Binding Protein (MTBP) has been implicated in cancer progression. Here we demonstrate one mechanism by which MTBP inhibits cancer metastasis. Overexpression of MTBP in human osteosarcoma cell lines lacking wild-type p53 did not alter primary tumor growth in mice but significantly inhibited metastases. MTBP downregulation increased the migratory potential of MDM2−/−p53−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that MTBP inhibited cell migration independently of the Mdm2-p53 pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometric analysis identified alpha-actinin-4 (ACTN4) as a MTBP-interacting protein. Endogenous MTBP interacted with and partially colocalized with ACTN4. MTBP overexpression inhibited cell migration and filopodia formation mediated by ACTN4. Increased cell migration by MTBP downregulation was inhibited by concomitant downregulation of ACTN4. MTBP also inhibited ACTN4-mediated F-actin bundling. We furthermore demonstrated that nuclear localization of MTBP was dispensable for inhibiting ACTN4-mediated cell migration and filopodia formation. Thus, MTBP suppresses cell migration, at least partially, by inhibiting ACTN4 function. Our study not only provides a mechanism of metastasis suppression by MTBP, but also suggests MTBP as a potential biomarker for cancer progression.
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43
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Diaz-Cano SJ. Tumor heterogeneity: mechanisms and bases for a reliable application of molecular marker design. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1951-2011. [PMID: 22408433 PMCID: PMC3292002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor heterogeneity is a confusing finding in the assessment of neoplasms, potentially resulting in inaccurate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive tests. This tumor heterogeneity is not always a random and unpredictable phenomenon, whose knowledge helps designing better tests. The biologic reasons for this intratumoral heterogeneity would then be important to understand both the natural history of neoplasms and the selection of test samples for reliable analysis. The main factors contributing to intratumoral heterogeneity inducing gene abnormalities or modifying its expression include: the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, the action of tumor microenvironment (bidirectional interaction between tumor cells and stroma), mechanisms of intercellular transference of genetic information (exosomes), and differential mechanisms of sequence-independent modifications of genetic material and proteins. The intratumoral heterogeneity is at the origin of tumor progression and it is also the byproduct of the selection process during progression. Any analysis of heterogeneity mechanisms must be integrated within the process of segregation of genetic changes in tumor cells during the clonal expansion and progression of neoplasms. The evaluation of these mechanisms must also consider the redundancy and pleiotropism of molecular pathways, for which appropriate surrogate markers would support the presence or not of heterogeneous genetics and the main mechanisms responsible. This knowledge would constitute a solid scientific background for future therapeutic planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador J. Diaz-Cano
- Department Histopathology, King’s College Hospital and King’s Health Partners, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-20-3299-3041; Fax: +44-20-3299-3670
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44
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Couto SS, Bolon B, Cardiff RD. Morphologic manifestations of gene-specific molecular alterations ("genetic addictions") in mouse models of disease. Vet Pathol 2011; 49:116-29. [PMID: 22173978 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neoplasia in both animals and humans results in part from lasting activation of tumor-promoting genes ("oncogenes") or diminished function of genes responsible for preventing neoplastic induction ("tumor suppressor genes"). The concept of "genetic addiction" has emerged to indicate that neoplastic cells cannot maintain a malignant phenotype without sustained genotypic abnormalities related to aberrant activity of oncogene(s) and/or inactivity of tumor suppressor gene(s). Interestingly, some genetic abnormalities reliably produce distinct morphologic patterns that can be used as structural signatures indicating the presence of a specific molecular alteration. Examples of such consistent genetic/microanatomic pairings have been identified for mutated oncogenes, such as rising mucin-producing capacity with RAS overexpression, and mutated tumor suppressor genes-including PTEN eliciting cell hypertrophy, RB1 dictating neuroendocrine differentiation, and TRP53 encouraging sarcomatous transformation. Familiarity with the concept of genetic addiction, as well as the ability to recognize such regular genomic-phenotypic relationships, are of paramount importance for comparative pathologists who are engaged in phenotyping genetically engineered mice to help unravel genomic intricacies in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Couto
- University of California–Davis, Center for Comparative Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
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45
