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Ogata T, Narita Y, Wainberg ZA, Van Cutsem E, Yamaguchi K, Piao Y, Zhao Y, Peterson PM, Wijayawardana SR, Abada P, Chatterjee A, Muro K. Exploratory Analysis of Patients With Gastric/Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma With or Without Liver Metastasis From the Phase 3 RAINBOW Study. J Gastric Cancer 2023; 23:289-302. [PMID: 37129153 PMCID: PMC10154140 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2023.23.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver metastasis (LM) is reported in approximately 40% of patients with advanced/metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma; mGEA) and is associated with a worse prognosis. This post-hoc analysis from the RAINBOW trial reported the efficacy, safety, and biomarker outcomes of ramucirumab and paclitaxel combination treatment (RAM+PAC) in patients with (LM+) and without (LM-) LM at baseline. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients (n=665) were randomly assigned on a 1:1 basis to receive either RAM+PAC (LM+: 150, LM-: 180) or placebo and paclitaxel (PL+PAC) (LM+: 138, LM-: 197). The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were evaluated using stratified Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. The correlation of dichotomized biomarkers (VEGF-C, D; VEGFR-1,2) with efficacy in the LM+ versus LM- subgroups was analyzed using the Cox regression model with reported interaction P-values. RESULTS The presence of LM was associated with earlier progression than those without LM, particularly in patients receiving PL+PAC (hazard ratio [HR], 1.68). RAM+PAC treatment improved OS and PFS irrespective of LM status but showed greater improvement in LM+ than that in LM- (OS HR, 0.71 [LM+] vs. 0.88 [LM-]; PFS HR, 0.47 [LM+] vs. 0.76 [LM-]). Treatment-emergent adverse events were similar between patients with and without LM. No predictive relationship was observed between biomarker levels (VEGF-C, D; VEGFR-1,2) and efficacy outcome (OS, PFS) (all interaction P-values >0.05). CONCLUSIONS RAM provided a significant benefit, irrespective of LM status; however, its effect was numerically stronger in patients with LM. Therefore, RAM+PAC is a clinically meaningful therapeutic option for patients with mGEA and LM. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01170663.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zev A Wainberg
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eric Van Cutsem
- University Hospitals Gasthuisberg/Leuven & Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yumin Zhao
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | | | - Paolo Abada
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | | | - Kei Muro
- Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
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Dogan M, Demirkazik A, Konuk N, Yalcin B, Buyukcelik A, Utkan G, Tek I, Akbulut H, Sencan O, Icli F. The Effect of Venous Thromboembolism on Survival of Cancer Patients and its Relationship with Serum Levels of Factor VIII and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Prospective Matched-Paired Study. Int J Biol Markers 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080602100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Venous thromboembolism (VT) increases mortality and morbidity in cancer patients. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of VT on the survival of cancer patients and its relationship with serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plasma factor VIII levels. Patients and methods Eighty-two patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer were included in this study between September 2001 and March 2004, and 31 of them had VT. Fifty-one matched-paired cancer patients without VT were prospectively selected as a control group in the same period. Criteria for the selection of control group patients were having the same malignancy, stage, metastatic site, performance status and age (±5 years) as patients in the VT group. Results Plasma factor VIII and serum D-dimer levels in the VT group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p=0.030 and p=0.016, respectively). However, mean serum VEGF levels were similar in both groups (p=0.199). In the VT group, the median survival of patients who had higher serum VEGF levels (>150 pg/mL) was significantly shorter than that of patients in the same group with lower serum VEGF levels (p=0.005). The median survival of the VT group was 14 months, whereas it was 25 months in the control group (p=0.199). Conclusion There was a worse prognostic trend for cancer patients with VT. Nevertheless, the difference in survival was not statistically significant between the groups. Plasma factor VIII and serum D-dimer levels might have prognostic value in cancer patients with VT. Cancer patients with VT and higher serum VEGF levels had a significantly poorer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Dogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - A. Demirkazik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - N. Konuk
- Department of Hematology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - B. Yalcin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - A. Buyukcelik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - G. Utkan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - I. Tek
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - H. Akbulut
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - O. Sencan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
| | - F. Icli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Cebeci Hospital, Dikimevi, Ankara - Turkey
