1
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Elevated expression of protease-activated receptor 1 via ΔNp63 down-regulation contributes to nodal metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 50:163-170. [PMID: 32536459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) is known as a thrombin receptor. Recent studies have reported PAR1 expression in various malignancies; however, its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) requires clarification. A previous study showed that down-regulation of ΔNp63, a homolog of p53, augments PAR1 expression in OSCC. In the present study, the association of PAR1 expression with clinicopathological findings in OSCC was examined retrospectively. Expression of PAR1, thrombin, and ΔNp63 was examined immunohistochemically in OSCC specimens. Patients were divided into three groups based on the expression pattern of PAR1 at the invasive front: group A, PAR1-negative in both cancer and stromal cells; group B, positive in stromal cells but negative in cancer cells; group C, positive in both cancer and stromal cells. Histologically high-grade tumours were significantly more common in group C. Patients in group C had the highest incidence rate of nodal metastasis (P<0.001) and a lower survival rate (P=0.085) than those in the other groups. At the invasive front, in group C, thrombin was expressed but ΔNp63 expression was weak. These results indicate that increased PAR1 expression in both cancer and stromal cells could be a useful predictive marker of nodal metastasis and that ΔNp63 is involved in regulating PAR1 expression.
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2
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Chen P, Yang N, Xu L, Zhao F, Zhang M. Increased expression of protease-activated receptors 2 indicates poor prognosis in HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2019; 14:39. [PMID: 31768188 PMCID: PMC6873753 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-019-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS A total of 202 HCC patients who underwent liver resections were included. Tissue microarray was established with specimens of both HCC and paired adjacent liver tissues. PAR2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays.. A semi-quantification method was used to define the expression level of PAR2. The correlations between PAR2 expression and clinical features of patients with HCC was explored. The association of different PAR2 expressions with both overall survival and disease-free survival was analyzed. RESULTS Results showed that the expression of PAR2 in HCC tissues was higher than that in paired para-cancerous liver tissues (4.12 ± 3.55 vs. 2.71 ± 2.56, P < 0.001). Higher expression of PAR2 was associated with poor differentiation (P < 0.001) and advanced tumor-node-metastasis stage (P = 0.015). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that HCC patients with high PAR2 expression had decreased overall survival (P = 0.033) and disease-free survival (P = 0.043) compared to patients with lower PAR2 expression. Multivariate analysis indicated that PAR2 expression (P = 0.032) was a significant independent prognostic factor for both overall survival and disease-free survival (P = 0.032; P = 0.032, respectively). CONCLUSION Our data revealed that PAR2 expression was increased in HCC. High PAR2 expression was correlated with both decreased overall survival and disease-free survival in patients with HCC. High PAR2 expression indicated a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Gastroenterology Department, Shandong Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong China
| | - Na Yang
- Blood transfusion department of Zaozhuang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong China
| | - Li Xu
- Purchasing department of Shandong Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong China
| | - Fangfang Zhao
- Liver Diseases Department, Shandong Zaozhuang Mining Group Central Hospital, Zaozhuang, Shandong China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao No.6 People’s Hospital, No. 9 Fushun Road, Sifang District, Qingdao, Shandong China
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3
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Tekin C, Shi K, Daalhuisen JB, ten Brink MS, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. PAR1 signaling on tumor cells limits tumor growth by maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32010-32023. [PMID: 30174793 PMCID: PMC6112838 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) expression is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers. However, the importance of tumor cell PAR1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) remains unexplored. Utilizing orthotopic models with wild type and PAR1-targeted PDAC cells, we show that tumor cell PAR1 negatively affects PDAC growth, yet promotes metastasis. Mechanistically, we show that tumor cell-specific PAR1 expression correlates with mesenchymal signatures in PDAC and that PAR1 is linked to the maintenance of a partial mesenchymal cell state. Indeed, loss of PAR1 expression results in well-differentiated pancreatic tumors in vivo, with enhanced epithelial characteristics both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we have identified a novel growth inhibitory role of PAR1 in PDAC, which is linked to the induction, and maintenance of a mesenchymal-like phenotype. The recognition that PAR1 actively limits pancreatic cancer cell growth suggest that the contributions of PAR1 to tumor growth differ between cancers of epithelial origin and that its targeting should be applied with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Tekin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kun Shi