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Cardiff RD, Couto S, Bolon B. Three interrelated themes in current breast cancer research: gene addiction, phenotypic plasticity, and cancer stem cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:216. [PMID: 22067349 PMCID: PMC3262190 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to understand breast cancer biology involve three interrelated themes that are founded on a combination of clinical and experimental observations. The central concept is gene addiction. The clinical dilemma is the escape from gene addiction, which is mediated, in part, by phenotypic plasticity as exemplified by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Finally, cancer stem cells are now recognized as the basis for minimal residual disease and malignant progression over time. These themes cooperate in breast cancer, as induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition enhances self-renewal and expression of cancer stem cells, which are believed to facilitate tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Department of Pathology, Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, County Road 98 and Hutchison Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Suzana Couto
- Pathology Department, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- GEMpath, Inc., 2867 Humboldt Cir., Longmont, CO 80503, USA
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46
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Spínola-Amilibia M, Rivera J, Ortiz-Lombardía M, Romero A, Neira JL, Bravo J. The structure of BRMS1 nuclear export signal and SNX6 interacting region reveals a hexamer formed by antiparallel coiled coils. J Mol Biol 2011; 411:1114-27. [PMID: 21777593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We present here the first structural report derived from breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1), a member of the metastasis suppressor protein group, which, during recent years, have drawn much attention since they suppress metastasis without affecting the growth of the primary tumor. The relevance of the predicted N-terminal coiled coil on the molecular recognition of some of the BRMS1 partners, on its cellular localization and on the role of BRMS1 biological functions such as transcriptional repression prompted us to characterize its three-dimensional structure by X-ray crystallography. The structure of BRMS1 N-terminal region reveals that residues 51-98 form an antiparallel coiled-coil motif and, also, that it has the capability of homo-oligomerizing in a hexameric conformation by forming a trimer of coiled-coil dimers. We have also performed hydrodynamic experiments that strongly supported the prevalence in solution of this quaternary structure for BRMS1(51-98). This work explores the structural features of BRMS1 N-terminal region to help clarify the role of this area in the context of the full-length protein. Our crystallographic and biophysical results suggest that the biological function of BRMS1 may be affected by its ability to promote molecular clustering through its N-terminal coiled-coil region.
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47
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Wang H, Wang J, Zuo Y, Ding M, Yan R, Yang D, Ke C. Expression and prognostic significance of a new tumor metastasis suppressor gene LASS2 in human bladder carcinoma. Med Oncol 2011; 29:1921-7. [PMID: 21755371 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The LASS2 gene has been identified as a new tumor metastasis suppressor gene and has been seen to correlate with the degree of invasion and recurrence in carcinomas of prostate, breast, liver, ovarian, and pancreas. However, expression and prognostic significance of LASS2 in human bladder carcinoma are largely unknown. In this study, the protein expression of LASS2 in 80 patients with different stages was detected by immunohistochemical staining. The prognostic value of LASS2 in bladder cancers can also be assessed by a long-term follow-up investigation. The mRNA expression level of the LASS2 gene was examined using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in human bladder carcinoma and paired non-tumor bladder tissues, which were obtained from 30 patients who underwent total cystectomy. We found that patients with LASS2-negative bladder cancer were linked to poor clinical prognosis. The expression of LASS2 mRNA was significantly correlated with clinical stage (P < 0.001), depth of tumor invasion (P < 0.001), and recurrence (P < 0.001). Thus, LASS2 expression may be correlated with the development and progression of human bladder carcinoma and may be a prognostic indicator for this carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China
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48
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Liu W, Iiizumi-Gairani M, Okuda H, Kobayashi A, Watabe M, Pai SK, Pandey PR, Xing F, Fukuda K, Modur V, Hirota S, Suzuki K, Chiba T, Endo M, Sugai T, Watabe K. KAI1 gene is engaged in NDRG1 gene-mediated metastasis suppression through the ATF3-NFkappaB complex in human prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:18949-59. [PMID: 21454613 PMCID: PMC3099710 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.232637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NDRG1 and KAI1 belong to metastasis suppressor genes, which impede the dissemination of tumor cells from primary tumors to distant organs. Previously, we identified the metastasis promoting transcription factor, ATF3, as a downstream target of NDRG1. Further analysis revealed that the KAI1 promoter contained a consensus binding motif of ATF3, suggesting a possibility that NDRG1 suppresses metastasis through inhibition of ATF3 expression followed by activation of the KAI1 gene. In this report, we found that ectopic expression of NDRG1 was able to augment endogenous KAI1 gene expression in prostate cancer cell lines, whereas silencing NDRG1 was accompanied with significant decrease in KAI1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, our results of ChIP analysis indicate that ATF3 indeed bound to the promoter of the KAI1 gene. Importantly, our