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Shi P, Yan Z, Chen M, Li P, Wang D, Zhou J, Wang Z, Yang S, Zhang Z, Li C, Yin Y, Huang P. Effects of dietary supplementation with Radix Isatidis polysaccharide on egg quality, immune function, and intestinal health in hens. Res Vet Sci 2024; 166:105080. [PMID: 37952298 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing laying hen diets with Radix Isatidis Polysaccharide (RIPS) on egg quality, immune function, and intestinal health. The research was conducted using 288 Hyland Brown hens, which were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: control (without RIPS), low dose (200 g/t), medium dose (500 g/t), and high dose (1000 g/t) of RIPS. Each dietary treatment was administered to eight replicates of nine hens for nine weeks. The results revealed that RIPS inclusion in diets significantly improved egg quality parameters such as egg shape index, yolk color, haugh unit, and protein height (P < 0.05). Additionally, RIPS supplementation enhanced immune function as evidenced by an alteration in serum biochemical parameters, an increase in the spleen index, and a decrease in the liver index. Further, an evaluation of intestinal health showed that RIPS fortified the intestinal barrier, thus increasing the population of beneficial intestinal bacteria and reducing the abundance of harmful ones. Such mechanisms promoted intestinal health, digestion, and nutrient absorption, ultimately leading to enhanced egg quality. In conclusion, supplementing laying hen diets with RIPS has been demonstrated to improve egg quality by boosting immunity and optimizing intestinal digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zenghao Yan
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Miaofen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Pingping Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Deqin Wang
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junjuan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhaojie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Shihao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chuyuan Li
- Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Lou R, Lei Y, Li G, Xu Z, You X. Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides inhibits PRRSV replication. Virol J 2023; 20:140. [PMID: 37408066 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) is a natural plant active polysaccharide extracted from traditional Chinese medicine licorice. In this research, we studied the antiviral activity of glycyrrhiza polysaccharide against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a virus of the Arteriviridae family, with a high rate of variation and has caused huge economic losses to the pig industry in various countries since its discovery. Our results show that GCP can inhibit PRRSV replication in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GCP could inhibit the mRNA expression of receptor genes CD163 and NF-κB p65 and promote the mRNA expression of the SLA-7 gene. Because of these results, GCP can be used as a candidate drug to prevent and treat PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youbing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ran Lou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Ying Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Gan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhiqian Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xiangbin You
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Luoyang, 471023, China.
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Jiang D, Zhang L, Zhu G, Zhang P, Wu X, Yao X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Ren M, Wang X, Chen S, Wang Y. The Antiviral Effect of Isatis Root Polysaccharide against NADC30-like PRRSV by Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073688. [PMID: 35409050 PMCID: PMC8998840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In recent years, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has become a virulent pathogen that has caused devastating diseases and economic losses worldwide in the swine industry. IRPS has attracted extensive attention in the field of virology. However, it is not clear that IRPS has an antiviral effect on PRRSV at gene and protein levels. (2) Methods: We used transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to investigate the antiviral effect of IRPS against PRRSV. Additionally, a microbiome was used to explore the effects of IRPS on gut microbes. (3) Results: IRPS significantly extenuated the pulmonary pathological lesions and inflammatory response. We used transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to investigate the antiviral effect of IRPS against PRRSV. In the porcine model, 1669 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 370 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. Analysis of the DEG/DEP-related pathways indicated immune-system and infectious-disease (viral) pathways, such as the NOD-like receptor (NLR) signaling pathway, toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, and Influenza A-associated signaling pathways. It is noteworthy that IRPS can inhibit NLR-dependent gene expression, then reduce the inflammatory damage. IRPS could exert beneficial effects on the host by regulating the structure of intestinal flora. (4) Conclusions: The antiviral effect of IRPS on PRRSV can be directly achieved by omics techniques. Specifically, the antiviral mechanism of IPRS can be better elucidated by screening target genes and proteins using transcriptome and proteome sequencing, and then performing enrichment and classification according to DEGs and DEPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dike Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Guangheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Xulong Wu
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Xueping Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Zexiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Meishen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
| | - Xinping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (D.J.); (G.Z.); (P.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: (X.W.); (Y.W.)
