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Ling M, Liu Q, Wang Y, Liu X, Jiang M, Hu J. LCS-1 inhibition of superoxide dismutase 1 induces ROS-dependent death of glioma cells and degradates PARP and BRCA1. Front Oncol 2022; 12:937444. [PMID: 35978820 PMCID: PMC9376264 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.937444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are characterized by high morbidity and mortality, and have only slightly increased survival with recent considerable improvements for treatment. An innovative therapeutic strategy had been developed via inducing ROS-dependent cell death by targeting antioxidant proteins. In this study, we found that glioma tissues expressed high levels of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). The expression of SOD1 was upregulated in glioma grade III and V tissues compared with that in normal brain tissues or glioma grade I tissues. U251 and U87 glioma cells expressed high levels of SOD1, low levels of SOD2 and very low levels of SOD3. LCS-1, an inhibitor of SOD1, increased the expression SOD1 at both mRNA and protein levels slightly but significantly. As expected, LCS-1 caused ROS production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. SOD1 inhibition also induced the gene expression of HO-1, GCLC, GCLM and NQO1 which are targeting genes of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, suggesting the activation of ROS signal pathway. Importantly, LCS-1 induced death of U251 and U87 cells dose- and time-dependently. The cell death was reversed by the pretreatment of cells with ROS scavenges NAC or GSH. Furthermore, LCS-1 decreased the growth of xenograft tumors formed by U87 glioma cells in nude mice. Mechanistically, the inhibition of P53, caspases did not reverse LCS-1-induced cell death, indicating the failure of these molecules involving in cell death. Moreover, we found that LCS-1 treatment induced the degradation of both PARP and BRCA1 simultaneously, suggesting that LCS-1-induced cell death may be associated with the failure of DNA damage repair. Taking together, these results suggest that the degradation of both PARP and BRCA1 may contribute to cell death induced by SOD1 inhibition, and SOD1 may be a target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Manli Jiang
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Jinyue Hu
- Medical Research Center, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Jinyue Hu,
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Patuleia SIS, Suijkerbuijk KPM, van der Wall E, van Diest PJ, Moelans CB. Nipple Aspirate Fluid at a Glance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010159. [PMID: 35008326 PMCID: PMC8750428 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is a promising source of markers for detection of breast cancer. NAF can be acquired via the nipple by aspiration using a suction device, which is well tolerated by women. Future possible applications of biomarkers for breast cancer derived from NAF could be (1) as a detection tool to identify the initiation of the cancer development process, (2) as an additional tool next to imaging (mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging) or (3) as a replacement tool for when imaging is not advisable for women, such as during pregnancy and breastfeeding. With this paper, we present a narrative review and perspectives of NAF research at a glance. Abstract Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) is an intraductal mammary fluid that, because of its close proximity to and origin from the tissue from which breast cancer originates, is a promising source of biomarkers for early breast cancer detection. NAF can be non-invasively acquired via the nipple by aspiration using a suction device; using oxytocin nasal spray helps increase yield and tolerability. The aspiration procedure is generally experienced as more tolerable than the currently used breast imaging techniques mammography and breast magnetic resonance imaging. Future applications of NAF-derived biomarkers include their use as a tool in the detection of breast carcinogenesis at its earliest stage (before a tumor mass can be seen by imaging), or as a supporting diagnostic tool for imaging, such as when imaging is less reliable (to rule out false positives from imaging) or when imaging is not advisable (such as during pregnancy and breastfeeding). Ongoing clinical studies using NAF samples will likely shed light on NAF’s content and clinical potential. Here, we present a narrative review and perspectives of NAF research at a glance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I. S. Patuleia
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.I.S.P.); (P.J.v.D.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.P.M.S.); (E.v.d.W.)
| | - Karijn P. M. Suijkerbuijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.P.M.S.); (E.v.d.W.)
| | - Elsken van der Wall
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (K.P.M.S.); (E.v.d.W.)
| | - Paul J. van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.I.S.P.); (P.J.v.D.)
| | - Cathy B. Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.I.S.P.); (P.J.v.D.)
