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Prevalence of exposure to pharmacogenetic drugs by the Saudis treated at the health care centers of the Ministry of National Guard. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1181-1192. [PMID: 36164570 PMCID: PMC9508627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The drugs impacted by genetic variants are known as pharmacogenetic (PGx) drugs. Patients’ responses to these drugs may vary according to the variability in patients’ genetic makeup. Hence, exploring the pharmacogenes that affect drug treatment is vital to ensure optimal therapy and patients’ safety. This study aimed to describe the usage rate of PGx drugs and the frequency of relevant variants in the Saudi population. Methodology Prescription patterns over seven years (2015–2021) for Saudi patients on PGx drugs treated at the Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA) were investigated. Only registered drugs in the MNG-HA formulary (n = 78) were included. The patients were subgrouped into four age groups: ≤24, 25–44, 45–64, and ≥65 years. Further subgrouping was made according to gender and drugs’ therapeutic categories following anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification. Furthermore, an online searching was carried out to identify the pharmacogenes reported in the literature among healthy Saudis. The search included 45 genes that may affect drug outcomes based on evidence rated by either CPIC (A-B levels) or PharmGKB (1–2 levels). Results The screened patients were 1,483,905. Patients on PGx drugs accounted for 46.7% (n = 693,077 patients). The analgesic group was the most prescribed drug category (47%), which included ibuprofen (20.5%), celecoxib (6.3%), tramadol (5.8%), and others. Cardiovascular agents were the second-most utilized drug class (24.4%). Omeprazole was the second most commonly used medication (11.1%) but ranked third as a class (gastroenterology). Females used PGx drugs more frequently than males (53.5% versus 46.5%) and a higher usage rate by patients aged 45–64 years (31.3%) was noted. The cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) were estimated to impact responses of 54.3% (n = 1,156,113) of the used drugs (27.2% are possibly affected by CYP2C9, 12.8% by CYP2C19, and 14.3% by CYP2D6). Thirty-five pharmacogenes that characterize Saudi population and their variants’ allele frequencies were identified from previous reports. This study presents the largest reported number of genes that may affect drug therapies among Saudis. Conclusion This study confirmed that a high percentage of Saudi patients use PGx drugs and various genotypes of certain pharmacogenes are inherited by the Saudi population.
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Akhlaghipour I, Bina AR, Mogharrabi MR, Fanoodi A, Ebrahimian AR, Khojasteh Kaffash S, Babazadeh Baghan A, Khorashadizadeh ME, Taghehchian N, Moghbeli M. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms as important risk factors of diabetes among Middle East population. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:11. [PMID: 35366956 PMCID: PMC8976361 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that leads to the dysfunction of various tissues and organs, including eyes, kidneys, and cardiovascular system. According to the World Health Organization, diabetes prevalence is 8.8% globally among whom about 90% of cases are type 2 diabetes. There are not any significant clinical manifestations in the primary stages of diabetes. Therefore, screening can be an efficient way to reduce the diabetic complications. Over the recent decades, the prevalence of diabetes has increased alarmingly among the Middle East population, which has imposed exorbitant costs on the health care system in this region. Given that the genetic changes are among the important risk factors associated with predisposing people to diabetes, we examined the role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the pathogenesis of diabetes among Middle East population. In the present review, we assessed the molecular pathology of diabetes in the Middle East population that paves the way for introducing an efficient SNP-based diagnostic panel for diabetes screening among the Middle East population. Since, the Middle East has a population of 370 million people; the current review can be a reliable model for the introduction of SNP-based diagnostic panels in other populations and countries around the world.