promoter-based analysis revealed that ATF3 modulated KAI1 transcription through cooperation with other endogenous transcription factor as co-activator (ATF3-JunB) or co-repressor (ATF3-NFκB). Moreover, loss of KAI1 expression significantly abrogated NDRG1-mediated metastatic suppression in vitro as well as in a spontaneous metastasis animal model, indicating that KA11 is a functional downstream target of the NDRG1 pathway. Our result of immunohistochemical analysis showed that loss of NDRG1 and KAI1 occurs in parallel as prostate cancer progresses. We also found that a combined expression status of these two genes serves as a strong independent prognostic marker to predict metastasis-free survival of prostate cancer patients. Taken together, our result revealed a novel regulatory network of two metastasis suppressor genes, NDRG1 and KAI1, which together concerted metastasis-suppressive activities through an intrinsic transcriptional cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Megumi Iiizumi-Gairani
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Hiroshi Okuda
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Aya Kobayashi
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Misako Watabe
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Sudha K. Pai
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Puspa R. Pandey
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Fei Xing
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Koji Fukuda
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | - Vishnu Modur
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical School, Morioka, Iwate 0208505, Japan
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- From the Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9626 and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 217-545-3969; Fax: 217-545-3227; E-mail:
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Tell R, Rivera CA, Eskra J, Taglia LN, Blunier A, Wang QT, Benya RV. Gastrin-releasing peptide signaling alters colon cancer invasiveness via heterochromatin protein 1Hsβ. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:672-8. [PMID: 21281799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the adult colon do not normally express gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) or its receptor (GRPR). In contrast, GRP/GRPR can be aberrantly expressed in colon cancer where they are associated with improved patient survival rates. However, the mechanism of action whereby these proteins mediate their beneficial effects is not known. Heterochromatin protein 1 is an epigenetic modifier of gene transcription for which three different isoforms exist in humans: HP1(Hsα), HP1(Hsβ), and HP1(Hsγ). In breast cancer and melanoma, respectively, HP1(Hsα) and HP1(Hsβ) have been shown to modulate the aggressiveness of tumor cells in vivo. In contrast, the role of HP1 in colon cancer has not been elucidated, and a mechanism of regulating the expression of any HP1 isoform in any context has not yet been identified. In this article we demonstrate that abrogating GRP/GRPR signaling specifically down-regulates HP1(Hsβ) expression and that inhibiting GRPR signaling, or ablating HP1(Hsβ) expression, increases colon cancer cell invasiveness in vitro. These findings identify for the first time a signaling pathway regulating heterochromatin protein expression and suggest a mechanism whereby aberrantly expressed GRPR might alter the outcome of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tell
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Sciences, UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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50
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Zhang Q, McCorkle JR, Novak M, Yang M, Kaetzel DM. Metastasis suppressor function of NM23-H1 requires its 3'-5' exonuclease activity. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:40-50. [PMID: 20209495 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis suppressor NM23-H1 possesses 3 enzymatic activities in vitro, a nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), a protein histidine kinase and a more recently characterized 3'-5' exonuclease. Although the histidine kinase has been implicated in suppression of motility in breast carcinoma cell lines, potential relevance of the NDPK and 3'-5' exonuclease to metastasis suppressor function has not been addressed in detail. To this end, site-directed mutagenesis and biochemical analyses of bacterially expressed mutant NM23-H1 proteins have identified mutations that disrupt the 3'-5' exonuclease alone (Glu(5) to Ala, or E(5) A), the NDPK and histidine kinase activities tandemly (Y(52) A, H(118) F) or all 3 activities simultaneously (K(12) Q). Although forced expression of NM23-H1 potently suppressed spontaneous lung metastasis of subcutaneous tumor explants derived from the human melanoma cell line 1205LU, no significant metastasis suppressor activity was obtained with the exonuclease-deficient variants E(5) A and K(12) Q. The H(118) F mutant, which lacked both the NDPK and histidine kinase while retaining the 3'-5' exonuclease, also exhibited compromised suppressor activity. In contrast, each mutant retained the ability to suppress motility and invasive characteristics of 1205LU cells in culture, indicating that the NM23-H1 molecule possesses an additional activity(s) mediating these suppressor functions. These studies provide the first demonstration that the 3'-5' exonuclease activity of NM23-H1 is necessary for metastasis suppressor function and further indicate cooperativity of the 3 enzymatic activities of the molecule on suppression of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536-0298, USA
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