- Correspondence:
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Xu F, Gao Y, Diao X, Li J, Jiang H, Zhao H. Diagnostic value of sialyl-Tn immunocytochemistry in breast cancer presenting with pathological nipple discharge. Cancer Med 2021; 10:1783-1790. [PMID: 33605547 PMCID: PMC7940227 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mucin‐associated sialyl‐Tn (sTn) antigen is overexpressed and related with adverse outcome in breast cancer (BC). The role of sTn in BC has not been well defined in pathological nipple discharge (PND) cytology. The authors examined sTn immunocytochemistry (ICC) in PND to determine whether it could be a biomarker of malignancy or aggressive disease. Methods PND was subjected to immunocytochemical staining for sTn antigen expression and thinprep cytology test (TCT) for enhancing the sensitivity and specificity. The examination data was compared with histological findings of subsequent biopsy specimens. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors were most associated with malignant breast lesions. Results PND specimens were collected including 120 cases of intraductal papilloma, 24 cases of hyperplasia, 45 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 48 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). STn ICC differentiated BC from benign intraductal lesions with a low sensitivity of 41.9% and a high specificity of 95.8%, but increased in combination with TCT to 64.5% and 100%, respectively. A high degree of concordance was observed between the results of sTn expression in cell smears and histological specimens. Moreover, the sTn expression was strongly associated with HER2‐positive IDC (p = 0.039). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that positive sTn expression (OR: 14.241, 95%CI: 2.574, 78.794, p = 0.010) and accompanying mass (OR: 3.307, 95%CI: 1.073, 10.188, p = 0.037) were statistically significant independent risk factors for malignant PND. Conclusions Mucin‐associated sTn expression in PND cytology appears to be a reliable diagnostic marker for BC patients with the chief complaint of malignant nipple discharge and indicates a more aggressive behavior in IDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Huairou Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Diao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongchuan Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shaheed SU, Tait C, Kyriacou K, Linforth R, Salhab M, Sutton C. Evaluation of nipple aspirate fluid as a diagnostic tool for early detection of breast cancer. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29344009 PMCID: PMC5763528 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been tremendous progress in detection of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, resulting in two-thirds of women surviving more than 20 years after treatment. However, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in premenopausal women. Breast cancer is increasing in younger women due to changes in life-style as well as those at high risk as carriers of mutations in high-penetrance genes. Premenopausal women with breast cancer are more likely to be diagnosed with aggressive tumours and therefore have a lower survival rate. Mammography plays an important role in detecting breast cancer in postmenopausal women, but is considerably less sensitive in younger women. Imaging techniques, such as contrast-enhanced MRI improve sensitivity, but as with all imaging approaches, cannot differentiate between benign and malignant growths. Hence, current well-established detection methods are falling short of providing adequate safety, convenience, sensitivity and specificity for premenopausal women on a global level, necessitating the exploration of new methods. In order to detect and prevent the disease in high risk women as early as possible, methods that require more frequent monitoring need to be developed. The emergence of "omics" strategies over the last 20 years, enabling the characterisation and understanding of breast cancer at the molecular level, are providing the potential for long term, longitudinal monitoring of the disease. Tissue and serum biomarkers for breast cancer stratification, diagnosis and predictive outcome have emerged, but have not successfully translated into clinical screening for early detection of the disease. The use of breast-specific liquid biopsies, such as nipple aspirate fluid (NAF), a natural secretion produced by breast epithelial cells, can be collected non-invasively for biomarker profiling. As we move towards an age of active surveillance, home-based liquid biopsy collection kits are increasingly being applied and these could provide a paradigm shift where NAF biomarker profiling is used for routine breast health monitoring. The current status of established and newly emerging imaging techniques for early detection of breast cancer and the potential for alternative biomarker screening of liquid biopsies, particularly those applied to high-risk, premenopausal women, will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadr-Ul Shaheed
- 1Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Kyriacos Kyriacou
- 3The Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Chris Sutton
- 1Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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Can Breast Tumors Affect the Oxidative Status of the Surrounding Environment? A Comparative Analysis among Cancerous Breast, Mammary Adjacent Tissue, and Plasma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:6429812. [PMID: 26697139 PMCID: PMC4677231 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6429812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated the oxidative profile of breast tumors in comparison with their normal adjacent breast tissue. Our study indicates that breast tumors present enhanced oxidative/nitrosative stress, with concomitant augmented antioxidant capacity when compared to the adjacent normal breast. These data indicate that breast cancers may be responsible for the induction of a prooxidant environment in the mammary gland, in association with enhanced TNF-α and nitric oxide.