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Daalhuisen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S. ten Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Protease-Activated Receptor 1 as Therapeutic Target in Breast, Lung, and Ovarian Cancer: Pepducin Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082237. [PMID: 30065181 PMCID: PMC6121574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to a large family of diverse receptors that are well recognized as pharmacological targets. However, very few of these receptors have been pursued as oncology drug targets. The Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), which is a G-protein coupled receptor, has been shown to act as an oncogene and is an emerging anti-cancer drug target. In this paper, we provide an overview of PAR1’s biased signaling role in metastatic cancers of the breast, lungs, and ovaries and describe the development of PAR1 inhibitors that are currently in clinical use to treat acute coronary syndromes. PAR1 inhibitor PZ-128 is in a Phase II clinical trial and is being developed to prevent ischemic and thrombotic complication of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. PZ-128 belongs to a new class of cell-penetrating, membrane-tethered peptides named pepducins that are based on the intracellular loops of receptors targeting the receptor G-protein interface. Application of PZ-128 as an anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent in breast, lung, and ovarian cancer is being reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Covic
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Athan Kuliopulos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
- Center for Hemostasis and Thrombosis Research, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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5
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Smoktunowicz N, Platé M, Stern AO, D'Antongiovanni V, Robinson E, Chudasama V, Caddick S, Scotton CJ, Jarai G, Chambers RC. TGFβ upregulates PAR-1 expression and signalling responses in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65471-65484. [PMID: 27566553 PMCID: PMC5323169 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The major high-affinity thrombin receptor, proteinase activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is expressed at low levels by the normal epithelium but is upregulated in many types of cancer, including lung cancer. The thrombin-PAR-1 signalling axis contributes to the activation of latent TGFβ in response to tissue injury via an αvβ6 integrin-mediated mechanism. TGFβ is a pleiotropic cytokine that acts as a tumour suppressor in normal and dysplastic cells but switches into a tumour promoter in advanced tumours. In this study we demonstrate that TGFβ is a positive regulator of PAR-1 expression in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells, which in turn increases the sensitivity of these cells to thrombin signalling. We further demonstrate that this effect is Smad3-, ERK1/2- and Sp1-dependent. We also show that TGFβ-mediated PAR-1 upregulation is accompanied by increased expression of integrin αv and β6 subunits. Finally, TGFβ pre-stimulation promotes increased migratory potential of A549 to thrombin. These data have important implications for our understanding of the interplay between coagulation and TGFβ signalling responses in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Smoktunowicz
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Manuela Platé
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alejandro Ortiz Stern
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vanessa D'Antongiovanni
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eifion Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chris J Scotton
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Rachel C Chambers
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, UCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Ebrahimi S, Rahmani F, Behnam-Rassouli R, Hoseinkhani F, Parizadeh MR, Keramati MR, Khazaie M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2323-2329. [PMID: 28004386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) represents a link between inflammation and cancer. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin are associated with several inflammatory diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and of special interest in this review cancer. Thrombin-induced inflammatory responses up-regulates expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors, and matrix-degrading proteases that facilitate tumor cells proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of thrombin-mediated proinflammatory responses in cancer pathology for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hoseinkhani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaie
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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7
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Lin C, Majoor CJ, Roelofs JJTH, de Kruif MD, Horlings HM, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Potential importance of protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in the tumor stroma of non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28173772 PMCID: PMC5297223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression is increased in a variety of tumor cells. In preclinical models, tumor cell PAR-1 appeared to be involved in the regulation of lung tumor growth and metastasis; however the role of PAR-1 in the lung tumor microenvironment, which is emerging as a key compartment in driving cancer progression, remained to be explored. METHODS In the present study, PAR-1 gene expression was determined in lung tissue from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a combination of publicly available RNA microarray datasets and in house-made tissue microarrays including tumor biopsies of 94 patients with NSCLC (40 cases of adenocarcinoma, 42 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 12 cases of other type of NSCLC at different stages). RESULTS PAR-1 gene expression strongly correlated with tumor stromal markers (i.e. macrophage, endothelial cells and (myo) fibroblast markers) but not with epithelial cell markers. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of PAR-1 in the tumor stroma and showed that PAR-1 expression was significantly upregulated in malignant tissue compared with normal lung tissue. The overexpression of PAR-1 in tumor stroma of NSCLC appeared to be independent from tumor type, tumor stage, histopathological differentiation status, disease progression and patient survival. CONCLUSION Overall, our data provide evidence that PAR-1 in NSCLC is mainly expressed on cells that constitute the pulmonary tumor microenvironment, including vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and stromal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Christof J Majoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D de Kruif
