3
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Bedding TR, Murphy SJ, Hey DR, Huber D, Li T, Smalley B, Stello D, White TR, Ball WH, Chaplin WJ, Colman IL, Fuller J, Gaidos E, Harbeck DR, Hermes JJ, Holdsworth DL, Li G, Li Y, Mann AW, Reese DR, Sekaran S, Yu J, Antoci V, Bergmann C, Brown TM, Howard AW, Ireland MJ, Isaacson H, Jenkins JM, Kjeldsen H, McCully C, Rabus M, Rains AD, Ricker GR, Tinney CG, Vanderspek RK. Very regular high-frequency pulsation modes in young intermediate-mass stars. Nature 2020; 581:147-151. [PMID: 32405022 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Asteroseismology probes the internal structures of stars by using their natural pulsation frequencies1. It relies on identifying sequences of pulsation modes that can be compared with theoretical models, which has been done successfully for many classes of pulsators, including low-mass solar-type stars2, red giants3, high-mass stars4 and white dwarfs5. However, a large group of pulsating stars of intermediate mass-the so-called δ Scuti stars-have rich pulsation spectra for which systematic mode identification has not hitherto been possible6,7. This arises because only a seemingly random subset of possible modes are excited and because rapid rotation tends to spoil regular patterns8-10. Here we report the detection of remarkably regular sequences of high-frequency pulsation modes in 60 intermediate-mass main-sequence stars, which enables definitive mode identification. The space motions of some of these stars indicate that they are members of known associations of young stars, as confirmed by modelling of their pulsation spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Bedding
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia. .,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Simon J Murphy
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel R Hey
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Daniel Huber
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tanda Li
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Barry Smalley
- Astrophysics Group, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Dennis Stello
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy R White
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Warrick H Ball
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - William J Chaplin
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isabel L Colman
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jim Fuller
- TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Eric Gaidos
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - J J Hermes
- Department of Astronomy, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gang Li
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yaguang Li
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Andrew W Mann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel R Reese
- LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
| | - Sanjay Sekaran
- Instituut voor Sterrenkunde (IvS), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jie Yu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victoria Antoci
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,DTU Space, National Space Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christoph Bergmann
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Andrew W Howard
- TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Ireland
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Howard Isaacson
- Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Hans Kjeldsen
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Curtis McCully
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Markus Rabus
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope, Goleta, CA, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Rains
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mount Stromlo Observatory, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - George R Ricker
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christopher G Tinney
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roland K Vanderspek
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Thompson SE, Coughlin JL, Hoffman K, Mullally F, Christiansen JL, Burke CJ, Bryson S, Batalha N, Haas MR, Catanzarite J, Rowe JF, Barentsen G, Caldwell DA, Clarke BD, Jenkins JM, Li J, Latham DW, Lissauer JJ, Mathur S, Morris RL, Seader SE, Smith JC, Klaus TC, Twicken JD, Van Cleve JE, Wohler B, Akeson R, Ciardi DR, Cochran WD, Henze CE, Howell SB, Huber D, Prša A, Ramírez SV, Morton TD, Barclay T, Campbell JR, Chaplin WJ, Charbonneau D, Christensen-Dalsgaard J, Dotson JL, Doyle L, Dunham EW, Dupree AK, Ford EB, Geary JC, Girouard FR, Isaacson H, Kjeldsen H, Quintana EV, Ragozzine D, Shporer A, Aguirre VS, Steffen JH, Still M, Tenenbaum P, Welsh WF, Wolfgang A, Zamudio KA, Koch DG, Borucki WJ. PLANETARY CANDIDATES OBSERVED BY Kepler. VIII. A FULLY AUTOMATED CATALOG WITH MEASURED COMPLETENESS AND RELIABILITY BASED ON DATA RELEASE 25. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2018; 235:38. [PMID: 32908325 PMCID: PMC7477822 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aab4f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We present the Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) catalog of transiting exoplanets based on searching four years of Kepler time series photometry (Data Release 25, Q1-Q17). The catalog contains 8054 KOIs of which 4034 are planet candidates with periods between 0.25 and 632 days. Of these candidates, 219 are new in this catalog and include two new candidates in multi-planet systems (KOI-82.06 and KOI-2926.05), and ten new high-reliability, terrestrial-size, habitable zone candidates. This catalog was created using a tool called the Robovetter which automatically vets the DR25 Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs) found by the Kepler Pipeline (Twicken et al. 2016). Because of this automation, we were also able to vet simulated data sets and therefore measure how well the Robovetter separates those TCEs caused by noise from those caused by low signal-to-noise transits. Because of these measurements we fully expect that this catalog can be used to accurately calculate the frequency of planets out to Kepler's detection