A Molecular Systematics and Taxonomy Research on Trechispora (Hydnodontaceae, Trechisporales): Concentrating on Three New Trechispora Species from East Asia

Trechispora are an important genus of wood-inhabiting fungi that have the ability to decompose rotten wood in the forest ecosystem. In this study, we reported three new species of Trechispora: T. murina, T. odontioidea, T. olivacea from a subtropical region of Yunnan Province, China. Species descriptions were based on a combination of morphological features and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS and LSU region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Trechispora murina is characterized by the resupinate basidiomata, grandinioid hymenial surface with a greyish tint, monomitic hyphal system and ellipsoid, thick-walled, ornamented basidiospores; T. odontioidea has an odontioid hymenial surface with cylindrical to conical, blunt aculei and subglobose to globose, colorless, slightly thick-walled, ornamented basidiospores; T. olivacea has a farinaceous hymenial surface with olivaceous tint, basidia clavate and thick-walled, ornamented, broadly ellipsoid to globose basidiospores. Sequences of the ITS and nLSU rDNA markers of the studied samples were generated, and phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. After a series of phylogenetic analyses, the 5.8S+nLSU dataset was constructed to test the phylogenetic relationship of Trechispora with other genera of Hydnodontaceae. The ITS dataset was used to evaluate the phylogenetic relationship of the three new species with other species of Trechispora. Using ITS phylogeny, the new species T. murina was retrieved as a sister to T. bambusicola with moderate supports; T. odontioidea formed a single lineage and then grouped with T. fimbriata and T. nivea; while T. olivacea formed a monophyletic lineage with T. farinacea, T. hondurensis, and T. mollis.

Hemiaustroboletus, a new genus in the subfamily Austroboletoideae (Boletaceae, Boletales)

The present study describes Hemiaustroboletusgen. nov. in the subfamily Austroboletoideae (Boletaceae). Hemiaustroboletus is supported by morphological and molecular data using LSU and RPB2 regions. Additionally, its geographic distribution and intraspecific variation were inferred using ITS sequences. The genus is characterised by pileate-stipitate basidiomata; purple, brown, reddish-brown, orange-brown to dark brown vinaceous pileus; whitish or lilac to vinaceous context and a subclavate stipe. Microscopically, it is characterised by ornamented, slightly verrucose, cracked to perforated brown basidiospores. Two species are described within the genus, Hemiaustroboletus vinaceobrunneussp. nov. and H. vinaceussp. nov.Hemiaustroboletus vinaceussp. nov. is morphologically similar to Austroboletus gracilis, which suggests they may have been confused in the past. This study presents the phylogenetic placement, microscopic structures, detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of both new species.

Outstanding Pinkish Brown-Spored Neotropical Boletes: Austroboletus subflavidus and Fistulinella gloeocarpa (Boletaceae, Boletales) from the Dominican Republic

The occurrence of Austroboletus subflavidus and Fistulinella gloeocarpa is documented from the Dominican Republic. The latter species is reported for the first time outside its original locality in Martinique, extending the geographic range for this uncommon pinkish-spored bolete. A detailed morphological description is provided for each species and accompanied by color pictures of fresh basidiomes in habitat and line drawings of the main anatomical features. Both species represent independent lineages within their respective genera based on phylogenetic inference. In addition, A. subflavidus clusters in a sister lineage to the core Austroboletus clade (Austroboletus clade I) here named as Austroboletus clade II. In order to confirm the accuracy of species identification, their identity and relationships were subjected to multilocus phylogenetic analyses of three gene markers (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2) including genetic material already available in public databases. Austroboletus subflavidus is a widely distributed species in North and Central America, whereas F. gloeocarpa is apparently highly localized and seems to appear sparingly in the Dominican Republic, Martinque, and southern Florida. Comparisons with morphologically similar and molecularly inferred allied species are also presented and discussed.

Notes, outline and divergence times of Basidiomycota

The Basidiomycota constitutes a major phylum of the kingdom Fungi and is second in species numbers to the Ascomycota. The present work provides an overview of all validly published, currently used basidiomycete genera to date in a single document. An outline of all genera of Basidiomycota is provided, which includes 1928 currently used genera names, with 1263 synonyms, which are distributed in 241 families, 68 orders, 18 classes and four subphyla. We provide brief notes for each accepted genus including information on classification, number of accepted species, type species, life mode, habitat, distribution, and sequence information. Furthermore, three phylogenetic analyses with combined LSU, SSU, 5.8s, rpb1, rpb2, and ef1 datasets for the subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are conducted, respectively. Divergence time estimates are provided to the family level with 632 species from 62 orders, 168 families and 605 genera. Our study indicates that the divergence times of the subphyla in Basidiomycota are 406–430 Mya, classes are 211–383 Mya, and orders are 99–323 Mya, which are largely consistent with previous studies. In this study, all phylogenetically supported families were dated, with the families of Agaricomycotina diverging from 27–178 Mya, Pucciniomycotina from 85–222 Mya, and Ustilaginomycotina from 79–177 Mya. Divergence times as additional criterion in ranking provide additional evidence to resolve taxonomic problems in the Basidiomycota taxonomic system, and also provide a better understanding of their phylogeny and evolution.

Amanitaahmadii, a new species of Amanita subgenus Amanitina section Validae from Pakistan

A new species from coniferous forests in Pakistan, Amanitaahmadii, is described on the basis of morpho-anatomy and molecular data set analyses. This species is characterized by its medium-sized to large basidiomata, grayish brown to brown pileal surface and rimose pileus margin with gray to dark brown verrucose veil remnants, a cream stipe with bulbous base having grayish brown or brown longitudinal striations above the annulus, a scaly surface towards the base, globose to broadly ellipsoid and amyloid basidiospores, and the absence of clamped septa in all tissues. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences confirmed its identity as a new taxon nested within subgen. Amanitinasect.Validae.

Fistulinella ruschii, sp. nov., and a new record of Fistulinella campinaranae var. scrobiculata for the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Fistulinella is a small genus of boletoid fungi in the subfamily Austroboletoideae in the order Boletales. In this paper, F. ruschii from the Atlantic Forest is proposed as new to science and F. campinaranae var. scrobiculata, known from the Brazilian Amazon forest, is recorded for the first time in the Atlantic Forest. Macro- and microscopic descriptions, molecular data (nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and nuc 28S rDNA), photographs of the basidiomata, and scanning electron microscopy images of basidiospores are provided for both species. Based on sampling of six taxa, New World Fistulinella is found to be a strongly supported monophyletic group, but the genus at large is nonmonophyletic.