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Ren C, Ke Q, Fan X, Ning K, Wu Y, Liang J. The shape-dependent inhibitory effect of rhein/silver nanocomposites on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:126. [PMID: 37817016 PMCID: PMC10564707 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03900-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs)/nanopreparations as viral antagonists exhibited a structure-function correlation, i.e., the differences in surface area/volume ratio caused by the variations in shape and size could result in different biochemical properties and biological activities, suggesting an important impact of morphology and structure on the antiviral activity of TCM-based nanoparticles. However, few studies paid attention to this aspect. Here, the effect of TCM-based nanoparticles with different morphologies on their antiviral activity was explored by synthesizing rhein/silver nanocomposites (Rhe@AgNPs) with spherical (S-Rhe/Ag) and linear (L-Rhe/Ag) morphologies, using rhein (an active TCM ingredient) as a reducing agent and taking its self-assembly advantage. Using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as a model virus, the inhibitory effects of S-Rhe/Ag and L-Rhe/Ag on PRRSV were compared. Results showed that the product morphology could be regulated by varying pH values, and both S- and L-Rhe/Ag exhibited good dispersion and stability, but with a smaller size for L-Rhe/Ag. Antiviral experiments revealed that Rhe@AgNPs could effectively inhibit PRRSV infection, but the antiviral effect was morphology-dependent. Compared with L-Rhe/Ag, S-Rhe/Ag could more effectively inactivate PRRSV in vitro and antagonize its adsorption, invasion, replication, and release stages. Mechanistic studies indicated that Rhe@AgNPs could reduce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PRRSV infection, and S-Rhe/Ag also had stronger ROS inhibitory effect. This work confirmed the inhibitory effect of Rhe@AgNPs with different morphologies on PRRSV and provided useful information for treating PRRSV infection with metal nanoparticles synthesized from TCM ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Ning
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Pathak RK, Seo YJ, Kim JM. Structural insights into inhibition of PRRSV Nsp4 revealed by structure-based virtual screening, molecular dynamics, and MM-PBSA studies. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:4. [PMID: 35193698 PMCID: PMC8864930 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00284-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome respiratory sickness in weaned and growing pigs, as well as sow reproductive failure, and its infection is regarded as one of the most serious swine illnesses worldwide. Given the current lack of an effective treatment, in this study, we identified natural compounds capable of inhibiting non-structural protein 4 (Nsp4) of the virus, which is involved in their replication and pathogenesis. RESULTS We screened natural compounds (n = 97,999) obtained from the ZINC database against Nsp4 and selected the top 10 compounds for analysing protein-ligand interactions and physicochemical properties. The five compounds demonstrating strong binding affinity were then subjected to molecular dynamics simulations (100 ns) and binding free energy calculations. Based on analysis, we identified four possible lead compounds that represent potentially effective drug-like inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These methods identified that these natural compounds are capable of inhibiting Nsp4 and possibly effective as antiviral therapeutics against PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Seo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Mo Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
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Bello-Onaghise G, Wang G, Han X, Nsabimana E, Cui W, Yu F, Zhang Y, Wang L, Li Z, Cai X, Li Y. Antiviral Strategies of Chinese Herbal Medicine Against PRRSV Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1756. [PMID: 32849384 PMCID: PMC7401453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) are gradually becoming an effective alternative in the control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) because most of the commercially available PRRSV vaccines cannot provide full protection against the genetically diverse strains isolated from farms. Besides, the incomplete attenuation procedure involved in the production of modified live vaccines (MLV) may cause them to revert to the more virulence forms. TCMs have shown some promising potentials in bridging this gap. Several investigations have revealed that herbal extracts from TCMs contain molecules with significant antiviral activities against the various stages of the life cycle of PRRSV, and they do this through different mechanisms. They either block PRRSV attachment and entry into cells or inhibits the replication of viral RNA or viral particles assembly and release or act as immunomodulators and pathogenic pathway inhibitors through cytokines regulations. Here, we summarized the various antiviral strategies employed by some TCMs against the different stages of the life cycle of PRRSV under two major classes, including direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and indirect-acting antivirals (IAAs). We highlighted their mechanisms of action. In conclusion, we recommended that in making plans for the use of TCMs to control PRRSV, the pathway forward must be built on a real understanding of the mechanisms by which bioactive compounds exert their effects. This will provide a template that will guide the focus of collaborative studies among researchers in the areas of bioinformatics, chemistry, and proteomics. Furthermore, available data and procedures to support the efficacy, safety, and quality control levels of TCMs should be well documented without any breach of data integrity and good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- God'spower Bello-Onaghise
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, China
| | - Eliphaz Nsabimana
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenqiang Cui
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Linguang Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhengze Li
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhua Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Sun N, Sun P, Yao M, Khan A, Sun Y, Fan K, Yin W, Li H. Autophagy involved in antiviral activity of sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in vitro. Antivir Ther 2020; 24:27-33. [PMID: 30272564 DOI: 10.3851/imp3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous research, we have demonstrated that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) has anti-porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) activity, but whether autophagy is involved in this process is still unknown. In this study, the autophagy effect of STS against PRRSV infection was investigated in vitro. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot was used to evaluate the inhibition ability of STS on the mRNA expression levels on cell autophagy genes, that is Beclin1, ATG5 and ATG7. Simultaneously, the effect of STS on N protein/gene expression was assessed by indirect immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA), qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS The results indicated that STS inhibits autophagy induced by PRRSV. In addition, STS effectively suppresses PRRSV's N protein replication and N gene expression in Marc-145 cells infected with PRRSV in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that STS exhibits anti-PRRSV activity in vitro by suppressing autophagy-related genes, which may provide a theoretical basis for further pharmacological agent development regarding PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Panpan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Mingjie Yao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Ajab Khan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Yaogui Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Kuohai Fan
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Wei Yin
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Hongquan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