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, Zuyderland Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 5, 6419 PC, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology, The Antonie van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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8
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Zhong W, Liu P, Zhang Q, Li D, Lin J. Structure-based QSAR, molecule design and bioassays of protease-activated receptor 1 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2853-2867. [PMID: 27809674 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1234413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were performed on a series of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) inhibitors to identify the key structural features responsible for their biological activity. Induced-fit docking (IFD) was used to explore the active mechanisms of all PAR1 inhibitors at the active pocket of PAR1, and the best plausible conformation was determined by IFD for further QSAR studies. Based on the best plausible conformation, structure-based descriptors and ligand descriptors incorporating the ligand-receptor interaction were calculated. The random forest method was used to select important descriptors and build the 2D-QSAR model. The results of the 2D-QSAR model gave a squared correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.937, a prediction squared correlation coefficient (R2pred) of 0.845 and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.056. Furthermore, a 3D-QSAR model was developed via topomer comparative molecular field analysis (Topomer CoMFA), resulting in an R2 of 0.938, a cross-validated Q2 of 0.503 and a R2pred of 0.758. Based on the developed QSAR model, Topomer search was used for virtual screening of the R2 fragment in lead-like inhibitors from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) database, which contains 260,000 molecules. Eighty-two compounds were designed with different R2 fragments, and four of these compounds were selected for further biological testing. All four compounds showed inhibitory potency against PAR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhong
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Pi Liu
- b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Dongmei Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China
| | - Jianping Lin
- a State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , China.,b Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Tianjin 300000 , China.,c Pharmaceutical Intelligence Platform, Tianjin Joint Academy of Biomedicine and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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9
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Auvergne R, Wu C, Connell A, Au S, Cornwell A, Osipovitch M, Benraiss A, Dangelmajer S, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Goldman SA. PAR1 inhibition suppresses the self-renewal and growth of A2B5-defined glioma progenitor cells and their derived gliomas in vivo. Oncogene 2016; 35:3817-28. [PMID: 26616854 PMCID: PMC4885796 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common and lethal intracranial tumor. In a comparison of gene expression by A2B5-defined tumor-initiating progenitor cells (TPCs) to glial progenitor cells derived from normal adult human brain, we found that the F2R gene encoding PAR1 was differentially overexpressed by A2B5-sorted TPCs isolated from gliomas at all stages of malignant development. In this study, we asked if PAR1 is causally associated with glioma progression. Lentiviral knockdown of PAR1 inhibited the expansion and self-renewal of human GBM-derived A2B5(+) TPCs in vitro, while pharmacological inhibition of PAR 1 similarly slowed both the growth and migration of A2B5(+) TPCs in culture. In addition, PAR1 silencing potently suppressed tumor expansion in vivo, and significantly prolonged the survival of mice following intracranial transplantation of human TPCs. These data strongly suggest the importance of PAR1 to the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of A2B5-defined glioma TPCs; as such, the abrogation of PAR1-dependent signaling pathways may prove a promising strategy for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Auvergne
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - C Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Connell
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Au
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Cornwell
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Osipovitch
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Benraiss
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - S Dangelmajer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H Guerrero-Cazares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - SA Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Neurology University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Spek CA, Versteeg HH, Borensztajn KS. Anticoagulant therapy of cancer patients: Will patient selection increase overall survival? Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:530-6. [PMID: 25994568 DOI: 10.1160/th15-02-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Already since the early 1800s, it has been recognised that malignancies may provoke thromboembolic complications, and indeed cancer patients are at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis. Interestingly, case control studies of deep-vein thrombosis suggested that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) improved survival of cancer patients. This led to the hypothesis that cancer cells might 'take advantage' of a hypercoagulable state to more efficiently metastasise. Initial randomised placebo control trials showed that LMWH improve overall survival of cancer patients, especially in those patients with a relatively good prognosis. The failure of recent phase III trials, however, tempers enthusiasm for anticoagulant treatment in cancer patients despite an overwhelming body of literature showing beneficial effects of anticoagulants in preclinical models. Instead of discarding LMWH as potential (co)treatment modality in cancer patients, these disappointing recent trials should guide future preclinical research on anticoagulants in cancer biology. Most and for all, the underlying mechanisms by which coagulation drives tumour progression need to be elucidated. This could ultimately allow selection of cancer patients most likely to benefit from anticoagulant treatment and/or from targeted therapy downstream of coagulation factor signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arnold Spek
- C. Arnold Spek, H2-157, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 20 5668750, E-mail:
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11
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Zhang Y, Schöttker B, Ordóñez-Mena J, Holleczek B, Yang R, Burwinkel B, Butterbach K, Brenner H. F2RL3 methylation, lung cancer incidence and mortality. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1739-48. [PMID: 25821117 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Smoking accounts for a large share of lung cancer. F2RL3 methylation was recently identified as a biomarker closely reflecting both current and past smoking exposure. We aimed to assess the associations of F2RL3 methylation with lung cancer incidence and mortality. In a large population-based cohort study, F2RL3 methylation was measured in baseline blood samples of 4,987 participants by MassARRAY. Associations of F2RL3 methylation and smoking with lung cancer incidence/mortality during a median follow-up of 10.9 years were assessed by Cox regression, controlling for potential confounders. The ability of F2RL3 methylation to predict lung cancer was examined by Harrell's C statistics. Hypomethylation at F2RL3 was strongly associated with both lung cancer incidence and mortality, with age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios (HR; 95% CI) of 9.99 (5.61-17.79) and 16.86 (8.53-33.34), respectively, for participants whose methylation intensity were ≤0.54 compared with whose methylation intensity were ≥0.75. Strongly elevated HRs of 2.88 (1.42-5.84) and 5.17 (2.28-11.70) persisted even after controlling for multiple covariates including smoking status and pack-years. With fully adjusted HRs of 9.92 (2.88-34.12) and 16.48 (4.10-66.15), the associations between methylation and the two outcomes were particularly strong among participants≥65 years. Combination of F2RL3 methylation and pack-years predicted lung cancer incidence with high accuracy (optimism-corrected Harrell's C statistics = 0.86 for participants≥65 years). These findings suggested that F2RL3 methylation is a very strong predictor of lung cancer risk and mortality, particularly at older age. The potential implications of F2RL3 methylation for early detection, risk stratification and prevention of lung cancer warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Ordóñez-Mena
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Rongxi Yang
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Division of Molecular Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Butterbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Inaba H, Amano A, Lamont RJ, Murakami Y. Involvement of protease-activated receptor 4 in over-expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:605-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0389-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Queiroz KCS, Shi K, Duitman J, Aberson HL, Wilmink JW, van Noesel CJM, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor-1 drives pancreatic cancer progression and chemoresistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2294-304. [PMID: 24436106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in tumor cells is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers of epithelial origin; however, the importance of PAR-1 in the tumor microenvironment remains unexplored. Utilizing an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in which tumor cells are PAR-1 positive whereas stromal cells are PAR-1 negative, we show that PAR-1 expression in the microenvironment drives progression and induces chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. PAR-1 enhances monocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment by regulating monocyte migration and fibroblast dependent chemokine production thereby inducing chemoresistance. Overall, our data identify a novel role of PAR-1 in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and suggest that PAR-1 may be an attractive target to reduce drug resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C S Queiroz
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Exploring the Phe-Gly dipeptide-derived piperazinone scaffold in the search for antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1. Molecules 2014; 19:4814-46. [PMID: 24743938 PMCID: PMC6271095 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19044814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of Phe-Gly dipeptide-derived piperazinones containing an aromatic urea moiety and a basic amino acid has been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN and as cytotoxic agents in human cancer cells. The synthetic strategy involves coupling of a protected basic amino acid benzyl amide to 1,2- and 1,2,4-substituted-piperazinone derivatives, through a carbonylmethyl group at the N1-position, followed by formation of an aromatic urea at the exocyclic moiety linked at the C2 position of the piperazine ring and removal of protecting groups. None of the compounds showed activity in the biological evaluation.