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El Alami H, Ghazal H, Abidi O, Al Idrissi N, Wakrim L, Naamane A, Khlil N, Hamdi S. Relationship between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102386. [PMID: 35033991 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The association between insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the effect of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism on T2DM in the Middle East and North Africa region (MENA region). MATERIAL AND METHODS Our data was extracted from PubMed, Science Direct, and the Web of Science. The predefined inclusion criteria included only the human case-control studies of English Peer-reviewed papers containing the data on genotype distributions of ACE I/D polymorphism and the T2DM risk. Review articles, meeting abstracts, editorials, animal studies, and studies not providing genotype distribution data or without sufficient data were excluded from this work. Results of this meta-analysis were expressed using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Indeed, the potential sources of heterogeneity and bias were examined by the Egger regression. RESULTS Of 2755 identified articles, 10 studies were selected, including 2710 patients with T2DM and 2504 control subjects. Overall, we found a significant increased risk of T2DM susceptibility and the D allele of ACE I/D gene polymorphism (OR = 1.97; 95% CI = 1.33-2.93, p = 0.0007), recessive (OR = 2.16; 95% CI = 1.27-3.67; p = 0.004), dominant (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.54-3.91; p = 0.0001), homozygote (OR = 3.35; 95% CI = 1.78-6.29; p = 0.0001) and heterozygote comparisons (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.07-2.88; p = 0.024). CONCLUSION Our result suggests that this polymorphism may contribute to the development of T2DM in the MENA Region. This result needs to be confirmed by future well-designed studies with larger sample sizes in diverse populations and ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda El Alami
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Morocco; Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- National Center for Scientific and Technical Research, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Omar Abidi
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Casablanca, Ministry of Health, Morocco
| | - Najib Al Idrissi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco, Hospital Cheikh Khalifa, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Lahcen Wakrim
- Virology Unit, Immunovirology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abderrahmane Naamane
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Naima Khlil
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Salsabil Hamdi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Morocco.
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Association of ACE I/D gene polymorphism and related risk factors in impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes: a study among two tribal populations of North-East India. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1037-1044. [PMID: 34757597 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes is a serious public health concern in India, even the indigenous tribal populations are not left unaffected. The present study aims to understand the association of major risk factors i.e. obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ACE I/D polymorphism with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) among two different Mendelian populations of North East India. METHODS Demographic, somatometric, physiological variables along with fasting blood samples were collected from 609 individuals. The participants were screened for ACE I/D polymorphism. RESULTS ACE I/D polymorphism was found to follow HWE among Liangmai tribe but not among Mizo tribe. Distribution of DD genotype/D allele was found to be significantly higher for T2D among Mizo tribe. Significant association were observed between DD genotype/D allele of ACE I/D polymorphism and TC as well as LDL with both IFG and T2D only in Mizo tribe. CONCLUSIONS The present study is an example of gene-environment interaction where DD genotype or D allele and dyslipidemia (high TC and high LDL) are posing risk for IFG and T2D both independently and in combination only among Mizo tribe with relatively less physical activity attributed to their residence in less hilly terrain however Liangmai tribe which resides in high hilly terrain shows no such association.
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Alrashed AA, Khan TM, Alhusseini NK, Asdaq SMB, Enani M, Alosaimi B, Alkhani NM, Mohzari Y, Alghalbi MM, Alfahad W, Alanazi MA, Albujaidya AS, Ben-Akresh A, Almutairi M, Abraham I, Alamer A. Severity of COVID-19 infection in ACEI/ARB users in specialty hospitals: A retrospective cohort study. J Infect Public Health 2021; 14:726-733. [PMID: 34020213 PMCID: PMC7986317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The uncertainty about COVID-19 outcomes in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) users continues with contradictory findings. This study aimed to determine the effect of ACEI/ARB use in patients with severe COVID-19. METHODS This retrospective cohort study was done in two Saudi public specialty hospitals designated as COVID-19 referral facilities. We included 354 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between April and June 2020, of which 146 were ACEI/ARB users and 208 were non-ACEI/ARB users. Controlling for confounders, we conducted multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analyses using propensity score matching (PSM) and Inverse propensity score weighting (IPSW) for high-risk patient subsets. RESULTS Compared to non-ACEI/ARB users, ACEI/ARB users had an eight-fold higher risk of developing critical or severe COVID-19 (OR = 8.25, 95%CI = 3.32-20.53); a nearly 7-fold higher risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR = 6.76, 95%CI = 2.88-15.89) and a nearly 5-fold higher risk of requiring noninvasive ventilation (OR = 4.77,95%CI = 2.15-10.55). Patients with diabetes, hypertension, and/or renal disease had a five-fold higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease (OR = 5.40,95%CI = 2.0-14.54]. These results were confirmed in the PSM and IPSW analyses. CONCLUSION In general, but especially among patients with hypertension, diabetes, and/or renal disease, ACEI/ARB use is associated with a significantly higher risk of severe or critical COVID-19 disease, and ICU care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Service Department, Main Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir M Khan