limit, which includes temperate, super-Earth size planets around GK dwarf stars in our Galaxy. This paper discusses the Robovetter and the metrics it uses to decide which TCEs are called planet candidates in the DR25 KOI catalog. We also discuss the simulated transits, simulated systematic noise, and simulated astrophysical false positives created in order to characterize the properties of the final catalog. For orbital periods less than 100 d the Robovetter completeness (the fraction of simulated transits that are determined to be planet candidates) across all observed stars is greater than 85%. For the same period range, the catalog reliability (the fraction of candidates that are not due to instrumental or stellar noise) is greater than 98%. However, for low signal-to-noise candidates found between 200 and 500 days, our measurements indicate that the Robovetter is 73.5% complete and 37.2% reliable across all searched stars (or 76.7% complete and 50.5% reliable when considering just the FGK dwarf stars). We describe how the measured completeness and reliability varies with period, signal-to-noise, number of transits, and stellar type. Also, we discuss a value called the disposition score which provides an easy way to select a more reliable, albeit less complete, sample of candidates. The entire KOI catalog, the transit fits using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, and all of the simulated data used to characterize this catalog are available at the NASA Exoplanet Archive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Thompson
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Jeffrey L. Coughlin
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Kelsey Hoffman
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - Fergal Mullally
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Orbital Insight, 100 W Evelyn Ave #110, Mountain View, CA 94041
| | | | - Christopher J. Burke
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 37-241, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Steve Bryson
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Catanzarite
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Jason F. Rowe
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Bishop’s University, 2600 College St., Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Geert Barentsen
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 625 2nd St., Ste 209, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
| | - Douglas A. Caldwell
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Bruce D. Clarke
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Jie Li
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
| | - David W. Latham
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Savita Mathur
- Space Science Institute, 4750 Walnut Street, Suite 205, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Robert L. Morris
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Shawn E. Seader
- Rincon Research Corporation,101 N Wilmot Rd, Tucson, AZ 85711
| | - Jeffrey C. Smith
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Todd C. Klaus
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Joseph D. Twicken
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | | | - Bill Wohler
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Rachel Akeson
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - David R. Ciardi
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William D. Cochran
- McDonald Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | | | | | - Daniel Huber
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai‘i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- Sydney Institute for Astronomy (SIfA), School of Physics, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andrej Prša
- Villanova University, Dept. of Astrophysics and Planetary Science, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova PA 19085
| | - Solange V. Ramírez
- IPAC-NExScI, Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Timothy D. Morton
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas Barclay
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Jennifer R. Campbell
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KRBwyle, 2400 Nasa Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - William J. Chaplin
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Charbonneau
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Jørgen Christensen-Dalsgaard
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Laurance Doyle
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- Institute for the Metaphysics of Physics, Principia College, One Maybeck Place, Elsah, Illinois 62028
| | | | - Andrea K. Dupree
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric B. Ford
- Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Astrostatistics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Institute for CyberScience, The Pennsylvania State University
| | - John C. Geary
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Forrest R. Girouard
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Orbital Sciences Corporation, 2401 East El Segundo Boulevard, Suite 200, El Segundo, CA 90245, USA
| | | | - Hans Kjeldsen
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Elisa V. Quintana
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - Darin Ragozzine
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Avi Shporer
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Victor Silva Aguirre
- Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jason H. Steffen
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154
| | - Martin Still
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, 625 2nd St., Ste 209, Petaluma, CA 94952, USA
| | - Peter Tenenbaum
- SETI Institute, 189 Bernardo Ave, Suite 200, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - William F. Welsh
- Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1221
| | - Angie Wolfgang
- Dept. of Astronomy & Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Khadeejah A Zamudio
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KRBwyle, 2400 Nasa Parkway, Houston, TX 77058 USA
| | - David G. Koch
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
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