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Herrera ACS, Victorino VJ, Campos FC, Verenitach BD, Lemos LT, Aranome AMF, Oliveira SR, Cecchini AL, Simão ANC, Abdelhay E, Panis C, Cecchini R. Impact of tumor removal on the systemic oxidative profile of patients with breast cancer discloses lipid peroxidation at diagnosis as a putative marker of disease recurrence. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 14:451-9. [PMID: 25077997 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested a regulatory role for some of the metabolites derived from oxidative stress in breast cancer. In this way, cancer-induced oxidative changes could modify the breast environment and potentially trigger systemic responses that may affect disease prognosis and recurrence. In this study, we investigated the systemic oxidative profile of women with early breast cancer bearing the primary tumor and after tumor withdrawal, and its long-term implications. PATIENTS AND METHODS Plasma samples were collected at diagnosis, and the systemic oxidative profile was determined by evaluating the lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity of plasma (TRAP), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonylation, and hydroperoxides. Nitric oxide, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels were further measured. We also evaluated the impact of the oxidative profiling at diagnosis on disease recurrence in a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS Enhanced oxidative stress was detected in patients bearing the primary tumors, characterized by high lipid peroxidation, TRAP consumption, high carbonyl content, and elevated VEGF and TNF-α levels. After tumor removal, the systemic oxidative status presented attenuation in lipid peroxidation, MDA, VEGF, and TNF-α. The 5-year recurrence analysis indicated that all patients who recidivated presented high levels of lipid peroxidation measured by chemiluminescence at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the presence of the primary tumor is indicative of the systemic pro-oxidant status of breast cancer and demonstrates a role for lipid peroxidation in disease recurrence, highlighting the need for a metabolic follow-up of patients with cancer at diagnosis before tumor removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina S Herrera
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Londrina Cancer Institute, Londrina, Paraná
| | | | - Fernanda C Campos
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lauana T Lemos
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Adriano M F Aranome
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sayonara R Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandra L Cecchini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Name C Simão
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Laboratory of Stem Cells, National Cancer Institute, INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Mediators, State University of West Paraná (UNIOESTE), Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubens Cecchini
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology and Free Radicals, Department of General Pathology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Muñiz Lino MA, Palacios-Rodríguez Y, Rodríguez-Cuevas S, Bautista-Piña V, Marchat LA, Ruíz-García E, Astudillo-de la Vega H, González-Santiago AE, Flores-Pérez A, Díaz-Chávez J, Carlos-Reyes Á, Álvarez-Sánchez E, López-Camarillo C. Comparative proteomic profiling of triple-negative breast cancer reveals that up-regulation of RhoGDI-2 is associated to the inhibition of caspase 3 and caspase 9. J Proteomics 2014; 111:198-211. [PMID: 24768906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are no targeted therapeutic modalities for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), thus it is associated with poor prognosis and worst clinical outcome. Here, our aim was to identify deregulated proteins in TNBC with potential therapeutic applications. Proteomics profiling of TNBC and normal breast tissues through two-dimensional electrophoresis and ESI-MS/MS mass spectrometry revealed the existence of 16 proteins (RhoGDI-2, HSP27, SOD1, DJ1, UBE2N, PSME1, FTL, SH3BGRL, and eIF5A-1) with increased abundance in carcinomas. We also evidenced for the first time the deregulation of COX5, MTPN and DB1 proteins in TNBC that may represent novel tumor markers. Particularly, we confirmed the overexpression of the Rho-GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (RhoGDI-2) in distinct breast cancer subtypes, as well as in metastatic cell lines derived from lung, prostate, and breast cancer. Remarkably, targeted disruption of RhoGDI-2 by RNA interference induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and facilitated caspase-3 and -9 activation in two breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, suppression of RhoGDI-2 resulted in a robust sensitization of breast cancer cells to cisplatin therapy. In conclusion, we identified novel proteins deregulated in TNBC, and confirmed the overexpression of RhoGDI-2. We propose that RhoGDI-2 inhibition may be exploited as a potential therapeutic strategy along cisplatin-based chemotherapy in breast cancer. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE There are no useful biomarkers neither targeted therapeutic modalities for triple-negative breast cancer, which highly contributes to the poor prognosis of this breast cancer subtype. In this work, we used two-dimensional electrophoresis and ESI-MS/MS spectrometry to identify novel deregulated proteins in breast cancer tissues. Particularly, our results showed that RhoGDI-2, a protein that has been associated to metastasis and poor survival in human cancers, is overexpressed in different subtypes of breast tumors, as well as in metastatic cell lines derived from lung, prostate, and breast cancer. Our data also provided novel insights about the role of RhoGDI-2 in apoptosis through intrinsic pathway inhibition. Importantly, they suggested that targeted modulation of RhoGDI-2 levels might be a useful strategy for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Muñiz Lino
- Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Laurence A Marchat
- Molecular Biomedicine Program and Biotechnology Network, National School of Medicine and Homeopathy, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erika Ruíz-García
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Horacio Astudillo-de la Vega
- Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research and Cellular Therapy, Oncology Hospital, Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Ali Flores-Pérez
- Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Díaz-Chávez
- Carcinogenesis Laboratory, National Institute of Cancerology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Carlos-Reyes
- Lung Cancer Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - César López-Camarillo
- Oncogenomics and Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, Autonomous University of Mexico City, Mexico.