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Tao W, Fu T, He ZJ, Zhou HP, Hong Y. Immunomodulatory effects of Radix isatidis polysaccharides in vitro and in vivo. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1405. [PMID: 34675998 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radix isatidis (R. isatidis) is a commonly used traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used for thousands of years in China and is believed to have the pharmacological properties of heat-clearing and detoxification. Heat-clearing and detoxification are theories of traditional Chinese medicine meaning that R. isatidis could treat febrile disease by clearing heat and reducing swelling. Polysaccharides isolated from R. isatidis by water extraction and alcohol precipitation have exhibited numerous biological activities, including antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. The present study was performed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of water-soluble R. isatidis polysaccharides (RIPs) on RAW264.7 macrophages and murine splenocytes, and attempt to preliminarily identify the mechanism of immunomodulation. In vitro, RIPs had a low cytotoxicity, as shown by CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. RAW264.7 cells treated with different concentrations of RIP displayed different morphological changes, from a round shape and aggregation to polygonal shape and dispersion in a dose-dependent manner. In the 5 mg/ml RIP-treated group, the changes of morphology were as same as the lipopolysaccharide-treated group. RIP also significantly enhanced the release of nitric oxide as shown by Griess method, and the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells was confirmed by ELISA assay. Western blotting revealed a significant increase of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) in RIP-treated RAW264.7, suggesting that TLR-4 may be associated with the immunomodulatory mechanism of RIP. Animal experiments also demonstrated through ELISA assays a significant increase in IFN-γ and IL-10 levels after the splenocytes of RIP-immunized mice were stimulated by inactivated herpes simplex virus type 2. The immune function of RIP-immunized mice was improved. The present study suggested that RIP could be potentially used as a novel immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tao
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Ting Fu
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Zhuo-Jing He
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Han-Peng Zhou
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
| | - Yan Hong
- School of Bioengineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, P.R. China
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Song Y, Guo Y, Li X, Sun R, Zhu M, Shi J, Tan Z, Zhang L, Huang J. RBM39 Alters Phosphorylation of c-Jun and Binds to Viral RNA to Promote PRRSV Proliferation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:664417. [PMID: 34079549 PMCID: PMC8165236 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.664417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As transcriptional co-activator of AP-1/Jun, estrogen receptors and NF-κB, nuclear protein RBM39 also involves precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes sow reproductive disorders and piglet respiratory diseases, which resulted in serious economic losses worldwide. In this study, the up-regulated expression of RBM39 and down-regulated of inflammatory cytokines (IFN-β, TNFα, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6) were determined in PRRSV-infected 3D4/21 cells, and accompanied with the PRRSV proliferation. The roles of RBM39 altering phosphorylation of c-Jun to inhibit the AP-1 pathway to promote PRRSV proliferation were further verified. In addition, the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of RBM39 and c-Jun from the nucleus to cytoplasm was enhanced in PRRSV-infected cells. The three RRM domain of RBM39 are crucial to support the proliferation of PRRSV. Several PRRSV RNA (nsp4, nsp5, nsp7, nsp10-12, M and N) binding with RBM39 were determined, which may also contribute to the PRRSV proliferation. Our results revealed a complex mechanism of RBM39 by altering c-Jun phosphorylation and nucleocytoplasmic translocation, and regulating binding of RBM39 with viral RNA to prompt PRRSV proliferation. The results provide new viewpoints to understand the immune escape mechanism of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinna Song
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanyu Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqi Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingxuan Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lilin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Function and Application of Biological Macromolecular Structures, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Shi M, Peng B, Li A, Li Z, Song P, Li J, Xu R, Li N. Broad Anti-Viral Capacities of Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen Capsule and Jin-Hua-Qing-Gan Granule and Rational use Against COVID-19 Based on Literature Mining. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:640782. [PMID: 34054522 PMCID: PMC8160462 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.640782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a matter of international concern as the disease is spreading exponentially. Statistics showed that infected patients in China who received combined treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine and modern medicine exhibited lower fatality rate and relatively better clinical outcomes. Both Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen Capsule (LHQWC) and Jin-Hua-Qing-Gan Granule (JHQGG) have been recommended by China Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of COVID-19 and have played a vital role in the prevention of a variety of viral infections. Here, we desired to analyze the broad-spectrum anti-viral capacities of LHQWC and JHQGG, and to compare their pharmacological functions for rational clinical applications. Based on literature mining, we found that both LHQWC and JHQGG were endowed with multiple antiviral activities by both targeting viral life cycle and regulating host immune responses and inflammation. In addition, from literature analyzed, JHQGG is more potent in modulating viral life cycle, whereas LHQWC exhibits better efficacies in regulating host anti-viral responses. When translating into clinical applications, oral administration of LHQWC could be more beneficial for patients with insufficient immune functions or for patients with alleviated symptoms after treatment with JHQGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfei Shi
