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Das S, Das A, Das N, Nath T, Langthasa M, Pandey P, Kumar V, Choure K, Kumar S, Pandey P. Harnessing the potential of microbial keratinases for bioconversion of keratin waste. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6. [PMID: 38985428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Ankita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Nandita Das
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Tamanna Nath
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | | | - Prisha Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Royal Global University, Guwahati, 781035, Assam, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India, 248016
| | - Kamlesh Choure
- Department of Biotechnology, AKS University, Satna, 485001, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, Assam, India.
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Bokveld A, Nnolim NE, Digban TO, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense keratinase liberated essential and nonessential amino acids from chicken feather degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:293-303. [PMID: 34397312 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.1969597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Keratinous biomass valorization for value-added products presents a high prospect in ecological management and the advancement of the bio-economy. Consequently, soil samples from the poultry dumpsite were collected. The bacteria isolated on the basal salt medium were screened for keratinolytic activity. The potent chicken feathers degrading bacteria were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Fermentation process conditions were optimized, and the amino acid compositions of the feather hydrolysate were likewise quantified. Ten (10) proteolytic bacteria evaluated on skimmed milk agar showed intact chicken feather degradation ranging from 33% (WDS-03) to 88% (FPS-09). The extracellular keratinase activity ranged from 224.52 ± 42.46 U/mL (WDS-03) to 834.55 ± 66.86 U/mL (FPS-07). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, the most potent keratinolytic isolates coded as FPS-07, FPS-09, FPS-01, and WDS-06 were identified as Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN1, Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN2, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ANNb, and Bacillus sp. ANNa, respectively. C aquifrigidense FANN2 maximally produced keratinase (1460.90 ± 26.99 U/mL) at 72 h of incubation under optimal process conditions of pH (6), inoculum side (5%; v/v), temperature (30°C), and chicken feather (25 g/L). The feather hydrolysate showed a protein value of 67.54%, with a relative abundance of arginine (2.84%), serine (3.14%), aspartic acid (3.33%), glutamic acid (3.73%), and glycine (2.81%). C. aquifrigidense FANN2 yielded high keratinase titre and dismembered chicken feathers into amino acids-rich hydrolysate, highlighting its significance in the beneficiation of recalcitrant keratinous wastes into dietary proteins as potential livestock feed supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amahle Bokveld
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nonso E Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Tennison O Digban
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Valorization of Livestock Keratin Waste: Application in Agricultural Fields. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116681. [PMID: 35682267 PMCID: PMC9180014 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Livestock keratin waste is a rich source of protein. However, the unique structure of livestock keratin waste makes its valorization a great challenge. This paper reviews the main methods for the valorization of livestock keratin waste, which include chemical, biological, and other novel methods, and summarizes the main agricultural applications of keratin-based material. Livestock keratin waste is mainly used as animal feed and fertilizer. However, it has promising potential for biosorbents and in other fields. In the future, researchers should focus on the biological extraction and carbonization methods of processing and keratin-based biosorbents for the soil remediation of farmland.
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Bokveld A, Nnolim NE, Nwodo UU. Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN1 Produced Detergent-Stable Metallokeratinase and Amino Acids Through the Abasement of Chicken Feathers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:720176. [PMID: 34422784 PMCID: PMC8377754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.720176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial keratinases’ versatility in the beneficiation of keratinous waste biomass into high-value products prompts their application in diverse spheres hence, advancing green technology and the bioeconomy. Consequently, a feather-degrading Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense FANN1 (NCBI: MW169027) was used to produce keratinase, and its biochemical properties were determined. The optimization of physicochemical parameters and analysis of the free amino acid constituents of the feather hydrolysate were also carried out. FANN1 showed a maximum keratinase yield of 1,664.55 ± 42.43 U/mL after 72 h, at optimal process conditions that included initial medium pH, incubation temperature, inoculum size, and chicken feather concentration of 8, 30°C, 4% (v/v), and 15 (g/L), respectively. Analysis of degradation product showed 50.32% and 23.25% as the protein value and total free amino acids, respectively, with a relatively high abundance of arginine (2.25%) and serine (2.03%). FANN1 keratinase was optimally active at pH 8.0 and relatively moderate to high temperature (40–50°C). EDTA and 1,10-phenanthroline inhibited the keratinase activity, and that suggests a metallo-keratinase. The enzyme showed remarkable stability in the presence of chemical agents, with residual activity 141 ± 10.38%, 98 ± 0.43%, 111 ± 1.73%, 124 ± 0.87%, 104 ± 3.89%, 107 ± 7.79%, and 112 ± 0.86% against DTT, H2O2, DMSO, acetonitrile, triton X-100, tween-80, and SDS, respectively. The residual activity of FANN1 keratinase was enhanced by Sunlight (129%), Ariel (116%), MAQ (151%), and Surf (143%) compared to the control after 60 min preincubation. Likewise, the enzyme was remarkably stable in the presence Fe3+ (120 ± 5.06%), Ca2+ (100 ± 10.33%), Na+ (122 ± 2.95%), Al3+ (106 ± 10.33%); while Co2+ (68 ± 8.22%) and Fe2+ (51 ± 8.43%) elicited the most repressive effect on keratinase activity. The findings suggest that C. aquifrigidense FANN1 is a potential candidate for keratinous wastes bio-recycling, and the associated keratinase has a good prospect for application in detergent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amahle Bokveld