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Darbre PD, Mannello F, Exley C. Aluminium and breast cancer: Sources of exposure, tissue measurements and mechanisms of toxicological actions on breast biology. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:257-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Policastro LL, Ibañez IL, Notcovich C, Duran HA, Podhajcer OL. The tumor microenvironment: characterization, redox considerations, and novel approaches for reactive oxygen species-targeted gene therapy. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:854-95. [PMID: 22794113 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system that involves the interaction between malignant and neighbor stromal cells embedded in a mesh of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial, and inflammatory cells) are co-opted at different stages to help malignant cells invade the surrounding ECM and disseminate. Malignant cells have developed adaptive mechanisms to survive under the extreme conditions of the tumor microenvironment such as restricted oxygen supply (hypoxia), nutrient deprivation, and a prooxidant state among others. These conditions could be eventually used to target drugs that will be activated specifically in this microenvironment. Preclinical studies have shown that modulating cellular/tissue redox state by different gene therapy (GT) approaches was able to control tumor growth. In this review, we describe the most relevant features of the tumor microenvironment, addressing reactive oxygen species-generating sources that promote a prooxidative microenvironment inside the tumor mass. We describe different GT approaches that promote either a decreased or exacerbated prooxidative microenvironment, and those that make use of the differential levels of ROS between cancer and normal cells to achieve tumor growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Laura Policastro
- Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, National Atomic Energy Commission, Buenos Aires 1650, Argentina.
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Aluminium, carbonyls and cytokines in human nipple aspirate fluids: Possible relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress and breast cancer microenvironment. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:250-6. [PMID: 23916117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human breast is likely exposed to Al (aluminium) from many sources including diet and personal care products. Underarm applications of aluminium salt-based antiperspirant provide a possible long-term source of exposure, especially after underarm applications to shaved and abraded skin. Al research in breast fluids likely reflects the intraductal microenvironment. We found increased levels of aluminium in noninvasively collected nipple aspirate fluids (NAF) from 19 breast cancer patients compared with 16 healthy control subjects (268 vs 131 μg/l, respectively; p < 0.0001). In the same NAF samples we found significantly increased levels of protein oxidative carbonyls in cancer patients compared to healthy women (2.35 vs 0.41 nmol/mg prot, respectively; p < 0.0001). Aluminium content and carbonyl levels showed a significant positive linear correlation (r(2) 0.6628, p < 0.0001). In cancer NAF samples (containing higher amounts of aluminium salts) we also found a significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 p70, and TNF-α) and chemoattractant CC and CXC chemokines (IL-8, MIP-1α and MCP-1). In 12 invasive cancer NAF samples we found a significant positive linear correlation among aluminium, carbonyls and pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine (Y = 64.79x-39.63, r(2) 0.8192, p < 0.0005), as well as pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant MCP-1 cytokine (Y = 2026x-866, r(2) 0.9495, p < 0.0001). In addition to emerging evidence, our results support the possible involvement of aluminium ions in oxidative and inflammatory status perturbations of breast cancer microenvironment, suggesting aluminium accumulation in breast microenvironment as a possible risk factor for oxidative/inflammatory phenotype of breast cells.
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