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15
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Jiang P, Yu GY, Zhang Y, Xiang Y, Hua HR, Bian L, Wang CY, Lee WH, Zhang Y. Down-regulation of protease-activated receptor 4 in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with a more aggressive phenotype. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3793-8. [PMID: 23886184 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of protease-activated receptors (PARs) in lung tumors is controversial. Although PAR4 is preferentially expressed in human lung tissues, its possible significance in lung cancer has not been defined. The studies reported herein used a combination of clinical observations and molecular methods. Surgically resected lung adenocarcinomas and associated adjacent normal lung tissues were collected and BEAS-2B and NCI-H157 cell lines were grown in tissue culture. PAR4 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analysis. The results showed that PAR4 mRNA expression was generally decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues as compared with matched noncancerous tissues (67.7%) and was associated with poor differentiation (p=0.017) and metastasis (p=0.04). Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis also showed that PAR4 protein levels were mostly decreased in lung adenocarcinoma tissues (61.3%), and were also associated with poor differentiation (p=0.035) and clinical stage (p=0.027). Moreover, PAR4 expression was decreased in NCI-H157 cells as compared with BEAS-2B cells. In conclusion, PAR4 expression is significantly decreased in lung adenocarcinoma, and down-regulation of PAR4 is associated with a more clinically aggressive phenotype. PAR4 may acts as a tumor suppressor in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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16
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Valdivielso ÁM, Ventosa-Andrés P, Tato F, Fernández-Ibañez MÁ, Pappos I, Tsopanoglou NE, García-López MT, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez M, Herranz R. Highly functionalized 2-oxopiperazine-based peptidomimetics: An approach to PAR1 antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 70:199-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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17
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Li X, Tai HH. Thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated release of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) induces expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:659-66. [PMID: 23475608 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) are known to be upregulated in many tumors. Their roles in tumor invasion and metastasis are being uncovered. How they are related to each other and involved in tumor progression remains to be determined. Earlier it was reported that I-BOP-initiated activation of thromboxane A2 receptor (TP) induced the release of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 from lung cancer A549 cells overexpressing TPα (A549-TPα). Herein it was found that MMP-1, but not MMP-3 or MMP-9, induced the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. Conditioned medium (CM) from I-BOP activated, MMP-1 siRNA pretreated A549-TPα cells induced greatly attenuated expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells indicating that MMP-1 in the CM contributed significantly to the expression of MCP-1. MMP-1 was shown to activate protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) instead of commonly assumed PAR1 to increase the expression of MCP-1 in A549 cells. This conclusion was reached from the following findings: (1) expression of MCP-1 induced by trypsin, a PAR2 agonist, and also PAR2 agonist peptide, was inhibited by a PAR2 antagonist; (2) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was blocked by a PAR2 antagonist but not by other PAR antagonists; (3) expression of MCP-1 induced by MMP-1 and by CM from I-BOP activated A549-TPα cells was attenuated significantly by pretreatment of cells with PAR2-siRNA. These results suggest that PAR2 is a novel MMP-1 target mediating MMP-1-induced signals in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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18
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors in cancer: biochemical interactions and drug design. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 115:143-73. [PMID: 23415094 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394587-7.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) share the same topology made of seven-transmembrane segments and represent the largest family of membrane receptors. Initially associated with signal transduction in differentiated cells, GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins were shown to behave as proto-oncogenes whose overexpression or activating mutations confer transforming properties. The first part of this review focuses on the link between biochemical interactions of a GPCR with other receptors, such as dimerization or multiprotein complexes, and their oncogenic properties. Alteration of these interactions or deregulation of transduction cascades can promote uncontrolled cell proliferation or cell transformation that leads to tumorigenicity and malignancy. The second part concerns the design of drugs specifically targeting these complex interactions and their promise in cancer therapy.
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19
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Ventosa-Andrés P, Valdivielso AM, Pappos I, García-López MT, Tsopanoglou NE, Herranz R. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new peptide-based ureas and thioureas as potential antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:98-111. [PMID: 23123726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
By applying a diversity oriented synthesis strategy for the search of new antagonists of the thrombin receptor PAR1, a series of peptide-based ureas and thioureas, including analogues of the PAR1 reference antagonist RWJ-58259, has been designed and synthesized. The general synthetic scheme involves reduction of basic amino acid-derived amino nitriles by hydrogen transfer from hydrazine monohydrate in the presence of Raney Ni, followed by reaction with diverse isocyanates and isothiocyanates, and protecting group removal. All new compounds have been evaluated as inhibitors of human platelet aggregation induced by the PAR1 agonist SFLLRN. Some protected peptide-based ureas displayed significant antagonist activity.