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Nonso E Nnolim
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Hendrick Q, Nnolim NE, Nwodo UU. Chryseobacterium cucumeris FHN1 keratinolytic enzyme valorized chicken feathers to amino acids with polar, anionic and non-polar imino side chain characteristics. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Chicken Feather Waste Hydrolysate as a Superior Biofertilizer in Agroindustry. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:2212-2230. [PMID: 33903939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Billions of tons of keratinous waste in the form of feathers, antlers, bristles, claws, hair, hoofs, horns, and wool are generated by different industries and their demolition causes environmental deterioration. Chicken feathers have 92% keratin that can be a good source of peptides, amino acids, and minerals. Traditional methods of feather hydrolysis require large energy inputs, and also reduce the content of amino acids and net protein utilization values. Biological treatment of feathers with keratinolytic microbes is a feasible and environmental favorable preference for the formulation of hydrolysate that can be used as bioactive peptides, protein supplement, livestock feed, biofertilizer, etc. The presence of amino acids, soluble proteins, and peptides in hydrolysate facilitates the growth of microbes in rhizosphere that promotes the uptake and utilization of nutrients from soil. Application of hydrolysate enhances water holding capacity, C/N ratio, and mineral content of soil. The plant growth promoting activities of hydrolysate potentiates its possible use in organic farming, and improves soil ecosystem and microbiota. This paper reviews the current scenario on the methods available for management of keratinous waste, nutritional quality of hydrolysate generated using keratinolytic microbes, and its possible application as plant growth promoter in agroindustry.
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Gurung SK, Adhikari M, Kim SW, Bazie S, Kim HS, Lee HG, Kosol S, Lee HB, Lee YS. Discovery of Two Chrysosporium Species with Keratinolytic Activity from Field Soil in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:260-268. [PMID: 30294486 PMCID: PMC6171419 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1514732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In an ongoing survey of Korean indigenous fungi, two fungal strains (KNU16-74 and KNU16-99) belonging to the genus Chrysosporium were isolated from field soil in Gyeongnam, Korea. Morphological characterization and phylogenetic analysis using sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions were carried out to confirm its precise identification. These strains were identified as Chrysosporium indicum (KNU16-74) and Chrysosporium fluviale (KNU16-99). To examine the keratin degradation efficiency of these two fungal species, human hair strands were incubated with fungus culture. Results revealed that these two fungal species have the ability to degrade keratin substrate. This is the first report of these two species in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kumar Gurung
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Mahesh Adhikari
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Setu Bazie
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Seung Kim
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Goo Lee
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - San Kosol
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youn Su Lee
- Division of Biological Resource Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Microbial production and industrial applications of keratinases: an overview. Int Microbiol 2018; 21:163-174. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-0022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shavandi A, Silva TH, Bekhit AA, Bekhit AEDA. Keratin: dissolution, extraction and biomedical application. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1699-1735. [PMID: 28686242 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratinous materials such as wool, feathers and hooves are tough unique biological co-products that usually have high sulfur and protein contents. A high cystine content (7-13%) differentiates keratins from other structural proteins, such as collagen and elastin. Dissolution and extraction of keratin is a difficult process compared to other natural polymers, such as chitosan, starch, collagen, and a large-scale use of keratin depends on employing a relatively fast, cost-effective and time efficient extraction method. Keratin has some inherent ability to facilitate cell adhesion, proliferation, and regeneration of the tissue, therefore keratin biomaterials can provide a biocompatible matrix for regrowth and regeneration of the defective tissue. Additionally, due to its amino acid constituents, keratin can be tailored and finely tuned to meet the exact requirement of degradation, drug release or incorporation of different hydrophobic or hydrophilic tails. This review discusses the various methods available for the dissolution and extraction of keratin with emphasis on their advantages and limitations. The impacts of various methods and chemicals used on the structure and the properties of keratin are discussed with the aim of highlighting options available toward commercial keratin production. This review also reports the properties of various keratin-based biomaterials and critically examines how these materials are influenced by the keratin extraction procedure, discussing the features that make them effective as biomedical applications, as well as some of the mechanisms of action and physiological roles of keratin. Particular attention is given to the practical application of keratin biomaterials, namely addressing the advantages and limitations on the use of keratin films, 3D composite scaffolds and keratin hydrogels for tissue engineering, wound healing, hemostatic and controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shavandi
- Center for Materials Science and Technology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Călin M, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Alexandrescu E, Răut I, Doni MB, Arsene ML, Oancea F, Jecu L, Lazăr V. Degradation of keratin substrates by keratinolytic fungi. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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