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Chen HJ, Sun J, Huang Z, Hou H, Arcilla M, Rakhilin N, Joe DJ, Choi J, Gadamsetty P, Milsom J, Nandakumar G, Longman R, Zhou XK, Edwards R, Chen J, Chen KY, Bu P, Wang L, Xu Y, Munroe R, Abratte C, Miller AD, Gümüş ZH, Shuler M, Nishimura N, Edelmann W, Shen X, Lipkin SM. Comprehensive models of human primary and metastatic colorectal tumors in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice by chemokine targeting. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:656-60. [PMID: 26006007 PMCID: PMC4532544 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Current orthotopic xenograft models of human colorectal cancer (CRC) require surgery and do not robustly form metastases in the liver, the most common site clinically. CCR9 traffics lymphocytes to intestine and colorectum. We engineered use of the chemokine receptor CCR9 in CRC cell lines and patient-derived cells to create primary gastrointestinal (GI) tumors in immunodeficient mice by tail-vein injection rather than surgery. The tumors metastasize inducibly and robustly to the liver. Metastases have higher DKK4 and NOTCH signaling levels and are more chemoresistant than paired subcutaneous xenografts. Using this approach, we generated 17 chemokine-targeted mouse models (CTMMs) that recapitulate the majority of common human somatic CRC mutations. We also show that primary tumors can be modeled in immunocompetent mice by microinjecting CCR9-expressing cancer cell lines into early-stage mouse blastocysts, which induces central immune tolerance. We expect that CTMMs will facilitate investigation of the biology of CRC metastasis and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. [2] Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zhiliang Huang
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Harry Hou
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Myra Arcilla
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Daniel J Joe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jiahn Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Poornima Gadamsetty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jeff Milsom
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Govind Nandakumar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Randy Longman
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jonlin Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Kai Yuan Chen
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. [2] School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Yitian Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Robert Munroe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Christian Abratte
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Andrew D Miller
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zeynep H Gümüş
- 1] Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. [2] Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Shuler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- 1] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. [2] School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Dogan M, Demirkazik A. Venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer and its relationship to the coagulation cascade and vascular endothelial growth factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 3:28-34. [PMID: 18632433 DOI: 10.3816/sct.2005.n.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-recognized problem in malignancy. Patients with cancer who have VTE have a worse prognosis than other patients with cancer. Hypercoagulability in patients with cancer is related to malignancy itself and its treatment. These patients have multiple risk factors for thromboembolism, such as being immobilized, having central venous catheters, and receiving chemoradiation therapy. Cancer procoagulant, tissue factor, factor VIII, and thrombin have important roles in causing cancer-associated thromboembolism. Tumors require neovascularization for delivering oxygen and other nutrients. Therefore, angiogenesis facilitates tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. New blood vessels formed by angiogenesis are thrombogenic. Hypercoagulability and tumor growth are closely related. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a proangiogenic factor that may also cause VTE in patients with cancer. The relationship between cancer, angiogenesis, VEGF, and thrombosis is reviewed herein. Studies are ongoing to enhance our understanding of this complex interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutlu Dogan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cebeci Hospital, Ankara University, Turkey
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Lederle W, Linde N, Heusel J, Bzyl J, Woenne EC, Zwick S, Skobe M, Kiessling F, Fusenig NE, Mueller MM. Platelet-derived growth factor-B normalizes micromorphology and vessel function in vascular endothelial growth factor-A-induced squamous cell carcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 176:981-94. [PMID: 20042679 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.080998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is a key regulator of angiogenesis, often induces formation of immature vessels with increased permeability and reduced vessel functionality. Here, we demonstrate that de novo expression of murine (m)VEGF-164 induces malignant and invasive tumor growth of HaCaT keratinocytes. However, the mVEGF-164-induced tumors are ulcerated with a disorganized epithelium that is interrupted by lacunae with limited basement membrane and endothelial cell coverage. Vessel maturation is strongly impaired. Tumor and vessel micromorphology are markedly improved by the combined expression of human platelet-derived growth factor (hPDGF)-B and mVEGF-164. Although tumor size and malignancy are comparable with either mVEGF-164 alone or combined human PDGF-B and mVEGF-164 expression, combined hPDGF-B and mVEGF-164 expression leads to a more solid and compact tumor tissue with a mature functional tumor vasculature and a higher microvessel density, as demonstrated histologically and by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment of the hPDGF-B- and mVEGF-164-expressing tumors with imatinib mesylate to block PDGF-B signaling reverses this effect. In addition, tumor cell invasion of mVEGF-164 transfectants and mVEGF-164 plus hPDGF-B transfectants in vivo is associated with a marked induction of tumor-derived matrix metalloproteinase-1 and stromal matrix metalloproteinase-9 and -13, as was confirmed in three-dimensional organotypic co-cultures with fibroblasts in vitro. These data clearly demonstrate the need for a concerted action of different growth factors in the establishment of solid tumors with functional vasculature and emphasize the need for a multifactorial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiltrud Lederle