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - An Li
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyun Li
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Song
- Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Nephropathy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruodan Xu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ren Z, Shaoyong W, Li Q, Ma L, Xiao J, Jiao J, Yang G, Pang W. Effects of Isatis root polysaccharide on boar sperm quality during liquid storage and in vitro fertilization. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 210:106178. [PMID: 31635774 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid preservation of boar semen is a preferred method in pig husbandry, and antioxidants to protect against sperm oxidative stress during periods of storage have become the focus of recent research. Through its antioxidant activity, Isatis root polysaccharide (IRPS), a plant extract, can effectively reduce the cellular lipid peroxidation caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species inside mitochondria. In the present study, there was examination of the effects of no supplementation (Control) of a semen extender with or supplementation in different concentrations of IRPS (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.2 mg/mL) on sperm quality variables and antioxidant capacity during liquid storage. The results indicate that after prolonged storage (≥ 3 days), the sperm motility was greater in the group supplemented with 0.6 mg/mL IRPS than in the other groups (P < 0.05). The use of this IRPS concentration also resulted in maintanence of acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and antioxidant capacity of the sperm (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the results of an in vitro fertilization study indicate IRPS at 0.6 mg/mL markedly increased the sperm fertilization capacity (P < 0.01) and embryonic development to the blastocyst stage (P < 0.05). The addition of 0.6 mg/mL IRPS enhanced the antioxidant capacity of boar sperm, resulting in greater preservation of sperm motility and fertilization capacity during liquid storage. These findings indicate that IRPS has the potential to be used as a component of a semen-preserving diluent to maintain sperm quality during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weike Shaoyong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junying Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junheng Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Weijun Pang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Zhang K, Ge L, Dong S, Liu Y, Wang D, Zhou C, Ma C, Wang Y, Su F, Jiang Y. Global miRNA, lncRNA, and mRNA Transcriptome Profiling of Endometrial Epithelial Cells Reveals Genes Related to Porcine Reproductive Failure Caused by Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1221. [PMID: 31231376 PMCID: PMC6559286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can cause respiratory disease and reproductive failure in pregnant pigs. Previous transcriptome analyses in susceptive cells have mainly concentrated on pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and Marc-145 cells, and on the respiratory system. Some studies reported that apoptosis of placental cells and pig endometrial epithelial cells (PECs) is an obvious sign linked to reproductive failure in pregnant sows, but the mechanism is still unknown. In this study, Sn-positive PECs were isolated and apoptosis rates were assessed by flow cytometry. PRRSV-infected PECs exhibited apoptosis, indicative of their susceptibility to PRRSV. Subsequently, the whole transcriptome was compared between mock- and PRRSV-infected PECs and 54 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs), 104 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 22 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), and 109 isoforms were obtained, which were mainly enriched in apoptosis, necroptosis, and p53 signal pathways. Integration analysis of DEmiRNA and DEG profiles revealed two microRNAs (ssc-miR-339-5p and ssc-miR-181d-5p) and five genes (SLA-DQB1, THBS1, SLC3A1, ZFP37, and LOC100517161) participating in the apoptosis signal, of which THBS1 and SLC3A1 were mainly linked to the p53 pathway. Integration analysis of DEGs with DElncRNA profiles identified genes involved in apoptosis signal pathway are regulated by LTCONS_00010766 and LTCONS_00045988. Pathway enrichment revealed that the phagosome and p53 pathways are the two main signals causing apoptosis of PECs, and functional analysis revealed a role of miR-339-5p in regulating apoptosis of PECs after PRRSV inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Lijiang Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shasha Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cai Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yanchao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Feng Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Yu C, Wei K, Liu L, Yang S, Hu L, Zhao P, Meng X, Shao M, Wang C, Zhu L, Zhang H, Li Y, Zhu R. Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide inhibits subgroup J avian leucosis virus infection by directly blocking virus infection and improving immunity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44353. [PMID: 28287165 PMCID: PMC5347021 DOI: 10.1038/srep44353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgroup J avian leucosis virus (ALV-J) generally causes neoplastic diseases, immunosuppression and subsequently increases susceptibility to secondary infection in birds. The spread of ALV-J mainly depends on congenital infection and horizontal contact. Although ALV-J infection causes enormous losses yearly in the poultry industry worldwide, effective measures to control ALV-J remain lacking. In this study, we demonstrated that Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide (TPPPS), a natural polysaccharide extracted from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen, can significantly inhibit ALV-J replication in vitro by blocking viral adsorption to host cells. Electron microscopy and blocking ELISA tests revealed that TPPPS possibly blocks viral adsorption to host cells by interacting with the glycoprotein 85 protein of ALV-J. Furthermore, we artificially established a congenitally ALV-J-infected chicken model to examine the anti-viral effects of TPPPS in vivo. TPPPS significantly inhibited viral shedding and viral loads in immune organs and largely eliminated the immunosuppression caused by congenital ALV-J infection. Additionally, pre-administration of TPPPS obviously reduced the size and delayed the occurrence of tumors induced by acute oncogenic ALV-J infection. This study revealed the prominent effects and feasible mechanisms of TPPPS in inhibiting ALV-J infection, thereby providing a novel prospect to control ALV-J spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuilian Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Kai Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Liping Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Shifa Yang