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20
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Foley CJ, Luo C, O'Callaghan K, Hinds PW, Covic L, Kuliopulos A. Matrix metalloprotease-1a promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24330-8. [PMID: 22573325 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.356303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1), a collagenase and activator of the G protein-coupled protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1), is an emerging new target implicated in oncogenesis and metastasis in diverse cancers. However, the functional mouse homologue of MMP1 in cancer models has not yet been clearly defined. We report here that Mmp1a is a functional MMP1 homologue that promotes invasion and metastatic progression of mouse lung cancer and melanoma. LLC1 (Lewis lung carcinoma) and primary mouse melanoma cells harboring active BRAF express high levels of endogenous Mmp1a, which is required for invasion through collagen. Silencing of either Mmp1a or PAR1 suppressed invasive stellate growth of lung cancer cells in three-dimensional matrices. Conversely, ectopic expression of Mmp1a conferred an invasive phenotype in epithelial cells that do not express endogenous Mmp1a. Consistent with Mmp1a acting as a PAR1 agonist in an autocrine loop, inhibition or silencing of PAR1 resulted in a loss of the Mmp1a-driven invasive phenotype. Knockdown of Mmp1a on tumor cells resulted in significantly decreased tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis in xenograft models. Together, these data demonstrate that cancer cell-derived Mmp1a acts as a robust functional homologue of MMP1 by conferring protumorigenic and metastatic behavior to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Foley
- Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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21
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Dimond P, Carlson K, Bouvier M, Gerard C, Xu L, Covic L, Agarwal A, Ernst OP, Janz JM, Schwartz TW, Gardella TJ, Milligan G, Kuliopulos A, Sakmar TP, Hunt SW. G protein-coupled receptor modulation with pepducins: moving closer to the clinic. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1226:34-49. [PMID: 21615752 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
At the 2nd Pepducin Science Symposium held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on November 4-5, 2010, investigators working in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) research convened to discuss progress since last year's inaugural conference. This year's symposium focused on increasing knowledge of the structure and function of this ubiquitous superfamily of membrane receptors and their potential modulation for disease treatment. Presentations also focused on how GPCR mechanisms might be exploited to treat diseases with pepducins, novel synthetic lipopeptide pharmacophores that modulate heptahelical GPCR activity. While the multiple roles of GPCRs in physiological and pathophysiological processes offer significant opportunities for novel drug development, the global nature of their activity challenges drug-specific and validated target identification. This year's conference highlighted advances in understanding of GPCR agonist and antagonist ligand-binding motifs, their ligand-independent functions, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and evolving unique methods to probe GPCR structure and function. Study results summarized at the meeting also provided evidence for evolving views of how signaling mechanisms work through these receptors.
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Targeting protease-activated receptor-1 with cell-penetrating pepducins in lung cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:513-23. [PMID: 21703428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that are activated by proteolytic cleavage and generation of a tethered ligand. High PAR1 expression has been documented in a variety of invasive cancers of epithelial origin. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of the four PAR family members to motility of lung carcinomas and primary tumor samples from patients. We found that of the four PARs, only PAR1 expression was highly increased in the lung cancer cell lines. Primary lung cancer cells isolated from patient lung tumors migrated at a 10- to 40-fold higher rate than epithelial cells isolated from nonmalignant lung tissue. Cell-penetrating pepducin inhibitors were generated against the first (i1) and third (i3) intracellular loops of PAR1 and tested for their ability to inhibit PAR1-driven migration and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activity. The PAR1 pepducins showed significant inhibition of cell migration in both primary and established cell lines similar to silencing of PAR1 expression with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Unlike i1 pepducins, the i3 loop pepducins were effective inhibitors of PAR1-mediated ERK activation and tumor growth. Comparable in efficacy with Bevacizumab, monotherapy with the PAR1 i3 loop pepducin P1pal-7 provided significant 75% inhibition of lung tumor growth in nude mice. We identify the PAR1-ERK1/2 pathway as a feasible target for therapy in lung cancer.