- Tumor and Microenvironment (A101), German Cancer Research Center, INF 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Targeted therapies are rationally designed to interfere with specific molecular events that are important in tumour growth, progression or survival. Several targeted therapies with anti-tumour activity in human cancer cell lines and xenograft models have now been shown to produce objective responses, delay disease progression and, in some cases, improve survival of patients with advanced malignancies. These targeted therapies include cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody; gefitinib and erlotinib, EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors; trastuzumab, an anti-human EGFR type 2 (HER2)-related monoclonal antibody; lapatinib, a dual inhibitor of both EGFR- and HER2-associated tyrosine kinases; and bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody. On the basis of preclinical and clinical evidence, EGFR, HER2 and VEGF represent validated targets for cancer therapy and remain the subject of intensive investigation. Both EGFR and HER2 are targets found on cancer cells, whereas VEGF is a target that acts in the tumour microenvironment. Clinical studies are focusing on how to best incorporate targeted therapy into current treatment regimens and other studies are exploring whether different strategies for inhibiting these targets will offer greater benefit. It is clear that optimal use of targeted therapy will depend on understanding how these drugs work mechanistically, and recognising that their activities may differ across patient populations, tumour types and disease stages, as well as when and how they are used in cancer treatment. The results achieved with targeted therapies to date are promising, although they illustrate the need for additional preclinical and clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Press
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, Oncology, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 14412 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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7
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Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Sivridis E, Chlouverakis G, Vourvouhaki E, Turley H, Harris AL, Gatter KC. Activated VEGFR2/KDR pathway in tumour cells and tumour associated vessels of colorectal cancer. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37:878-86. [PMID: 17883421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2007.01866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) acts by phosphorylating specific tyrosine kinase receptors on endothelial cell membrane promoting angiogenesis. The study of the activation status of VEGF receptors in human malignancies has recently become feasible by means of specific monoclonal antibodies recognising the phosphorylated form of these receptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study, we investigate the expression of the phosphorylated VEGFR2/KDR receptor in normal colon and colorectal adenocarcinomas in parallel with histopathological parameters, prognosis and the expression of the 'hypoxia inducible factor' HIF1alpha. RESULTS pVEGFR2/KDR was weakly expressed in the normal colon, but it was expressed strongly in the cytoplasm and nuclei of cancer cells and in the tumour associated vasculature, mainly at the invading tumour edge. pVEGFR2/KDR expression in cancer cells was significantly associated with a tumour diameter > 6 cm (P = 0.04), poor histological differentiation (P = 0.004) and with high CEF1alpha expression (P = 0.05). High pVEGFR2/KDR expressing vascular density was significantly related with a high VEGF and HIF1alpha expression in cancer cells (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). This was also related significantly to high pVEGFR2/KDR expression in cancer cells. In multivariate analysis, the most significant predictors for death were lympho-vascular invasion (P < 0.001) followed by VEGF (P = 0.014), node status (P = 0.015), standard vascular density (P = 0.022) and necrosis (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS pVEGFR2 receptors are largely expressed in colon cancer cells and intratumoural vasculature. As VEGF targeting agents enter the clinical practice, the role of monoclonal antibodies recognising the phosphorylated form of VEGF receptors as predictors of response to targeted therapies should be sought in clinicopathological trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giatromanolaki
- Tumor and Angiogenesis Research Group, Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Gutmann DH, Hunter-Schaedle K, Shannon KM. Harnessing preclinical mouse models to inform human clinical cancer trials. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:847-52. [PMID: 16585951 PMCID: PMC1421367 DOI: 10.1172/jci28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The urgent need for better cancer treatments has stimulated interest in employing small-animal models to evaluate potential drug therapies. Robust mouse models of many human cancers have been generated using sophisticated technologies for engineering germ-line mutations. As we enter into an age of targeted therapeutics, these strains provide novel platforms for validating new anticancer drugs, assessing therapeutic index, identifying surrogate markers of tumor progression, and defining epigenetic and environmental influences on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Abstract
Better understanding of the pathways regulating proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells has led to the development of novel molecular-targeted therapies. The number of molecular-targeted agents approved for use in the clinic is growing, with many more in clinical trials. Most of these compounds can be broadly classified into two main categories: monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The pathological processes targeted include vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent tumour angiogenesis and epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent tumour cell proliferation and survival. Unlike conventional chemotherapy, molecular-targeted agents offer the potential advantages of a relatively high therapeutic window and use in combination with other anticancer strategies without overlapping toxicity. It is hoped that these drugs will become valuable therapeutic tools within the multimodal approach to treating cancer. Recent progress in targeted antitumour therapy is discussed, with a focus on antiangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bicknell
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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