- Poultry Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan, Shandong, 250023, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Shandong Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Xiuyan Meng
- Taishan Polytechnic, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Mingxu Shao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Chuanwen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
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Chang AC, Huang CY, Chang JY, Riskowski GL, Chan WK, Lai JT. Antimicrobial Activity of Indigowoad (Isatis indigotica Fort) and Plains Wild Indigo (Baptisia bracteata) Roots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2016.237.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Cellular microRNA miR-26a suppresses replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by activating innate antiviral immunity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10651. [PMID: 26013676 PMCID: PMC4445041 DOI: 10.1038/srep10651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) has caused large economic losses in the swine industry in recent years. Current PRRS vaccines fail to effectively prevent and control this disease. Consequently, there is a need to develop new antiviral strategies. MicroRNAs play critical roles in intricate host-pathogen interaction networks, but the involvement of miRNAs during PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection is not well understood. In this study, pretreatment with miR-26a induced a significant inhibition of PRRSV replication and remission of the cytopathic effect in MARC-145 cells, and this antiviral effect was sustained for at least 120 h. Luciferase reporter analysis showed that the PRRSV genome was not the target of miRNA-26a. Instead, RNA-seq analysis demonstrated that miR-26a significantly up-regulated innate anti-viral responses, including activating the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathway and promoting the production of IFN-stimulated genes. These findings suggest that delivery of miR-26a may provide a potential strategy for anti-PRRSV therapies.
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Nie L, Wang L, Song H, Chen C, Yao S. Preconcentration of Indigotin and Indirubin from Indigowoad Roots with Novel Quinoline Ionic Liquids with Determination by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.981822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Zhang CE, Xiong Y, Dong Q, Gao D, Zhang LL, Ma LN, Peng C, Dong XP, Yan D. Comparison of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and hydrophilic interaction chromatography for the fingerprint analysis of Radix isatidis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1141-7. [PMID: 24595986 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radix isatidis is a famous anti-influenza virus herbal medicine traditionally taken as a water decoction. However, the chemical fingerprint analysis of Radix isatidis is dominantly based on RPLC, from which it is difficult to obtain fingerprint information of hydrophilic compounds. Here, we developed the separation of Radix isatidis by RPLC and hydrophilic interaction chromatography, comparing the traditional RPLC fingerprint with the hydrophilic interaction chromatography fingerprint. Besides, an anti-viral assay of Radix isatidis was conducted to evaluate its efficacy. The fingerprint-efficacy relationships between the fingerprints and the anti-viral activity were further investigated with principal component regression analysis. The results showed that the anti-viral activity correlated better with the hydrophilic interaction chromatography fingerprint than with the RPLC fingerprint. This study indicates that hydrophilic interaction chromatography could not only be a complementary method to increase the fingerprint coverage of conventional RPLC fingerprint, but also can better represent the efficacy and quality of Radix isatidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-En Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Military Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, 302th Military Hospital of China, Beijing, China
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14
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In Vitro Virucidal and Virustatic Properties of the Crude Extract of Cynodon dactylon against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Med Int 2014; 2014:947589. [PMID: 24744959 PMCID: PMC3972871 DOI: 10.1155/2014/947589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro virustatic and virucidal tests of the crude extract of Cynodon dactylon against infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), a cause of major devastating pig disease, were described. Crude extract of C. dactylon was prepared for cytotoxicity on tissue-culture cells that were used to measure virustatic and virucidal activities against PRRSV. Crude extract of C. dactylon at 0.78 mg/mL showed no cytotoxicity on the cell line, and at that concentration significantly inhibited replication of PRRSV as early as 24 hours post infection (hpi). C. dactylon also inactivated PRRSV as determined by immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) compared to the control experiments. In summary, the present study may be among the earliest studies to describe virustatic and virucidal activities of C. dactylon crude extract against PRRSV in vitro. Extracts of C. dactylon may be useful for PRRSV control and prevention on pig farms.