- The Institute of Pharmaceutical Science (IPS) of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Sunway City, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mushira Enani
- Infectious Disease Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alosaimi
- Research Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M Alkhani
- Pharmaceutical Service Department, Main Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Mohzari
- Pharmacy Department, Clinical Pharmacy Section, King Saud Medical City, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram M Alghalbi
- Pharmacy Services Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Alfahad
- Pharmacy Services Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona A Alanazi
- Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amal Ben-Akresh
- Pharmacy Services Department, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Almutairi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, 13713, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
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Basher NS, Malik A, Aldakheel F, Chaudhary AA, Rudayni HA, Alkholief M, Alshamsan A. Deleterious effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in vitiligo patients. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:4478-4483. [PMID: 34354433 PMCID: PMC8324959 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a rare skin condition caused by an immune reaction. Vitiligo can occur anywhere on the body. This proposed explanation of vitiligo makes it clear that vitiligo is not linked to any other autoimmune diseases. The polymorphisms of some genes present in the immune system play a major function in susceptibility of vitiligo. Meta-analysis studies have shown that the Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene insertion and deletion polymorphism is closely associated with vitiligo in many ethnicities. The connection between ACE gene and vitiligo is connected through the auto immune diseases and there are no genetic polymorphism studies have been carried out with ACE gene with vitiligo in the Saudi population. Previous studies show that vitiligo patients are more likely to also have an autoimmune disorder. The current study aims to investigate the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene with diagnosed patients with vitiligo subjects. This is a case-control study carried out in the Saudi population with 100 vitiligo cases and 100 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed through polymerase chain reaction followed by 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. Genotype and allele frequencies were carried out with genetic mode of inheritances. Statistical analysis was performed considering p < 0.05 as significant association. There was a substantial difference in allele frequency distribution between vitiligo patients and healthy controls (OR-1.70 (95%CI: 1.14-2.53); p = 0.008). Additionally, DD genotype (OR-4.71 (95%CI: 1.42-15.61); p = 0.008) and recessive model (OR-2.66 (95%CI: 1.41-5.02); p = 0.002) was strongly associated. Both dominant and co-dominant showed the negative association (p > 0.05) when compared between the vitiligo cases and controls. The correlation between age and genotyping was performed with Anova analysis and current study results confirmed the substantial link between 11 and 20 years (p = 0.01) and 31-40 years (p = 0.04) with the defined age groups. In conclusion, in Saudi populations, the ACE gene I/D polymorphism was identified as being correlated with vitiligo. This is the first study in Saudi Arabia to report the risk factors of vitiligo with the ACE gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nosiba Suliman Basher
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Aldakheel
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11564, Saudi Arabia.,Prince Sattam Chair for Epidemiology and Public Health Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Ahmad Rudayni
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaed Alkholief
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Eldeeb HM, Elgharabawy RM, Abd Elmoniem AE, Ahmed AA. Alpha-2 beta-adrenergic receptor (301-303 I/D) gene polymorphism in hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus diseases among Saudi cases in the Qassim region. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211012162. [PMID: 33900865 PMCID: PMC10454788 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211012162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are a common multifactorial disease due to genetics and environmental factors. The alpha 2B adrenergic receptor (α2B-AR) has relationship with secretion of insulin and mediates the vasoconstriction that elevate blood pressure. This study aimed to determine the association between α2B-AR gene polymorphism with HTN and T2DM in Saudi cases. 200 cases and 100 healthy controls from Saudi population were recruited from the Internal Medicine clinic, Qassim University. The patients were grouped into: 72 HTN without T2DM; 62 HTN with T2DM and 66 T2DM only. Full medical history, examination and biochemical assays were performed for all participants. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood lymphocytes of all subjects for detection of α2B-AR gene polymorphism by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results found a significant association between D carriers genotype and HTN with T2DM cases (p < 0.05) as well as with T2DM-only cases, (p < 0.05) compared to control. Regardless of HTN status, only cases with HTN and T2DM as well as those with T2DM were significantly associated with the recessive model DD versus II+ID (p < 0.05). So, D carriers genotype was significantly associated with total cases of HTN and T2DM (p < 0.05) compared to controls. Our results suggested that there is a relationship between the α2B-AR I/D gene polymorphism and the risk for T2DM with or without HTN, but no such comparable relationship is evident with HTN-only cases among Saudi population in Qassim region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mohammad Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Rehab M. Elgharabawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Alaa E Abd Elmoniem
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Internal Medicine and Cardiology, College of Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ali Ahmed
- Research Center of Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kotanidou EP, Sakellari EI, Tsinopoulou VR, Karpa V, Fidani S, Galli-Tsinopoulou A. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism: A potential connection with hypertension in childhood obesity. Obes Res Clin Pract 2021; 15:184-186. [PMID: 33658171 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni P Kotanidou