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Zhou ZY, Zhao WR, Zhang J, Chen XL, Tang JY. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate: A review of pharmacological activity and pharmacokinetics. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109362. [PMID: 31545252 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) is a water-soluble derivate of tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) which is an active lipophilic constitute of Chinese Materia Medica Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. (Danshen). STS presents multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-apoptosis, and has been approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases by China State Food and Drug Administration (CFDA). In this review, we comprehensively summarized the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetics of STS, which could support the further application and development of STS. In the recent decades, numerous experimental and clinical studies have been conducted to investigate the potential treatment effects of STS in various diseases, such as heart diseases, brain diseases, pulmonary diseases, cancers, sepsis and so on. The underlying mechanisms were most related to anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of STS via regulating various transcription factors, such as NF-κB, Nrf2, Stat1/3, Smad2/3, Hif-1α and β-catenin. Iron channels, including Ca2+, K+ and Cl- channels, were also the important targets of STS. Additionally, we emphasized the differences between STS and Tan IIA despite the interchangeable use of Tan IIA and STS in many previous studies. It is promising to improve the efficacy and reduce side effects of chemotherapeutic drug by the combination use of STS in canner treatment. The application of STS in pregnancy needs to be seriously considered. Moreover, the drug-drug interactions between STS and other drugs needs to be further studied as well as the complications of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Yan Zhou
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Wai-Rong Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Cardiac Rehabilitation Center of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing-Yi Tang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Cardiac Rehabilitation Center of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wang HM, Liu TX, Wang TY, Wang G, Liu YG, Liu SG, Tang YD, Cai XH. Isobavachalcone inhibits post-entry stages of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus life cycle. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1263-1270. [PMID: 29411137 PMCID: PMC7086980 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen of great economic significance that impacts the swine industry globally. Since the first report of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) outbreak, tremendous efforts to control this disease, including various national policies and plans incorporating the use of multiple modified live-virus vaccines, have been made. However, PRRSV is still a significant threat to the swine industry, and new variants continually emerge as a result of PRRSV evolution. Several studies have shown that pandemic PRRSV strains have enormous genetic diversity and that commercial vaccines can only provide partial protection against these strains. Therefore, effective anti-PRRSV drugs may be more suitable and reliable for PRRSV control. In this study, we observed that isobavachalcone (IBC), which was first isolated from Psoralea corylifolia, had potent anti-PRRSV activity in vitro. Although many biological activities of IBC have been reported, this is the first report describing the antiviral activity of IBC. Furthermore, after a systematic investigation, we demonstrated that IBC inhibits PRRSV replication at the post-entry stage of PRRSV infection. Thus, IBC may be a candidate for further evaluation as a therapeutic agent against PRRSV infection of swine in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tian-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yong-Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Si-Guo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, China.
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7
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Antiviral Strategies against PRRSV Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:968-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Evans AB, Dong P, Loyd H, Zhang J, Kraus GA, Carpenter S. Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chen D, Lin XX, Huang WH, Zhang W, Tan ZR, Peng JB, Wang YC, Guo Y, Hu DL, Chen Y. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate and its interactions with human CYP450s. Xenobiotica 2016; 46:1085-1092. [PMID: 26932161 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2016.1152417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - X.-X. Lin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - W.-H. Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - W. Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - Z.-R. Tan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - J.-B. Peng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
| | - Y.-C. Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y. Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - D.-L. Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Y. Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China and
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang J, Sun P, Feng Y, Guo J, Sun Y, Lei H, Xu J, Li H. Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate affects Marek's disease virus replication by inhibiting gB expression. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 54:701-704. [PMID: 26428057 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1072568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies demonstrated that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) could inhibit MDV replication in vitro. The mechanism about how STS inhibits MDV replication is still not well understood. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the effect of STS on gB gene/protein of Marek's disease virus (MDV). MATERIALS AND METHODS The concentration of 0.25 mg/ml of STS was used in this study. Meanwhile, 0.25 mg/ml of acyclovir (ACV) was used as a positive control. About 9-11-d-old embryonated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken eggs were used to prepare CEF cells. CEF cells were infected with MDV 2 h, followed by treatment with STS. Real-time PCR and western blot assay were used to measure the gB (UL27) gene/protein expression in STS treatment group at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-infection. RESULTS Compared with MDV control, the gB gene copies were significantly decreased in STS and ACV treatment groups at 72 h and 96 h (p < 0.05), both in the DNA and in the mRNA level. Furthermore, the expression of gB protein was also inhibited by STS at 24, 72, and 96 h. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that STS could effectively inhibit the MDV replication by suppressing gB gene/protein expression in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University , Shanxi , PR China
| | - Panpan Sun
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University , Shanxi , PR China
| | - Yuning Feng
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University , Shanxi , PR China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- b Department of Pathobiology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station , TX , USA
| | - Yaogui Sun
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University , Shanxi , PR China
| | - Haimin Lei
- c School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing , PR China , and
| | - Jianqin Xu
- d College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University (CAU) , Beijing , PR China
| | - Hongquan Li
- a College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University , Shanxi , PR China
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Sun N, Yu T, Zhao JX, Sun YG, Jiang JB, Duan ZB, Wang WK, Hu YL, Lei HM, Li HQ. Antiviral activities of natural compounds derived from traditional chinese medicines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Li E, Sun N, Zhao JX, Sun YG, Huang JG, Lei HM, Guo JH, Hu YL, Wang WK, Li HQ. In vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of tea seed saponins against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Antivir Ther 2015; 20:743-52. [DOI: 10.3851/imp2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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