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15
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Wang X, Xie Y, Hu X, Li Y, Hu P, Wang Y, Liang Q, Luo G. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of glucosinolates and nucleosides in Radix Isatidis by HPLC and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013; 3:337-344. [PMID: 32288995 PMCID: PMC7104192 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-component fingerprinting and quantitation of the glucosinolates and nucleosides in samples of Radix Isatidis have been carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS). Five nucleosides together with one glucosinolate were identified by comparing retention times, ultraviolet spectra, mass spectra and/or empirical molecular formulae of reference compounds. Quantitation of these six compounds was carried out simultaneously by HPLC on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column using gradient elution with methanol and water and detection at 254 nm. All calibration curves were linear (r>0.9994) within test ranges. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.33 ng and 2.50 ng on column, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision (as relative standard deviation) for all analytes was <2.19% with recoveries in the range 99.6%–101.8% at three concentration levels. The validated method was successfully applied to fingerprinting and assay of 25 batches of Radix Isatidis sourced from different geographical regions of China. The method is simple and reliable and has potential value in the quality control of Radix Isatidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 10 62794103 (Yuanyuan Xie); +86 10 62781688 (Guoan Luo).
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Youkang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping Hu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 10 62794103 (Yuanyuan Xie); +86 10 62781688 (Guoan Luo).
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16
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Wang ZW, Sun N, Wu CH, Jiang JB, Bai YS, Li HQ. In vitro antiviral activity and underlying molecular mechanisms of dipotassium glycyrrhetate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antivir Ther 2013; 18:997-1004. [PMID: 23872789 DOI: 10.3851/imp2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has caused large economic losses in the swine industry. Currently, there is no effective way to prevent PRRSV infection. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of dipotassium glycyrrhetate (DG), a derivative of glycyrrhetinic acid, on PRRSV infection ability. METHODS The cytotoxicity of DG was measured by MTT assay, and the effects of DG on PRRSV N gene/protein were investigated using real-time PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assay. In addition, the effect of DG on cell apoptosis was analysed by fluorescence staining. RESULTS Our results indicated that DG could effectively inhibit virus replication and N gene expression in MARC-145 cells infected with PRRSV. When the infected cells received DG, the numbers of apoptotic cells were decreased, and the cleaved caspase-3 contents were decreased dramatically. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that DG could effectively inhibit the PRRS virus via multiple pathways including inhibition of virus replication and N gene expression and reduction of apoptotic cells. DG can serve as a potential chemical for PRRSV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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17
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Du Z, Liu H, Zhang Z, Li P. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Radix Isatidis polysaccharide in murine alveolar macrophages. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 58:329-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Feng L, Zhang X, Xia X, Li Y, He S, Sun H. Generation and characterization of a porcine endometrial endothelial cell line susceptible to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virus Res 2013; 171:209-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Zhao J, Zheng L, Sun C, Jiang J, Yang Q, Wang Q, Chang J. Novel nucleoside analogue FNC is effective against both wild-type and lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus clinical isolates. Antivir Ther 2012; 17:1593-9. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Mendes G, Soares AR, Sigiliano L, Machado F, Kaiser C, Romeiro N, Gestinari L, Santos N, Romanos MTV. In vitro anti-HMPV activity of meroditerpenoids from marine alga Stypopodium zonale (Dictyotales). Molecules 2011; 16:8437-50. [PMID: 21986522 PMCID: PMC6264370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16108437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we evaluated the antiviral activity against HMPV replication of crude extract of the marine algae Stypopodium zonale and of two meroditerpenoids obtained from it, atomaric acid and epitaondiol, and a methyl ester derivative of atomaric acid. Their selectivity indexes were 20.78, >56.81, 49.26 and 12.82, respectively. Compared to ribavirin, the substances showed a relatively low cytotoxicity on LLC-MK2 cells, with a significant antiviral activity, inhibiting at least 90% of viral replication in vitro, which demonstrates the potential of these marine natural products to combat infections caused by HMPV in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mendes
- Laboratório Experimental de Drogas Antivirais e Citotóxicas (LEDAC), Departamento de Virologia do, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Viroses Respiratórias, Entéricas e Oculares, Departamento de Virologia do Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Angélica Ribeiro Soares
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lorena Sigiliano
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Machado
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carlos Kaiser
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Nelilma Romeiro
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Lísia Gestinari
- Grupo de Produtos Naturais de Organismos Aquáticos (GPNOA), Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socioambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Norma Santos
- Laboratório de Viroses Respiratórias, Entéricas e Oculares, Departamento de Virologia do Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria Teresa Villela Romanos
- Laboratório Experimental de Drogas Antivirais e Citotóxicas (LEDAC), Departamento de Virologia do, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco I, Caixa Postal 68040, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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