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni I Sakellari
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Rengina Tsinopoulou
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Karpa
- Department of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Styliani Fidani
- Department of Medical Biology-Genetics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Assimina Galli-Tsinopoulou
- Unit of Paediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA University General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Habibullah M, Akter F, Qin X, Lohani M, Aldughaim MS, Al-Kaabi Y. Association between Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme- Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and Diabetes Mellitus-2 in Saudi Population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:119-123. [PMID: 33507688 PMCID: PMC8184165 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The association of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been debated vigorously but still remains controversial. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine the possible association between ACE I/D polymorphism and T2DM and hypertension (HTN) in a population of Saudi Arabian participants. Methods: A total of 143 individuals were recruited for the study, consisting of 74 controls and 69 patients with T2DM. Genotyping was performed via polymerase chain reaction. Results: The genotype frequencies for DD, ID and II in controls were 52.7%, 39.2% and 8.1%, whereas in T2D patients it was 52.2%, 40.6% and 7.2% respectively. The DD frequency was highest out of the three genotypes in both the controls and the T2DM patients. Conclusion: There was no significant difference found in the genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls, suggesting that insertion/deletion polymorphism in the ACE gene may not be associated with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in our study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Habibullah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhana Akter
- Department of Medicine, University Of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xingping Qin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Centre, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | | - Yahia Al-Kaabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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Dhumad MM, Hamdan FB, Al-Mayah QS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) gene polymorphism in Iraqi type 2 diabetic patients: association with the risk of cardiac autonomic neuropathy. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Studies have shown a direct association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and diabetic neuropathies. As such, ACE gene polymorphisms could be a risk factor for cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with diabetes. The objective of our study was to investigate the association of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism with the development of CAN in Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Results
This is a cross-sectional study that included 142 patients with T2DM comprising 62 males and 80 females, and 100 volunteers served as a healthy control group. Cardiac autonomic functions were tested using four standard Ewing’s noninvasive tests. Blood samples were taken for genetic evaluation of an ACE gene I/D polymorphism.
Analyzing ACE gene polymorphism revealed that the D allele was far more frequent among patients with diabetes than healthy control subjects (76.07% vs. 62.67%). The frequency of I/I, I/D, and D/D genotypes in patients with diabetes was 8.55%, 30.77%, and 60.68%, respectively, compared with 18.67%, 37.33%, and 44%, respectively, in controls with a significant difference in mutant homozygous genotype. However, there were no significant differences in these genotypes between patients with and without CAN. Although patients with CAN showed a much higher frequency of D allele than those without CAN, the difference did not reach significance (p = 0.054).
Conclusion
The DD genotype and D allele of the ACE I/D gene polymorphism can be a risk factor for T2DM, and the D allele of this polymorphism can even be associated with the development of CAN in these patients.
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R. Diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease in the Middle East and its shared pathological mediators. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:736-750. [PMID: 32210695 PMCID: PMC6997863 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has risen exponentially worldwide over the past decade. A growing body of research indicates that AD is linked to diabetes mellitus (DM) and suggests that impaired insulin signaling acts as a crucial risk factor in determining the progression of this devastating disease. Many studies suggest people with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, are at higher risk of eventually developing Alzheimer's dementia or other dementias. Despite nationwide efforts to increase awareness, the prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has risen significantly in the Middle East and North African (MENA) region which might be due to rapid urbanization, lifestyle changes, lack of physical activity and rise in obesity. Growing body of evidence indicates that DM and AD are linked because both conditions involve impaired glucose homeostasis and altered brain function. Current theories and hypothesis clearly implicate that defective insulin signaling in the brain contributes to synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD. In the periphery, low-grade chronic inflammation leads to insulin resistance followed by tissue deterioration. Thus insulin resistance acts as a bridge between DM and AD. There is pressing need to understand on how DM increases the risk of AD as well as the underlying mechanisms, due to the projected increase in age related disorders. Here we aim to review the incidence of AD and DM in the Middle East and the possible link between insulin signaling and ApoE carrier status on Aβ aggregation, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in AD. We also critically reviewed mutation studies in Arab population which might influence DM induced AD. In addition, recent clinical trials and animal studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency of anti-diabetic drugs have been reviewed.