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Expression of proteinase-activated receptor 1-4 (PAR 1-4) in human cancer. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:89-99. [PMID: 20563836 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Proteinase activated receptors (PAR 1-4) are membrane receptors with a unique way of activation by proteinases like thrombin, trypsin and matrix metalloproteinases which lead to a specific cellular response. To evaluate the significance of expression and co-expression of PAR in cancer we performed a survey on published data. A Pubmed literature search on "PAR, thrombin, cancer" was performed and 46 publications were selected for systematic review based on the availability of information on tumor type, material type, detection method and specification of positive cases. PAR-1 was found in 77.3% of malignant samples (n = 678), PAR-2 in 79.5% (n = 592), PAR-3 in 12.6% (n = 87) and PAR-4 in 54.9% (n = 153). PAR-1 and -2 were present in adenocarcinomas, melanomas, osteosarcomas, glioblastomas, meningiomas, leukaemias and squamous cell carcinomas. Presence of PAR-3 was limited to kidney and liver cancer. The data on PAR-4 expression was inconclusive. Those studies analysing PAR-1 and PAR-2 reported coexpression of the two receptors. PAR-1 and -2 are widely expressed in human tumors suggesting an important role in tumorigenesis and providing potential targets for therapy. PAR-3 and PAR-4 are less frequently detectable, their expression and potential role in tumorigenesis require further investigation.
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Gratio V, Walker F, Lehy T, Laburthe M, Darmoul D. Aberrant expression of proteinase-activated receptor 4 promotes colon cancer cell proliferation through a persistent signaling that involves Src and ErbB-2 kinase. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1517-25. [PMID: 19058300 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is now recognized as an important factor in many cancers. Here, we examined the expression and role of the recently discovered thrombin receptor PAR4, in human colon cancer cells. PAR4 mRNA was found in 10 out of 14 (71%) human colon cancer cell lines tested but not in epithelial cells isolated from normal human colon. This finding is in line with immunostaining results of PAR4 in human colon tumors and its absence in normal human colonic mucosa. Investigation of the functional significance of the aberrant expression of PAR4 in colon cancer cells revealed (i) a prompt increase in intracellular calcium concentration on challenge with PAR4-specific agonist AP4 (100 microM) and (ii) marked mitogenic response (2.5-fold increase in cell number) in a dose-dependent manner on treatment with AP4 (0.1-300 microM). Analysis of the signaling pathways downstream of PAR4 activation in HT29 cells showed (i) a sustained phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and (ii) the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor B-2 (ErbB-2) but not of epidermal growth factor receptor in PAR4-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Tyrphostin AG1478, the ErbB inhibitor, reversed the action of AP4 on ERK1/2 and ErbB-2 phosphorylation and HT29 cell growth. Finally, the Src inhibitor PP2 abrogated ErbB-2 and ERK phosphorylation and HT29 cell proliferation, suggesting the essential role of Src activity in PAR4-induced phosphorylation of ErbB-2. These data highlight the role of PAR4 as a new important player in the control of colon tumors and underline the critical role of ErbB-2 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Gratio
- INSERM U773, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat 75018 Paris, France
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25
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Borensztajn K, Bijlsma MF, Reitsma PH, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. Coagulation factor Xa inhibits cancer cell migration via protease-activated receptor-1 activation. Thromb Res 2009; 124:219-25. [PMID: 19250659 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is critically important in (patho)physiological processes. The metastatic potential of cancer cells partly depends on activation of the coagulation cascade. The aim of the present study was to determine whether coagulation factor X (FXa) can regulate the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Quite unexpectedly, we found that FXa markedly diminished the migration of different cancer cell lines of various origins (breast, lung and colon cancer cells). We showed that FXa mediated inhibition of cancer cell migration was specific, as it was inhibited by TAP (a specific FXa inhibitor) but not by Hirudin (a specific thrombin inhibitor). Moreover, the FXa effect was dose dependent, with a maximal inhibitory effect reached at 0.75 U/ml FXa (corresponding to 130.5 nM). Next, we determined that FXa acted via protease-activated receptor (PAR)-1-dependent signaling, and PAR-1 desensitization, as well as knocking-down PAR-1 expression, abolished the FXa effects. Finally, we showed that Gialpha was not involved in FXa mediated inhibition of cell migration as its effects were not reverted by pertussis toxin. These results suggest that, beyond its role in blood coagulation, FXa plays a key role in cancer cell migration. They also shed light on an unexpected role of PAR-1, which appears to be a Janus-like receptor in cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Borensztajn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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