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Key Words
- AAV, Adeno-associated virus
- ABCA1, ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ADAMTS9, ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 9
- AGPAT1, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Anti-diabetic drugs
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- Arab population
- Aβ, Amyloid-beta
- BACE1, Beta-secretase 1
- BBB, Blood-Brain Barrier
- BMI, Body mass index
- CALR, calreticulin gene
- CIP2A, Cancerous Inhibitor Of Protein Phosphatase 2A
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase 2
- CSF, Cerebrospinal fluid
- DM, Diabetes mellitus
- DUSP9, Dual Specificity Phosphatase 9
- Diabetes mellitus
- ECE-1, Endotherin converting enzyme 1
- FDG-PET, Fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography
- FRMD4A, FERM Domain Containing 4A
- FTO, Fat Mass and Obesity Associated Gene
- GLP-1, Glucagon like peptide
- GNPDA2, Glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase 2
- GSK-3β, Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- IDE, Insulin degrading enzyme
- IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor 1
- IR, Insulin receptor
- IR, Insulin resistance
- Insulin signaling
- LPA, Lipophosphatidic acid
- MC4R, Melanocortin 4 receptor
- MCI, Myocardial infarction
- MENA, Middle East North African
- MG-H1, Methylglyoxal-hydroimidazolone isomer trifluoroactic acid salt
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NDUFS3, NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit S3
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NFT, Neurofibrillary tangles
- NOTCH4, Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 4
- PI3K, Phosphoinositide-3
- PP2A, Protein phosphatase 2
- PPAR-γ2, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2
- Pit-PET, Pittsburgh compound B- positron emission tomography
- RAB1A, Ras-related protein 1A
- SORT, Sortilin
- STZ, Streptozotocin
- T1DM, Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
- TCF7L2, Transcription Factor 7 Like 2
- TFAP2B, Transcription Factor AP-2 Beta
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Cintra MTR, Balarin MAS, Tanaka SCSV, Silva VIMD, Marqui ABTD, Resende EAMRD, Lima MFP, Gomes MKO. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: rs1799752 polymorphism of ACE gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:1017-1022. [PMID: 30570054 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.11.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the contribution of the deletion polymorphism and insertion (rs1799752) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the aetiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). METHODOLOGY 97 women diagnosed with PCOS who received care at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of UFTM, participated in this study. The control group consisted of 94 women. All participants were submitted to the collection of 10 mL of whole blood and the genomic DNA was obtained by the saline extraction method. The genotyping of the samples was performed by means of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The statistics analyses were performed by descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model. The results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI-95%), with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for the genotypic (χ2 = 1.52, p = 0.47) and allelic frequencies (χ2 = 0.21, p = 0.76). The distribution of the genotypic frequency is not in HWE for patients (χ2 = 18.80, p <0.05) and for controls (χ2 = 6.85, p <0.05). In relation to the risk factors for the syndrome, the history of familial PCOS is more frequent between women with the syndrome. CONCLUSION In the study population, there was no association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Torreglosa Ruiz Cintra
- Professor of the Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences and Education of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Marly Aparecida Spadotto Balarin
- Professor of the Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | - Sarah Cristina Sato Vaz Tanaka
- Doctorate Student of the Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Marco Fábio Prata Lima
- Professor of the Institute of Sciences and Health of the Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
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Musambil M, Siddiqui K. Genetics and genomics studies in type 2 diabetes: A brief review of the current scenario in the Arab region. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:1629-1632. [PMID: 31336532 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic and multi-factorial complex disease, the challenge to find genetic markers that could explain the risk of development of this disease still remains unresolved. The Arab region is one among the populations with a high prevalence of T2D and a large number of studies have been carried out in exploring the genetic factors associated with T2D risk. AIM To summarize the recent developments in the Arab world based on the recent studies that had looked into genetic factors associated with the development of T2D in the Arab populations. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify studies published between 2015 and 2018 reporting genetic factors or polymorphisms associated with the risk of T2D in the Arab world. The online databases PubMed and Web of Science were used to perform the literature search. CONCLUSION The present study has evaluated 14 studies published during the year 2015-2018. Studies from Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, and United Arab Emirates had been explored studying the associations of GIPR, ADIPOQ, FTO, (GRCh38.p12), MLXIP, AKNAD1, KCNJ11 CDKAL1, CDKN2A/2B, TCF7L2, ACE, SNAP25, ELMO1, VDR, KCTD8, GABRA4 and PRKD1 genes with T2D development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohthash Musambil
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid Siddiqui
- Strategic Center for Diabetes Research, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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